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1
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Forensic Aspects of Juvenile Crime in Poland. From a Juvenile to a Criminal — The Road to Demoralisation

100%
Bembas I.
Internal Security
|
2020
|
vol. 12(1)
113-123
EN
The article refers to the forensic aspects of juvenile delinquency in Poland, and at the same time, is an attempt to draw attention to the problem of juvenile delinquency, because in the activities of state authorities aimed at preventing or reducing the number of criminal acts, attention is focused primarily on adults who commit crimes. It is important to highlight the problem and to draw attention to juvenile delinquency, as static data show a decrease in juvenile delinquency. This decreasing trend of the number of offences committed by juveniles is only illusory as, after taking into account the decrease in the number of people born, juvenile delinquency shows an upward trend. The article presents the most common determinants of juvenile delinquency, and then, on the basis of these determinants, proposes preventive actions, indicating the areas in which the undertakings of state authorities aimed at reducing juvenile delinquency should be concentrated.
2
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Demand for scientific methods of detecting crimes and criminals, i.e. the beginnings of forensic science in the structures of the Polish State Police

100%
Zubańska M., Zubański S.
Internal Security
|
2019
|
vol. Special Issue
59-69
EN
The history of forensic science (from Latin criminalis, concerning a crime) is inextricably linked to the history of law enforcement agencies. This science grew out of the needs of the law and serves its implementation to this day. Its interest is focused on the crime in concreto. As an independent scientific discipline, it developed only at the end of the 19th century and was connected with the date of publication of the work Handbuch fur Untersuchungsrichter, Polizeibeamte, Gendarmen u.s.w. by the Austrian investigating judge H. Gross in 1893. Its author noticed the correctness (very accurate) that every achievement in the field of natural sciences and technical sciences can serve the purpose of combating crime. W. Sobolewski is considered a precursor of Polish forensic science. In September 1919 he joined the State Police and started working as an inspection officer. Then he became the commander of the Main Police School and Officer School in Warsaw. In 1929 he was sent to Vienna for a forensic course. Then W. Sobolewski headed the Police Laboratory at the Headquarters of the Investigation Service in Warsaw, and since 1931 the Department of Investigation Technology, in which, at the request of the court, police authorities and military institutions, forensic expert opinions were carried out, including dactyloscopic, weapons and handwriting. They were of great evidential importance for the courts. It continues to be so today. Beginning in the interwar period, the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police is a research institute recognized in Poland and abroad, which carries out tasks in the field of technical and criminal protection of the process of preventing and combating crime, among others, by performing research and implementation, comparative and expert work in the field of forensic science.
3

Forensic casework in contemporary perspective

100%
Ubelaker D. H.
Anthropological Review
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2012
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vol. 75
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issue 1
75-81
EN
Recent developments have changed forensic casework in largely positive ways. New technology, expanded databases, enhanced statistical treatment and improved laboratory procedures enable better interpretation of evidentiary analysis and more thoughtful summaries presented in reports and testimony. Increased scrutiny has focused attention on the need for advancement in forensic science through research and structural adjustments.
4
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Use of criminalistics and forensic sciences at ensuring the population security

100%
Porada V., Straus J.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
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2014
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vol. 11(11)
106-114
EN
In paper there are well-ordered given present directions of development forensic biomechanics. The author carried out the analysis of 100 expert opinions performed since 1994 in professional field “Criminalist, subject field forensic biomechanics” in cases that were concluded by court authority. According to analysis of needs of practice and expert investigations the author gives real prediction of further directions of research in forensic biomechanics. Forensic biomechanics invokes in investigation process, particularly violent criminal acts; by expert investigation it may come to conclusion on mechanisms of criminal act, action of extrinsic force and expression to consequences of this extrinsic force. Directions of development of forensic biomechanics are given by author in following applications - biomechanics of fall from high, judgment of extreme dynamic burden of organism, biomechanical analysis of fall from stand on a ground or fall from stairs, biomechanical analysis of walk and analysis of conflict combat. These directions represent 90% of all processed expert opinion.
5
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Estimation of age by mental foramen using CBCT in central India

