Search results

1

Udział kobiet w mediach a problematyka stereotypów płci

100%

BALCZYŃSKA-KOSMAN A.

Przegląd Politologiczny

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2011

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issue 2

113-120

EN

The role women play in the media can be analyzed in terms of their activity – women as creators of messages, or passivity – women as the recipients of mass messages. The latter aspect causes most controversy and frequently leads to the creation of sexual stereotypes. The range of male and female images in the mass media is highly diversified and not necessarily objective. While women tend to be increasingly present in the media, and the number of programs they prepare increases, men continue to prevail in the media sector. They hold a definite majority of managerial posts and more frequently act as experts and commentators on social and political events. The Communication of the European Commission for 2006–2010 stresses the role of the media and information campaigns in the elimination of sexual stereo- types. In 2010, the Commission adopted a new five-year strategy to facilitate better use of female potential. It should be the superior objective of a policy of gender equality in the media to broadcast balanced messages free from stereotypes. It is also significant to ensure women a greater participation in decision-making with respect to the mass media, increasing their opportunities to utilize the media to voice their opinions and facilitating women’s professional promotion in media institutions. These objectives were already embraced in the National Program in Aid of Women’s Rights that was implemented in Poland from 2003 through 2005. In 2010, the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights and the „Feminoteka” Foundation stressed the issue of women’s discrimination in the Polish mass media. Monitoring of programs demonstrated that the principle of gender equality was not observed. The so-called female press is a significant element of the media market. The issues discussed in this sector usually concentrate on stereotypical female roles in society. Recently, however, a clear diversification of topics handled by the press can be noted and the efforts some periodicals are making in order to break gender stereotypes. Such attempts have been made by two new periodicals addressed mainly at women: „Bluszcz” and „Zadra”. An analysis of the content of „Bluszcz” did not evidence the abandonment of the traditional image of women though. A perusal of „Zadra” led to completely different conclusions. This is a feminist periodical that mainly discusses the issues of the social and political activity of women. The paper also emphasizes the increasing participation of women in the internet and in the social media.

2

Rhythmic Gymnastics vs. Boxing: Gender Stereotypes From the Two Poles of Female Sport

94%

Béki P., Gál A.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2013

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vol. 58

|

issue 1

5-16

EN

In recent decades, women have begun to take up types of physical activity traditionally considered masculine. They appeared in previously one-gender team sports such as football or water polo, and nowadays they are also involved in ice hockey, canoeing, and are active in numerous combat sports as well. On the other hand, men have entered sport fields previously only available to women, such as rhythmic gymnastics. By this, sport can be regarded not only as a scene of gender stereotyping, but also a scene of redefining the concepts of masculinity-femininity in the negotiating of gender relations. Owing to these phenomena, there has been an emergence of studies analyzing sports from a gender aspect as well as the generalizations related to athletes involved in these sports. These studies have primarily focused on the constructions of gender identities and gender roles of women participating in traditionally masculine sports (football, weightlifting, and bodybuilding). This paper presents the results of empirical research designed to explore the opinions of top athletes involved in sports considered to be the most masculine and most feminine by the public and by sport experts: rhythmic gymnastics and boxing. They discussed their own sport and each other’s sport. With the information obtained from the structured interviews (n=22), it became possible to compare their social background, sport socialization and sport selection, as well as their conceptions of gender roles, femininity, and masculinity. As a conclusion of the research, it can be stated that from the aspects examined differences could mostly be observed in the circumstances of sport selection, but representatives of the two sports also diverged remarkably in their judgments about each other’s sport. While female boxers did not voice extreme opinions about rhythmic gymnastics, representatives of the sport regarded to be the most feminine reflected on boxing in a stereotypical and prejudiced way, even given their lack of experience.

3

Gender (według) Georgii O’Keeffe: (cudzy) obraz a (własne) słowo artystki

94%

Frelik E.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

|

2018

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vol. 61

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issue 2(126)

51-62

EN

Gender According to Georgia O’Keeffe: (Others’) Image Against (her) Word

4

Gender Stereotypes in Media Business Discourse: Variations in Identities, Contexts and Cultures

