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EN
Paul Ricoeur declares that “being-entangled in stories” is an inherent property of the human condition. He introduces the notion of narrative identity-a form of identity constructed on the basis of a self-constructed life-narrative, which becomes a source of meaning and self-understanding. This article wishes to present chosen instances of life writing whose subjects resist yielding a life-story and reject the notions of narrative and identity. In line with Adam Phillips’s remarks regarding Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes (1975), such works-which I refer to as fragmentary life writing-emerge out of a profound scepticism about any form of “fixing” oneself and confining the variety and randomness of experience to one of the available autobiographical plots. The primary example of the genre is Joe Brainard’s I Remember (1975)-an inventory of approximately 1,500 memories conveyed in the form of radically short passages beginning with the words “I remember.” Despite the qualified degree of unity provided by the fact that all the recollections come from the consciousness of a single person, the book does not arrange its content in any discernible order-chronological or thematic; instead, the reader is confronted with a life-in-fragments. Although individual passages could be part of a coming-of-age, a coming-out or a portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-young-man narrative, Brainard is careful not to let any of them consolidate. An attempt at defining the characteristics of the proposed genre will be followed by an indication of more recent examples of fragmentary life writing and a reflection on its prospects for development
Managerial Economics
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2015
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vol. 16
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issue 2
149-159
XX
The accession to the European Union contributed to an increase in Poland’s foreign trade, and the growing export market is coupled with an increasing importance of intermediate imports, which is necessary to produce goods of appropriate quality and price. This phenomenon is a part of the process of fragmentation in global value chains. Fragmentation of the value chains should manifest themselves, in particular, in a multi-phase manufacturing process that requires many components of different types. In this paper, the recently available OECD database of the Trade in Value Added (TiVA) has been used to assess changes in the composition of gross exports of Poland and other Central Europe countries. In Poland, practically all sectors show a growing share of the imported value added. The cases analyzed confirm the thesis that the high technology sectors foster fragmentation. In the case of technologically less advanced sectors and short-value chains, benefits of fragmentation are limited. The progressing fragmentation and, as a consequence, a growing share of the imported value added made the gross export value (which is commonly used in statistics) of little use for the analysis of the economic role and competitive position of sectors. However, thanks to new projects based on I-O matrices of the global economy, it is possible to decompose gross exports into respective domestic and foreign value-added streams.
EN
With the swift development of technology, the distance among people’s hearts surprisingly becomes further and further. Residents living in the congested cities feel more lonely than those who inhabit countryside. The mass media makes them consider everything at hand stereotyped. They parrot their designated work again and again, without passion or enthusiasm. Hence facing these social predicaments and interior struggle, Robert M. Pirsig embarks on a trip to cross America by motorcycle, in order to gain spiritual epiphany and freedom. Therefore, he finds quality is the panacea that may solve the present problems. Quality has a long history, which is closely analogous to Plato’s goodness. Quality is one, just as the supreme spirit in the Buddhist Upanishad whose universe and ego are identical. However, modern technology lacks of oneness, so that each time touching it, people only feel cruel and ugly since both the creator and the owner do not have the sense of identity for their innovative or possessive things. The injection of quality into technology may break through the difficulties resulting from the traditional method of dichotomy for the reason that quality spurs technology to melt nature and human’s soul, creating something that exceeds the two. This thesis aims to probe the meaning of quality and the account of modern crisis caused by the absence of quality. The last part points out how to reconcile the conflict between human’s value and technological needs, so as to achieve the ultimate goal that enhances people’s happiness.
EN
G–7 and BRICS countries play important roles in the world economy and global politics. The aim of the article is to answer the research question: “How participation of G–7 and BRICS countries in global value chains has been changing since 1995?”. To answer this question global value chains participation indexes were calculated. They were derived from Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. The value-added of this study stems from employing Input-Output Tables delivered by two institutions (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and Asian Development Bank). Consequently, article presents indexes calculated on the basis of two datasets. Combining two databases enabled to conduct study for quite long period (1995–2022). Analyzing the changes of global value chains participation indexes of G–7 and BRICS countries, we can distinguish following phases of internationalization: period of rapid globalization (1995–2008), global crisis and economic rebound (2009–2011), period of slowbalization somewhat strengthened by coronacrisis (2012–2020), and another recovery (2021–2022). This finding lead us to the conclusion that fast internationalization came to a halt in 2008 and since global financial crisis globalization has been quite slow despite some periods of recovery. Thus, there is an implication for more detailed research on slowbalization – its grounds, tendencies and prospects (whether fast internationalization is possible in the future; what is the role of economic policy in stimulating the pace of globalization).