100%
Bose S., Sur J., Khan F., Dewangan D., Paul S., Sawriya E., Roul A.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2023
|
issue 3
500-505
PL
Introduction and aim. This study aims to estimate the age of a population in Central India by analyzing the mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The objectives of the study are to determine the parameters for age determination and study bilateral variations in mental foramen dimensions using CBCT. Material and methods. One hundred and twenty CBCT scans, HD LED monitor, GALAXIS GALLIEOS viewer. Results. Results from the study show significant values for various parameters such as the upper and lower borders of the mandible and mental foramen. Bilateral variations were also observed. The age regression model indicates a significant correlation between estimated and original ages for individuals aged between 31 to 50 years. While the study only analyzed five parameters of the mental foramen, it suggests that a more comprehensive assessment of mental foramen parameters with a larger sample size can yield more definitive results for age determination. Conclusion. As only five parameters of mental foramen had been assessed in this retrospective study, so a comprehensive assessment of various other parameters of mental foramen with an increased sample size may be done for more definitive results for gender and age determination.
6

Prawno-kryminalistyczna problematyka przesłuchania małoletniego w procedurach prawnych

88%
Zieniewicz I.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2018
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vol. 50
159-179
EN
The children witness hearing belongs to special trial activities and requires a special approach of judges, prosecutors, policemen who are responsible for its conduct. The most extensive regulations are those concerning witness hearing in a criminal proceding. In civil and administrative procedure the regulations are evaluated as insufficient. The person questioning the children has to have psychological and forensic science knowledge. Those fields of science formulate the tactical rules of child hearing. Their first aim is the protection of children from negative results of participation in law trials and the second aim is to receive trusted information concerning circumstances of law case. This publication is presenting the tactical rules which can be used in law proceedings.
7

Selected issues concerning expert witness and specialists in Polish penal proceedings and forensic science

88%
Cieśla R.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2015
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vol. 38
79-92
EN
The article aims at presenting general characteristics of two subjects in the proceedings, i.e. an expert witness and a specialist. Both institutions are discussed in terms of theory and practice of Polish penal proceedings and forensic science. The issues are especially important in view of the amendments to the Polish Code of Penal Procedure of 1997 concerning the institution of a specialist and the amendments of 2015 concerning an expert witness’s opinion. It should be emphasised that in the course of the proceedings to take evidence, including technical examination of documents, cooperation between an expert witness as its author and a specialist as an assistant may in many cases be necessary or even indispensable.
8
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Użyteczność identyfikacyjna sierści psa (Canis lupus familiaris) i kota (Felis catus) na podstawie wybranych cech budowy morfologicznej w aspekcie badań kryminalistycznych

75%
Karczmarczyk S., Gryzińska M.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
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2019
|
issue 306
21-32
EN
Theoretical assumptions of this the work present the range of selected morphological features of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and cat (Felis catus) hair. The practical part consisted in morphological analysis of 270 samples of dog and cat hair recovered during an investigation conducted in the territory of Cracow by the local Prosecutor’s Office. For this purpose, microscopic slides were made and analysed under an optical microscope for: colour, life cycle phase, shape of the medulla and the end of hair. Analysis of the results from the part dedicated to the examination allows answering the question whether microscopic analysis of dog and cat hairs based on selected morphological features allows identification of species.
PL
Teoretyczne założenia tematu pracy przedstawiają zakres wybranych cech morfologicznych sierści psa (Canis lupus familiaris) i kota (Felis catus). W ramach części praktycznej dokonano analizy morfologicznej 270 próbek sierści psa i kota zabezpieczonych podczas śledztwa prowadzonego na terytorium Krakowa przez miejscową prokuraturę. W tym celu sporządzono preparaty mikroskopowe i za pomocą mikroskopu optycznego analizowano je pod kątem: barwy, fazy cyklu życiowego, kształtu rdzenia oraz zakończenia. Analiza wyników z części badawczej pozwala odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy analiza mikroskopowa sierści psa i kota oparta na wybranych cechach morfologicznych umożliwia jej identyfikację gatunkową.
9
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Źródła błędów poznawczych w badaniach śladów kryminalistycznych