94%

Sousa A.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

|

2014

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vol. 10

|

issue 2

197-211

EN

This paper is meant to discuss two diverse but mutually entailed goals, underpinning the analysis of media business discourse. On the one hand, it promotes a critical understanding of how gender marks discourse and encodes power in business discursive communities, thus playing a key role in “shaping the expectations about people’s behaviours” (Koller 2004: 178). On the other, it promotes an interdisciplinary approach so as to disambiguate the discursive and argumentative strategies in the construction of media content by focusing on the symbolic organization and interaction between citizens and the discursive communities, in terms of male/female representations, given the way they throw global challenges and/or replicate stereotypes and particular ways of perceiving (Carter 1994: 5) the business discourse in terms of enunciation. The contrastive analysis of a corpus of magazine texts, covering news in April and May 2011, with a large readership in the global scenario, in Portuguese and in English (Sábado, Visão, Time and Newsweek), uncovers the power imbalance created when media texts pass on stereotypical patterns of behaviour in business and everyday discursive communities.

5

Gender stereotypes and their gender-specific impact on academic achievement

94%

Endepohls-Ulpe M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica

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2012

|

issue 43

3-16

EN

After decades of research into disadvantages for girls in the educational system, “male underachievement” has recently become a frequently discussed topic in the social sciences. A glance at explanations for the development of gender differences in academic achievement reveals that the disadvantages for males and females are explained differently to some extent, but that gender stereotypes seem to play an important part in most popular theoretical approaches. This article gives an overview of actual gender differences in academic achievement in Europe. Following a short description of the nature and functioning of stereotypes in general, and of gender stereotypes in particular, the article discusses the current state of empirical research on the most important theoretical explanations for gender differences in academic achievement and the role gender stereotypes play in these theories. Finally, open questions – and thus fields for further research – are outlined.

6

Gender stereotypes and their gender-specific impact on academic achievement

94%

Endepohls-Ulpe M., Institut für Psychologie U. K.-L.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica

|

2012

|

vol. 43

EN

After decades of research into disadvantages for girls in the educational system, “male underachievement” has recently become a frequently discussed topic in the social sciences. A glance at explanations for the development of gender differences in academic achievement reveals that the disadvantages for males and females are explained differently to some extent, but that gender stereotypes seem to play an important part in most popular theoretical approaches. This article gives an overview of actual gender differences in academic achievement in Europe. Following a short description of the nature and functioning of stereotypes in general, and of gender stereotypes in particular, the article discusses the current state of empirical research on the most important theoretical explanations for gender differences in academic achievement and the role gender stereotypes play in these theories. Finally, open questions – and thus fields for further research – are outlined.

7

Muži-učitelé v mateřských školách – konstrukce maskulinity ve feminizovaném prostředí

94%

Fárová N.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

|

2015

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vol. 16

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issue 1

46-56

EN

This article focused on the topic of men working in feminized jobs, specifically male teachers in kindergartens. Male teachers in kindergartens are in a specific position due to their low numbers in this environment. This position implies several advantages for them - they are accepted with enthusiasm and with expectation of change. This treatment gives them the opportunity to construct their own and relatively "elite" version of masculinity that is not superior just to the femininity of female teachers but also to the other versions of masculinity. This "elite" version of masculinity is also supported by female teachers and it contributes to maintaining a dichotomous and hierarchical approach to men and women in kindergartens. The purpose of this article is to identify the main strategies that male teachers use in the construction of their version of masculinity in this feminized environment. The article is based on qualitative research, which included the observation in several kindergartens and interviews with male and female teachers in kindergartens.

8

Prawda baśni, czyli trudne tematy Agnieszki Suchowierskiej

94%

Lasoń-Kochańska G.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

|

2018

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vol. 6

64-73

EN

Agnieszka Suchowierska made her debut in 2008 and has published three books so far. Two of them: ‘The fairytale is life or, which fairytale are you from?’ or‘Prince the Snow-White. Gender stereotypes in fairytales’ were written collectively with the well-known psychologist Wojciech Eichelberger. They are tales with appended commentaries in the form of conversations between the authoress and the therapist. Already in her debut novel ‘The fairytale is life’, Suchowierska tackles several difficult subjects and poses important questions such as : how can one see the world?; how to be free?; how to find the essence of things? In ‘Prince the Snow-White”, written a few years later, those questions take on the form of reflection on the woman’s cultural condition. The volume contains new versions of traditional fairytales in which men and women switch their roles. This simple gambit lays bare the power of gender stereotypes and manifests the degree to which contemporary culture allows (or disallows) women to do attractive/enjoyable things traditionally reserved for men only. The third book penned by Suchowierska ‘Mat and the world’ was published in 2015. In as much as the potential target readers of her tales are either young people or adults, the last book is dedicated to still younger readers. It tells the story of a plush teddy-bear, manufactured in China, which, due to a curious twist of circumstances, travels around the world. The bear’s journey becomes a pretext for revealing social inequities as well as presenting different cultures and religions. Mat, the bear, is characterized by optimism, activity and self-control in times of crisis. The propagated attitudes and models of upbringing presented in the story are no truisms. The little volume was awarded The Book of 2015 Literary Prize of the Polish section of IBBY.