EN
The aim of the article is to examine the relationship between the literary layer and the documentary paratext in Hélène Gaudy’s novel Un monde sans rivage (2019), which describes the catastrophic expedition to the North Pole of three Swedish travelers in 1897. Authentic documents present the flow of events, the growing struggle between the waning power of travelers and nature, the entropy of resilience and motivation, which is visible in the laconic and incompleteness of the quoted materials (interrupted or illegible sentences), destroyed in the middle of the photo. The manner of presenting these documents reveals the writer’s method of work, which does not hide their progressive degradation, but on the contrary, treats them as a trigger for the imagination, because her story seems to draw narrative momentum and strength from this lack and incompleteness. Gaudy’s way of working with a documentary allows us to understand why the author needs this formal heterogeneity, why she has not decided on a documentary account or fictional novel. The skillful intertwining of these two formats generates a synergistic dynamic of forces that makes literature better embody life, and the documentary comes to life in contact with the literary imaginary.
EN
Marguerite Duras’s works deal with the problems typical of the literary studies in the second half of the twentieth century: presence and absence, abandoning chronological order of events, and eroticism. This article analyses her literary technique, including text fragmentation and elliptical style. The author searches for appropriate means of expression, often using silence and loneliness in keeping with her vision of absence attributed to women, kept silent by the dominant culture. Omissions in the narrative emphasise the inexpressible, beyond rational. Absence is meaningful, e.g. the missing photograph in The Lover. Absence also implies a desire to change and to write. Duras shows the problem in the context of a hidden image and an act of creation. The missing word alludes to a search of self. The author grasps complexity and diversity of absence. It is part of the theme, style, and text structure, emphasising the limitations of the language and the powerlessness of the protagonist.
EN
Municipal amalgamation reforms have been advocated as ways to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance capacity in local government service provision. Research on the consequences of amalgamations has reached maturity in terms of theories, research designs and methods, justifying a systematic survey of results. This article provides a synthesis of the empirical literature published over the last 20 years, organizing the effects of amalgamations into three categories: economic efficiency and cost savings, managerial implications, and democratic outcomes. Despite the significant variation across countries and reforms, some regularities emerge: cost savings being primarily limited to general administration expenditures (wages, office supplies, and so on), few changes in the quality of local services, and the diminished quality of local democracy. Several studies point to amalgamation reforms experiencing a trade-off between efficiency and democracy.
EN
The contemporary ‘face’ of Bruno Schulz is a result of the collaboration between several visions as well as the specific relation between presence and absence. To a large extent, this fact allows the treatment of Schulz’s reconstructed image not as the static whole, but rather as a dynamic and open identity, defined not only by the biographical reconstructions, but also by its fragmentation and incompleteness. One of the questions that the article evokes is, whether absence can serve as a factor in decoding Schulz’s nature.
EN
Modern literature modifies the pattern on which most western narration was founded. The hero’s adventures come to exhibit the same dependence on initial conditions as dynamical systems do. In John Fowles’s novel, Daniel Martin, both character and author benefit from multiple journeys, the fractal characteristics of the novel standing in contrast with the wholeness of the vision.
EN
Shaping the administrative division of the country is influenced by various factors. Based on the analysis of 22 municipal divorces in Poland between 1995 and 2019 the article attempts to identify the determinant factors of these splits. The article examines environmental (economic or cultural) and political factors which may stimulate the fragmentation initiatives. The results indicate that in Poland cultural factors appear to be at least as important as economic ones. An argument of great significance in the process of a new municipality creation (both in the case of successful and unsuccessful splits) was the memory of the inhabitants about the time when they were operating as a separate municipality. In case of rural municipalities the existence of a second almost equally important population centre in the municipality was an important factor contributing to the municipal splits.