75%
Ignaszak M.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
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2019
|
issue 303
27-33
EN
Every human being has a cognitive apparatus that he/she uses every day. Due to its limitations, we are susceptible to all kinds of cognitive errors that affect the observation of the world and decision making. Also forensic experts are not immune to external and internal factors that may cause issuing false opinions. The aim of the article is to show the multilevel problem of prevalence and susceptibility to any cognitive biases in the expertise of forensic analysts, and an attempt to systematise the cases described in the latest research works using the pyramid structure of bias sources. As regards the practical aspect of the discussed subject, in some cases solutions were also proposed that could improve the work of experts and contribute to its greater integrity.
PL
Człowiek ma aparat poznawczy, który wykorzystuje na co dzień. Z uwagi na jego ograniczenia jesteśmy podatni na wszelkiego rodzaju błędy poznawcze, które wpływają na obserwację świata i podejmowanie decyzji. Również eksperci sądowi nie są odporni na takie czynniki zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne, za sprawą których mogą podejmować niepoprawne decyzje. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wielopoziomowego problemu powszechności występowania i podatności na wszelkie błędy poznawcze w ekspertyzie biegłych kryminalistyków oraz próba usystematyzowania przypadków opisanych w najnowszych badaniach, wykorzystująca strukturę piramidy źródeł błędów poznawczych. Z uwagi na praktyczny aspekt omawianej tematyki w niektórych przypadkach zaproponowano również rozwiązania, które mogłyby usprawnić pracę ekspertów i przyczynić się do jej większej spójności.
10
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Oględziny miejsca zdarzenia o charakterze terrorystycznym – więcej pytań niż odpowiedzi

75%
prof. Kwiatkowska-Wójcikiewicz V.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2017
|
issue 296
23-27
PL
Zamachy terrorystyczne są wyzwaniem dla służb ratowniczych i organów ścigania ze względu na skalę problemów, które powodują. Miejsce zdarzenia o charakterze terrorystycznym jest szczególnie wrażliwe na kontaminację, której powinny unikać organy realizujące oględziny. W artykule oględziny miejsca zdarzenia o charakterze terrorystycznym przeanalizowano pod kątem „siedmiu złotych pytań”, które każdorazowo powinien sobie postawić prowadzący postępowanie.
EN
Terrorist attacks are a challenge both to rescue services and law enforcement authorities because of the scale of the problems they bring about. Such scenes are particularly susceptible to contamination, which crime scene examination teams aim at avoiding. In the article crime scene examination of terrorist character were analysed against “seven golden questions” that every investigator should ask himself.
11

Differential preservation of children’s bones and teeth recovered from early medieval cemeteries: possible influences for the forensic recovery of non-adult skeletal remains

75%
Manifold B. M.
Anthropological Review
|
2013
|
vol. 76
|
issue 1
23-49
EN
The skeletal preservation of 421 non-adult skeletons from four early medieval sites in England, Scotland and Wales were compared to assess whether geographical location and geology have an impact on overall bone preservation of children’s remains in the burial environment. Skeletons were examined from the cemeteries of Auldhame in Scotland, Edix Hill and Great Chesterford in England and Llandough in Wales. The bone preservation was examined using three preservational indices: Anatomical preservation index (API), Qualitative preservation index (QBI) and the bone representation index (BRI). A similar pattern existed across all the sites with regard to what bones are preserved, bones with relatively high density, such as the temporal bone of the skull, the long bones of the upper and lower limbs tend to be abundant in the samples, with the more small and fragile bones, such as the facial bones tending to be less well represented either as a result of low bone density or due to loss at excavation. The study of the dental elements also revealed a pattern with regard to what is preserved, with high numbers of molars and incisors found. This may be related to both the size and number of roots; but also the position in the mouth which may offer protection against loss. A difference in preservation was observed between the sites and the classes of preservation, particularly local differences between the sites of Edix Hill and Great Chesterford. From this study it remains unclear as to the extent the role of geology has on the non-adult skeleton, but the results of this study show that age is not the dominating factor in bone preservation as previously thought.
12
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Biometryczne podpisy elektroniczne jako nowy przedmiot badań pismoznawczych