9

Сказочные образы как составляющая культурного программирования: гендерный аспект

94%

Tomskaya M.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2020

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vol. 2

145-153

EN

The paper considers male and female images in the Yakut fairy tales as a component of cultural programming of gender behavior in a tribal society. The analysis of the Yakut fairy tales reveals that the main male characters whole being integral are represented as a rule by three types – in the image of heroes, hunters and poor men. Female images are more diverse, among them there are girls of the Upper World and udagans (shaman women), endowed with magical powers and the gift of transformation; girls of the Middle World, who can be both passive and active characters; the third group of female images is represented by old women, who are often embodied in the collective image of the old woman Simekhsin. The results of the analysis suggest that the masculine images correspond to the stereotypical male behavior patterns in the patriarchate society, while the feminine images may deviate from the accepted gender stereotypes for various reasons.

10

RÓWNA REPREZENTACJA KOBIET W MEDIACH? OBECNOŚĆ POLITYCZEK W PROGRAMACH PUBLICYSTYCZNYCH TVP – DONIESIENIE WSTĘPNE

94%

Hulewska A.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

|

2017

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issue 4(15)

180-188 (9)

EN

One of the key objectives of European Union policy is to equalize the opportunities for women and men in the most important areas of social life. An urgent field for such actions is the solicitude of equal representation of women and men in the media (as follows from numerous studies, the mass media can strengthen or weaken gender stereotypes). Primarily the public media should obey the so-called gender mainstreaming principle – because of the public mission. Therefore the purpose of the presented study was an attempt to determine whether, in the selected TVP journalistic programs with politicians’ participation, women were sufficiently represented. Given that, according to the Quota Act, the electoral lists for the Sejm cannot be less than 35% women candidates, it was expected that there would be at least the same proportion of women and men in the analyzed material. The quantitative content analysis method was used to solve the research problem. The results showed that the representation of women in the analyzed programs was lower than originally assumed. There are therefore grounds for continuing research on the issue of women’s access to the media, especially on determinants, manifestations and socio-cultural consequences of possible gender inequalities in this area.

11

Nauczyciel(ka) edukacji wczesnoszkolnej – czy zawód nauczyciela edukacji wczesnoszkolnej ma płeć?

94%

Sosnowska-Bielicz E.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

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2019

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vol. 10 Numer specjalny

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issue 1

93-98

EN

The World Bank, providing data for 2017, shows the profession of a teacher as globally feminized, out of 83 countries only in 19 there are more male teachers in primary schools. According tothe same data, women accounted for 66 percent. teachers around the world in compulsory education. The dominance of women in the teaching profession, especially at the level of elementaryeducation and elementary school, is almost an absolute fact in almost all countries of the world.Also in Poland, the profession of teacher of early school education is very feminised, in this occupational group women constitute 99% of the total population.It is puzzling whether parents would like their children to be taught by a teacher as part ofearly school education, or whether there is still a firmly rooted master-teacher pattern. This textwill attempt to face this question.

PL

Bank Światowy, podając dane za 2017 r., ukazuje zawód nauczyciela jako globalnie sfeminizowany. Na 83 kraje tylko w 19 jest więcej nauczycieli mężczyzn w szkołach podstawowych. Według tych samych danych kobiety stanowiły 66% nauczycieli na całym świecie w edukacji obowiązkowej. Dominacja kobiet w zawodzie nauczyciela, szczególnie na poziomie edukacji elementarnej i szkoły podstawowej, niemal we wszystkich krajach świata jest niezaprzeczalnym faktem. Również w Polsce zawód nauczyciela edukacji wczesnoszkolnej jest bardzo mocno sfeminizowany. W tej grupie zawodowej kobiety stanowią 99% całej populacji. Zastanawiające jest, czy rodzice chcieliby, aby ich dzieci w ramach edukacji wczesnoszkolnej uczone były przez nauczyciela, czy nadal panuje mocno zakorzeniony wzorzec kobiety nauczyciela. W niniejszym tekście zostanie podjęta próba zmierzenia się z tym pytaniem.