EN
In the twentieth century, due to the development of mechanical reproduction and press, photomontage became a popular means of communication – popular and diverse in its nature and methods of exploitation (considering press in Germany or in the Soviet Union and individual works of art). It is one of the cultural phenomena related to the change of rhythm of life and a sense of its increased pace, and an impression of fragmentation of reality. This article questions the role of photomontage in such an experience. The said role is complex: sometimes photomontage allows for expression of that experience, and sometimes it is meant to evoke it, in the spirit of modernity; it is both a tool of agitation and critique. In order to answer this question I shall assume the approach of Walter Benjamin, who diagnoses the crisis of experience and the loss of storytelling skills – and describes the potential of photography. This potential is differently approached by artists and scholars who point out contradictory purposes and results of using photomontage. Referring to various works of art shall make it possible to define the tensions characteristic of photomontage. Due to its plasticity and the ambiguity of a photograph, and the potential for (de)contextualization and (de)construction, photomontage can function in a hard to understand, rapidly changing world and address the fragmentation of experience.
EN
The paper identifies the romantic codes that are activated in the organization of the novels of Miodrag Bulatovic, relying on the theoretical assumptions of Aleksandar Flaker about the stylistic formation of romanticism, whose postulates occur even outside the periods, mainly as peripheral poetic codes within different systems. The disintegrative energy of this period and its preference for the destruction of the canon came to full expression in the narrative process of Miodrag Bulatovic. Romanticism as a supra-historical and anthropological category is generally based on the maximal postulates that involve the destruction of the existing world, as well as an aggressive attitude towards reality, which is built into the writer’s universe and reaches its climax in his last novel, entitled Gullo Gullo and his eschatological mythemes. The irrational and fantastic images in the narrative process have been equated with real events co-existing as a narrative element completely equal to reality, and what is fantastic, unnatural and unusual reveals itself as very ordinary and realistic, erasing the boundaries between reality and fiction, belonging to one and the same, a diabolical universe, which substantially regulates romantic codes.
PL
Z wszystkich pięciu zmysłów, którymi dysponuje człowiek, to właśnie zmysł wzroku i dotyku zapewniają najlepszy ogląd przestrzeni i wszelkich zjawisk, jakie w niej zachodzą. Dużo trudniej poznawać przestrzeń za pomocą słuchu a już całkiem niemożliwe wydaje się smakowanie przestrzeni, nawet jeżeli jest to przestrzeń całkowicie uczłowieczona. Również zmysł węchu mógłby się wydawać zupełnie bezużyteczny w percepcji przestrzeni ze względu na swoją ulotność, tymczasowość. A jednak zapach przestrzeni, gdy skoncentrować się na nim, jest czasem bardziej charakterystycznym landmarkiem aniżeli niejeden budynek czy droga. Stąd przyjęcie perspektywy osmosocjologicznej wydaje się potrzebne dla pełniejszej analizy i interpretacji dynamiki przestrzeni. Przedmiotem obserwacji i analizy w niniejszym studium staną się zapachy wybranych przestrzeni miejskich i podmiejskich starego regionu przemysłowego. Jaka mieszanka aromatów stanowi miejskie pachnidło? Z jednej strony kusząca woń prywatnych przestrzeni publicznych, sztucznie aromatyzowanych perfumami i odświeżaczami powietrza, z drugiej – fetor zaniedbanych oficyn i podwórek, smród osiedlowej budki z piwem i ekskluzywny bukiet koniaku w hotelowym barze, telluryczne wyziewy hałd i woń sosnowych lasów. Te bieguny zapachowe coraz wyraźniej, co postaramy się pokazać, wpływają na fragmentację i prywatyzację miejskich przestrzeni. Na terenie starego regionu przemysłowego repertuar zapachów jest tyleż bogaty, co istotny dla powstawania coraz wyraźniejszych granic w przestrzeni.