63%
Przewor A., Kocielnik Ł.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2021
|
issue 311
EN
Analyses of electronic biometric signatures constitute an innovation in forensics. The aim of the study described in this article was to determine whether it is possible to categorically confirm or exclude both the authenticity and the execution of handwritten biometric electronic signatures. Several-year-long research on various types of electronic signatures has made it possible to formulate categorical conclusions in this area. The article defines and determines the terminological scope of the biometric electronic signature concept within the widely understood electronic signatures. The analyses of biometric signatures were based on the graphical-comparative method commonly used in the traditional model of handwriting analysis. The only modification consisted in replacing the set of motoric features with biometric features, which turned out to be necessary for a categorical opinion on this matter. Study results described in the text allow for quantitative examination within analysis of manuscripts thus enabling issuing a categorical opinion. The biometric features of handwriting identified entirely by means of digital data ought to contribute to the elimination of any bias that might exist on the part of an expert.
PL
Analizy elektronicznych podpisów biometrycznych są innowacją w ramach badań kryminalistycznych. Celem opisanych w artykule badań było ustalenie, czy możliwe jest kategoryczne potwierdzenie lub wykluczenie zarówno autentyczności, jak i wykonawstwa własnoręcznych biometrycznych podpisów elektronicznych. Kilkuletnie badania różnego typu podpisów elektronicznych pozwoliły na kategoryczne opiniowanie w tej dziedzinie. Artykuł definiuje i określa zakres terminologiczny pojęcia biometrycznego podpisu elektronicznego w ramach szeroko rozumianych podpisów elektronicznych. Analiza podpisów biometrycznych oparta została na metodzie graficzno-porównawczej wykorzystywanej powszechnie w tradycyjnym modelu analizy pismoznawczej. Jedyna zmiana polegała na rozszerzeniu zespołu cech motorycznych o cechy biometryczne, które okazały się niezbędne do kategorycznego opiniowania w tym zakresie. Opisane w materiale wyniki badań pozwalają na badania ilościowe w ramach analizy rękopisów umożliwiające kategoryczne opiniowanie. Biometryczne cechy pisma określane w całości za pomocą danych liczbowych powinny przyczynić się do wyeliminowania ewentualnej stronniczości biegłego.
13
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The Application of Computer Programs Supporting the Handwriting Expertise for Consultative Purposes and in Teaching the Forensic Science

63%
GOC M., SEMKÓW D.
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
|
2019
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
157-164
EN
The article addresses the issue of using computer programs forming the package called GLOBALGRAF in order to perform handwriting examination. Not only are the aforementioned programs used for handwriting expertise by experts, but they can also have application in university education, and more specifically, in teaching forensic science to students. In addition, the article attempts to show the practical aspect of forensic science teaching, using the aforementioned package named GLOBALGRAF, which undoubtedly responds to the needs of modern university education.
14
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An Analysis of the Problems of Systematisation of Forensic Examination Theory in the Light of the Doctrine on Forensic Activities

63%
Shved A.
Internal Security
|
2017
|
vol. 9(2)
149-155
EN
The article considers the problems of formation of forensic examination theory with a view to the processes that currently take place in the Republic of Belarus (creation of unified expert institution, reform of legal regulation, changes in practical activities). The main obstacles to  the development of  a  theoretical model of  the forensic examination are outlined by  the author. Several approaches to the understanding of forensic activities are analysed, including the general theory of forensic examination and its particular theories. It is argued that the approach to the formation of the system of particular theories on the basis of examinations’ classification is  imperfect due to  the lack of  a  uniform criterion. Various authors’ concepts which present particular theories and other structural elements do not completely meet the requirements for consistency. As a consequence of this, the construction of the existing classifications is based on the generalisation of practice. As a result the appearance of new types of forensic examinations requires reclassification of particular theories. This construction of the system’s sections is not practicable, and the shortcomings outlined are caused by  the lack of  a  holistic perception of forensic activities. An approach to structuring forensic activities is elaborated and proposed by the author. It can serve as a means of solving the problems of systematisation of sections and particular theories in the structure of forensic examination theory.
15
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Wiktoriańska tajemnica. Analiza kryminalistyczna sprawy Kuby Rozpruwacza w kontekście prawidłowości przeprowadzenia czynności postępowania przygotowawczego