12

Gender Stereotypes of Young Adults and Styles of Sexual Education

94%

Grabowska M.

The New Educational Review

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2005

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vol. 7

59-71

EN

This paper is devoted to three basic problems: gender stereotypes, styles of sexual education and the relation between these two phenomena. The main question is: do the styles of sexual education experienced in a family determine the tendency to use gender stereotypes? Basing on the literature, a hypothetical model of relation between styles of sexual education and gender stereotypes was constructed. The model was a source of investigations conducted by the author and described in the paper. Young adults’ tendency to use gender stereotypes seems to be determined by their mothers’ stereotypes and by three styles of sexual education experienced in their families.

13

Patterns and Representations of Shakespearean Love: Hubris, Infatuation, Agape in Hamlet

83%

Foghel B.

Gender Studies

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2012

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vol. 11

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issue 1

38-50

EN

The more conceptually elusive love has proven to be, the more it has whetted humanity’s appetite to try to narrow it down. Could one say that Shakespeare is one of the few personalities that managed not only to exemplify almost all recurrent patterns of love, but also to recreate them, in his case, within his plays? Is love weak, or is it so strong that it gives life to a character, only to overwhelm and destroy him/her later? Are there any archetypal emotional stages, or is it a fiery combustion? These are all questions which this paper will attempt to discuss with regard to Hamlet.

14

BEING MAN, BEING WOMAN: MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY AS REINFORCED BY ADVERTISEMENTS

83%

PARVIN S.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

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2014

|

vol. 6

86-109

EN

Advertisements have gone a long way from merely selling things. It reflects social attitudes as well. Advertising is a powerful medium of reproducing and reinforcing social values and ideologies. And gender does not escape it. In patriarchal societies, advertisements play a crucial role of reinforcing stereotypical gender roles. What an ideal women or an ideal man should be like is shown in the advertisements. It is also shown in what an ideal woman or an ideal man should not be like. While advertisements started with commodification and objectification of women, it moved on to objectifying men as well. However the objectification did not subvert gender roles. This paper will study such depiction of gender roles in advertisements in Indian media. While women‘s bodies are marked by fragility, vulnerability, sexuality, men‘s bodies are invested with values like power and authority.

15

ART and Age − Gender Stereotypes in Medical Students’ Views

83%

Alichniewicz A., Michałowska M.

Diametros

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2015

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issue Diametros 45

71-81

EN

It seems interesting to find out how the situation of the Polish ART practice is reflected in the medical students’ opinions. To answer this question we carried out a two-stage research adopting a data-driven methodology based upon the grounded theory, in which we collected a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data. Our study has revealed students’ high acceptance of IVF and most of the additional procedures, except for IVF in the case of women over 40 and postmenopausal ones. The students’ main concerns were to be compatible with what is presented in medical literature and commonly accepted in medical practice, so the core categories they focused on in their argumentation were medical evidence and medical standards. Whereas the students were consistently trying to ground their reasoning on medical knowledge, their opinions reflected not only statements based on hard data, but also some gender stereotypes hidden in medical literature.

16

Les discours de l’identité féminine dans les publicités automobiles

83%

López Díaz M., Kacprzak A.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

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2012

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vol. 39

|

issue 4

71-83

EN

The article analyzes the way in which the modern car-advertisement defines the identity of women as potential purchasers – to whom it is designed to get through. The research includes language and iconic instruments by which this type of advertisement aims to create a feminized market of products formerly recognized as traditionally masculine. The identification of the addressee of each publicity material might be subsumed under a set of stereotypes, thus enabling advertisers to get across their message using the code of addressee’s own values. The present paper concentrates on the linguistic specifity of the ads for high-tech goods (automobiles) targeting the feminine public and eventually points out their high degree of markedness according to the sex of addressees. Discourse analysis and a closer look at linguistic means appearing in French, Spanish and Polish automotive commercials both reveals a stereotyped woman’s image and shows how they happen to perpetutate it.

17

Detained change? Negative prescriptive stereotypes and cognitive gender schemas of Polish female students

83%

Paprzycka E., Mianowska E., Walentynowicz-Moryl K.

Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów / Adult Education Discourses

|

2022

|

vol. 23

357-369

EN

This article addresses the topic of negative prescriptive stereotypes of femininity and masculinity, and cognitive gender schemas of young women. The aim of the research performed was to identify definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity and to explore the gender iden¬tity of young female students. The study sought to answer the following questions: What are their individual gender identities, and how are these identities related to definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity? The study surveyed a representative sample of 1152 randomly selected student women using the standardized ‘Inventory for the Assessment of Psychological Gender’, an instrument based on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Analysis revealed that the most common individual gender identities identified were androgynous and definite schemas. These schemas diversify definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity. When defining non-femininity, women using masculine and indefinite schemas were more likely than androgynous and feminine women to reject the distinction between feminine and masculine characteristics.

18

Gender Issues in Polish Education Compared with European Experiences

83%

Pogorzelska M.

Kultura i Edukacja

|

2013

|

issue 5(98)

92-107

EN

The education system and its role in reproducing gender inequality have been discussed in different European countries for over 40 years. The research-based reports from 16 European countries delivered to European Commission within Exchange of Good Practice on Gender Equality forum created a unique opportunity to learn about the main themes, intensity and stages of development of gender and education discourse across Europe. The analysis of the situation in various countries revealed some differences and similarities in the approach to introducing gender in education between post-communist countries and countries with long-time history of gender equality debate. The areas of difference refer to social perception of gender, discrepancy between official legislation and practice, cooperation with educational authorities, textbooks contents and attitude to sexual education. The major similarities concern teachers’ awareness and attitudes, gender gap between boys and girls in scholastic achievements, segregation in vocational choice and feminization of teaching profession. The country overview allows to locate Poland on the map of this European discourse as well as to show inspiring examples coming from the countries far more developed in introducing gender sensitive mechanisms in educational practice.

19

BLOODY RAIN AND THORNY ROSES. GENDER CODING IN THRASH AND HAIR METAL

83%

SIMON B.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

|

2014

|

vol. 6

55-86

EN

In the mid 1980s two new subgenres of heavy metal were created in the USA: hair/glam and thrash metal. Hair metal was mostly played by men who were perceived as effeminate – something which seemingly goes against metal‘s emphasis on masculinity (and implied homophobia). Thrash metal distanced itself from its rival by a more masculine visual code, a more aggressive sound, but also with the choice of words and subjects in their lyrics. By comparing early albums by some of the most famous bands of both subgenres it is possible to point out the most common supposedly 'feminine' and 'masculine' keywords, themes and images which are embedded in their albums, as well as different strategies of constructing 'masculinity'.

20

Problém rodu a násilie páchané na deťoch a mladistvých

83%

Dončevová S.

Sociální pedagogika (Social Education)

|

2013

|

vol. 1

|

issue 1

77-101

EN

Empirical and comparative study brings knowledge of the author's own research, whose main objective was to identify, analyse and interpret the problem impact of gender inequalities and stereotypes in the creation and development of violence, particularly against children and adolescents, primarily in the educational environment of the family. Research has attempted to capture the intersection of gender studies and social pedagogy, two sciences, which, although from a different angle, devoted, inter alia, the problem of the origin and acceleration of violence against children and adolescents. Research design was grounded in theory, the research method was the semi-structured interview, conducted with eight respondents, children and young people aged 12 - 23 years. A quantitative methodology was used to strengthen the validity of the process of triangulation; content analysis of text documents (case studies from the archives crisis centre for victims of domestic violence).

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Udział kobiet w mediach a problematyka stereotypów płci

Rhythmic Gymnastics vs. Boxing: Gender Stereotypes From the Two Poles of Female Sport

Gender (według) Georgii O’Keeffe: (cudzy) obraz a (własne) słowo artystki

Gender Stereotypes in Media Business Discourse: Variations in Identities, Contexts and Cultures

Gender stereotypes and their gender-specific impact on academic achievement

Gender stereotypes and their gender-specific impact on academic achievement

Muži-učitelé v mateřských školách – konstrukce maskulinity ve feminizovaném prostředí

Prawda baśni, czyli trudne tematy Agnieszki Suchowierskiej

Сказочные образы как составляющая культурного программирования: гендерный аспект

RÓWNA REPREZENTACJA KOBIET W MEDIACH? OBECNOŚĆ POLITYCZEK W PROGRAMACH PUBLICYSTYCZNYCH TVP – DONIESIENIE WSTĘPNE

Nauczyciel(ka) edukacji wczesnoszkolnej – czy zawód nauczyciela edukacji wczesnoszkolnej ma płeć?

Gender Stereotypes of Young Adults and Styles of Sexual Education