EN
From the five senses that men have the sense of sight and touch, though seemingly the most acute, are limited when it comes to examining space and all phenomena that occur in it. Moreover, it is much more difficult to examine space through the sense hearing and it is almost impossible to taste it, even if it is humanized. Another human sense i.e. the sense of smell which enables us to recognize different scents may, due to its transitory and temporary nature, appear to be useless when it comes to examining space. Nonetheless, if we concentrate on all the scents that fill the space, they are frequently a more distinctive and prominent landmark than, for example, a building or a road. Therefore, it seems to be vital that the perspective of sociology of scent be adopted if we want to make a more in-depth analysis and interpretation of space dynamics. The scents that fill a chosen urban and suburban old industrial region are analysed and observed in this study. What are the scents that fill urban space? On the one hand there is the tempting scent of private space, which is filled with artificial perfumes and air fresheners. However, on the other hand there is the unpleasant and offensive odour from neglected backyards and outhouses; the odour coming from a local beer stand and an aromatic bouquet of cognac in a hotel bar; obnoxious odours emitted by mine slag heaps and the scent of the pine forest. We aim to show that a wide range of different smells, ranging from delicate and lovely scents to offensive and foul odours, have a growing influence on fragmentation and privatization of urban space.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the presentation of the novel body in the literature of the second half of the nineteenth century against the backdrop of the crisis of structures that appears along with romanticism and gains strength in the second half of the nineteenth century. This was a time saturated with ideas of socio-biological evolutionism, which promote materialism, entropy, transformation and the disintegration of permanent structures, including socio-economic ones (Marx, Capital). Flaubert, Zola and Mirbeau, faithful to this poetics, subordinate the presentation of the body to the dynamics of change, including images of “volatilization” and decay. These “volatile” and crumbling bodies are at odds with the realist-naturalistic poetics prevailing in the second half of the nineteenth century, dominated by ostentatious materialism. This peculiar transformation of the physical state of matter, from “solid” to “volatile,” may have been interpreted as a symptom of a change in the way reality is presented. As this analysis shows, the volatility of bodies becomes in realist writers an indestructible form of decay and (still) a material form of absence that resists destruction by death. Paradoxically, taking a volatile form, the body does not disappear but reorganizes itself, dematerializing, transforming and reappearing. Both representations of the body and emerging modernity appear as a dynamic, constantly changing process and not as a frozen structure.
EN
Twenty years since its release onto the big screen, Baz Luhrmann’s William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet continues to attract viewers, divide critics and remain unchallenged, in a league of its own, when it comes to film adaptation of Shakespeare’s plays. This article begins with taking stock of reception directions which still dispute the field of film adaptation. Cued by Worthen’s “Performance Paradigm”, my argument positions Luhrmann’s film (his second at the time and the one to propel the Australian director into Hollywood fame) firmly in the cinematic and sees the film narrative not as opposed to the textual and/or spoken one, but as a complex citational practice developed at the level of oral, visual and written discourse.
EN
This paper examines the fragmentation strategies in B. S. Johnson’s The Unfortunates from the perspective of the theory of the novel, realism and literary sociology. This framework facilitates an investigation into the novel’s construction: ranging from the global level of text organisation, typographical construction and formal composition, down to the local level of semantic structure and syntax. Analytic conclusions suggest that fragmentation is ubiquitous, which leads to the violation of most of the novel’s components, its traditional and conventional elements, with an overriding impact on the narrative. As a result, The Unfortunates maintains its narrative coherence on the basis of different textual cues and generates its semantic potentialities in an alternative way. This to say, the novel’s “methodology” rests on the narrative agent, the act of narrating and meta-narration. These features contribute to what commonly passes as experimentalism of The Unfortunates.
EN
The specific branch lex petrolea evolved from the national and international doctrine, national laws governing the energy sector, oil contracts, case law, and the practice of entities operating in the oil industry. Both, the internationalisation processes and the solutions to particular problems in this sector, are very similar worldwide and tend to follow the international rather than national trend. The world doctrine, however, is struggling with a lack of universal agreement on the recognition or non-recognition of lex petrolea as a separate legal regime. The aim of this article is to organise knowledge in this field by analysing the output of the doctrine of international law, contracts to perform actions in the petroleum sector, of relevant decisions of arbitration courts and practices of actors involved. After determining the essence of lex petrolea and its normative shape, the results of the analysis were compared with the assumptions made in the Report of the Working Group of the International Law Commission which proposed criteria for the recognition of a group of norms from a specific substantive scope as a self-contained regime and its application as a lex specialis. Thus the hypothesis that lex petrolea is a self-contained regime has been confirmed.
PL
Specyficzny dział lex petrolea wykształcił się na gruncie doktryny krajowej i międzynarodowej, ustawodawstw krajowych regulujących sektor energetyczny, umów naftowych, orzecznictwa, a także praktyki podmiotów funkcjonujących w przemyśle naftowym. Zarówno procesy internacjonalizacji, jak i rozwiązania partykularnych problemów w tym sektorze są globalnie bardzo podobne i podążają raczej za trendami międzynarodowymi niż krajowymi. Doktryna światowa boryka się jednak z brakiem powszechnej zgody co do uznania bądź nieuznania lex petrolea za odrębny reżim prawny. Celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie wiedzy z tego zakresu w drodze analizy dorobku doktryny prawa międzynarodowego, umów zawieranych dla umożliwienia dokonywania czynności sektorze naftowym, relewantnych orzeczeń sądów arbitrażowych i praktyki działania zaangażowanych podmiotów. Po ustaleniu istoty lex petrolea oraz kształtu normatywnego tego reżimu, wyniki analizy porównano z poszczególnymi założeniami przyjętymi w Raporcie Grupy Roboczej Komisji Prawa Międzynarodowego, zawierającym propozycję kryteriów uznania grupy norm dotyczących szczególnego zakresu merytorycznego za reżim autonomiczny i stosowania jej jako lex specialis. Pozwoliło to na potwierdzenie hipotezy, że lex petrolea stanowi autonomiczny reżim prawny.