51%
Błaszczyk B.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
|
2018
|
vol. 83
55-70
EN
Despite 128 years, the case of Jack the Ripper’s murders is still fascinating and tempting new generations of investigators willing to solve its mystery. However, from practical point of view it seems to be more important not to find a real Ripper, but rather take a glimpse into what the investigation looked like and where the mistakes were made. A brief review of the investigation leads to a conclusion that many of the mistakes made over 100 years ago still appear when it comes to an investigative process, such as improper selection of evidence at the crime scene or taking political tendencies under consideration rather than searching for the truth. The case shows that a man is the most important part of the investigation, and modern technology can only suport it, but it will never replace a human intellect and its ability to think in a logic way.
PL
Sprawa Kuby Rozpruwacza po dziś dzień nie przestaje fascynować, zaś próby jej rozwiązania podejmują się nowe pokolenia śledczych. Jednakże o wiele bardziej istotne z punktu widzenia współczesnej pracy wykrywczej wydaje się zbadanie sposobu prowadzenia śledztwa pod kątem błędów popełnionych w czasie jego trwania. Okazuje się bowiem, że bardzo wiele niepoprawnych zachowań, jakich dopuszczono się w czasie badania przypadku morderstw w Whitechapel, jak nieprawidłowe zabezpieczenie miejsca zdarzenia czy mieszanie politycznych interesów z dociekaniem prawdy, zdarza się także 128 lat po omawianym przypadku. Powyższe jednoznacznie podkreśla, iż w pracy śledczej najważniejszym ogniwem jest człowiek i jego praca, zaś nowoczesne technologie nie są celem, a jedynie środkiem w dążeniu do prawdy.
16
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Kryminalistyczne wykorzystanie zapisów monitoringu wizyjnego na przykładzie Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego KWP w Katowicach

51%
Matuszek G.
Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy
|
2019
|
issue 4(33)
PL
Monitoringi wizyjne są obecnie jednymi z najszerzej wykorzystywanych środków mających wpływać na poprawę poczucia bezpieczeństwa, ale także umożliwiać realizację funkcji wykrywczej i dowodowej organów ścigania. Wykorzystanie monitoringu przynosi określone korzyści, ale jest również źródłem zagrożeń. Funkcja dowodowa jest jedną z podstawowych funkcji monitoringu wizyjnego. Daje ona możliwość dokonania identyfikacji grupowej lub indywidualnej osób lub przedmiotów w oparciu o materiał dowodowy stanowiący obraz zarejestrowany przez kamery. W strukturze organizacyjnej Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego Komendy Wojewódzkiej Policji w Katowicach funkcjonuje Sekcja Fotografii i Technik Audiowizualnych zajmująca się między innymi wykonywaniem ekspertyz kryminalistycznych z wykorzystaniem materiału dowodowego pochodzącego z monitoringu wizyjnego. Spectrum prowadzonych badań jest szerokie, od oceny wartości dostarczonego materiału, poprzez wykonanie progresji wiekowej, a na identyfikacji kończąc. W latach 2016 – 2017 policyjni biegli z zakresu antroposkopii wykonali łącznie 951 ekspertyz kryminalistycznych, z czego 34 sporządzili eksperci Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego Komendy Wojewódzkiej Policji w Katowicach. Opinie antroposkopijne, w szczególności kategoryczne, mają wpływ na rozstrzygnięcia spraw karnych. W ponad połowie analizowanych spraw karnych sporządzona opinia miała decydujący wpływ na rozstrzygnięcie. Oczywiście, muszą zostać spełnione określone warunki, głównie związane z jakością materiału dowodowego.
EN
Video monitoring is currently one of the most widely used means to improve the sense of security, but also to enable the detection and evidentiary function of law enforcement. The use of monitoring definitely brings benefits, but at the same time it can pose certain threats. The evidentiary function is one of the basic functions of video monitoring. It offers the possibility to identify individuals or groups of people or objects based on evidence in the form of images recorded by cameras. In the organizational structure of the Forensic Laboratory of the Provincial Police Headquarters in Katowice, there is the Photography and Audiovisual Techniques Section which deals, among other things, with performing forensic expertise using evidence from video monitoring. The spectrum of research is broad, from assessing the value of the supplied material, through age progression, to identification. In 2016 and 2017, police experts in the field of anthroposcopy performed a total of 951 forensic expertise, 34 of which were prepared by experts from the Forensic Laboratory of the Provincial Police Headquarters in Katowice. Anthroposcopic opinions, in particular categorical opinions, have an impact on the settlement of criminal cases. In more than half of the criminal cases analyzed, the opinion had a decisive impact on the outcome. Of course, certain conditions must be met, which are mainly related to the quality of the evidence material provided
17
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Zastosowanie metod archeologicznych przy badaniu miejsca po katastrofie lub wybuchu ładunku wybuchowego

51%
Grajewski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
|
2017
|
issue 2
127-143
PL
Badanie stanowiska dotkniętego katastrofą polega na dokładnym poznaniu miejsca zdarzenia i okoliczności jego powstania poprzez poddawanie oględzinom oraz dotarcie za pomocą dostępnych metod do wszystkich źródeł, które po zweryfikowaniu stanowią istotne wskazówki pozwalające na zbadanie okoliczności i odtworzenie przebiegu zdarzenia. Będąc w terenie, dokładnie obserwuje się zjawiska, które nastąpiły w okresie przybliżonym do czasu, w którym miało miejsce zdarzenie i które mogło być wywołane przez sprawcę lub ofiarę oraz mieć istotny wpływ na przebieg zdarzenia. W celu poprawienia jakości oraz celowości prowadzonych prac podczas czynności dochodzeniowo-śledczych na miejscu zdarzenia, a także uzyskania dokładnej ilustracji z wykonanych czynności, warto sięgnąć w pracy do doświadczeń archeologii stosowanych powszechnie w trakcie badań obiektów ziemnych. Niewątpliwie znaczącą rolę i duży postęp w przypadku dokonywania oględzin miałoby zastosowanie w poszerzonej formie umiejętności wypracowanych przez archeologów na stanowisku historycznym podczas prowadzonych przez nich prac terenowych. Celem oględzin miejsca katastrofy jest zebranie maksymalnej ilości istotnych informacji o zdarzeniu i jego sprawcy. Informacje te zawarte są przede wszystkim w ujawnionych i zabezpieczonych śladach oraz w dokumentacji poglądowej. Celem wszelkiej dokumentacji sporządzonej w trakcie wykopalisk archeologicznych jest umożliwienie odtworzenia pozyskanych informacji. Jak widać, cele obu tych nauk są zbieżne. O wartości oględzin decyduje ilość oraz jakość dokonanych ustaleń, co ostatecznie jest widoczne w stopniu ich wykorzystania w postępowaniu przygotowawczym i sądowym.
EN
Survey of disaster sites consists of thorough examination of the area and of the circumstances of the event by visual examination and by using any available methods to reach all the sources which, after verification, provide useful hints that enable investigation of the circumstances and reconstruction of the course of the event. During fieldwork, you carefully observe phenomena which occurred in a period close to the time when the event happened and which may have been triggered by the perpetrator or the victim and may have significantly affected the course of the event. In order to enhance the quality and purposefulness of fieldwork carried out during investigation activities, as well as to obtain a detailed picture of the activities performed it is a good idea to make use of archaeological experiences, commonly employed during research of earth features. Doubtless, an extended application of skills developed by archaeologists at historical sites during fieldwork would significantly contribute to progress in survey activities. The purpose of visual examination of a disaster site is to collect the maximum amount of relevant information about the event and the person responsible. Such information is mainly contained in discovered and secured traces and visual documentation. The purpose of any documentation prepared during archaeological research is to enable retrieval of the obtained information. It can be seen that these two sciences have similar objectives. The value of visual examination is determined by the number and quality of findings, which can eventually be seen in the degree to which they are used in the preparatory (pre-trial) and court proceedings.
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