EN
This paper brings together aspects of visuality and fragmentation in Quin’s work, con­centrating on her 1969 novel, Passages, in order to tease out the effects and implications of Quin’s formal fragmentariness. The visuality manifests itself in Passages through Quin’s borrowing of compositional techniques from the visual arts — layering effects from painting, shaping and cutting techniques from sculpture, the whole method of the textual cut-up. Quin splits her narrative in two sections seemingly narrated by each of the main characters, one female and one male. Applying painterly techniques to the former and sculptural to the latter, Quin’s narrative implicitly explores the habitual feminisation or masculinisation of certain aesthetic categories and modes of epistemological enquiry, as well as the unequal power relations of gender politics within a social context. Quin’s textual fragments do on some level cohere into a whole, but it is one riven with uncertainties, provoked specifically by the elliptical nature of the narrative, and complicated by Quin’s blurring of boundaries of all kinds — between characters, between binary categories, between narrative moments and locations. This resistance to categorisation — both on the level of individual fragments or passages of text, and of Quin’s work more generally — invites readers and critics to question the frameworks in which they are trying to place the parts, to challenge the rigidity of the categories themselves.
19
63%
PL
Lima, miasto założone przez Francisca Pizarra jako Miasto Królów, było w okresie kolonii hiszpańskiej najważniejszym ośrodkiem politycznym i gospodarczym w Ameryce Południowej. Charakteryzowała się piękną architekturą, regularnym planem ulic, ale również bardzo głęboką segregacją społeczną, w której biali potomkowie hiszpańskich konkwistadorów stanowili warstwę uprzywilejowaną. Okres po uzyskaniu niepodległości, który nie przyniósł reform społecznych i utrwalił panujące podziały przyczynił się do stagnacji w rozwoju, a wiek XX, szczególnie od lat 60. spowodował napływ do stolicy imigrantów ze wsi, którzy nie znajdując możliwości mieszkania w mieście lokowali się na jego peryferiach i dali impuls do tworzenia się rozległych przestrzeni ubogiego budownictwa na otaczających Limę pustynnych wzgórzach.
EN
Lima, the city founded by Francisco Pizarro as the City of the Kings, was during the Spanish colonies the most important political and economic center in South America. It was characterized by beautiful architecture, a regular street plan but also a very deep social segregation, Where white, descendants of Spanish conquistadors were a privileged class. The period after independence, which did not bring about social reform and consolidated the prevailing divisions, contributed to the stagnation of development. And the 20th century, especially since the 1960s, caused an influx of immigrants from the countryside to the capital, those who did not find the possibility of living in the city were located on its periphery gave impetus to the creation of vast areas of poor districts on the surrounding Lima desert hills.
EN
Geopolitics is a relatively new scientific discipline that studies the relationship between the geographical and historical factors influencing the formation and functioning of the states (centres of power). The aim of this paper is to present geopolitical and geostrategic determinants of Macedonia. The author examines the question: Does the territory of Macedonia have the character of destabilizing the political situation in the Balkans, by typing in the paradigm of Balkan instability? The author has relied on the analysis of the Balkan scientists, mostly Serbian and Greek. It is essential to mention: Andrej Mitrović, MiloljubSretenović, MilenkoTešić, Radovan Pavić, Slavoljub B. Šušić, Alexander Demajo and Greek balkanist – Dimitri Poulakos. The author depictsthe geopolitical significance of Macedonia throughout the ages, and geostrategic importance of Macedonia in order to conclude that contemporary Macedonia faces numerous problems of economic, ethnic, legal and international nature. However, it seems that the Albanian ethnic factor as well as bi‑ethnicity of Macedonia are the most unstable elements in the current geopolitical situation of this territory.
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