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1

Zbrodnia wołyńska 1943 roku i mit buntu ludowego

100%

Motyka G.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2016

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vol. 48

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issue 1

PL

The Volhynian Massacre of 1943 and the Myth of a Peasant RevoltThe discussion about the events, which took place in Volhynia in 1943, includes a hypothesis presenting the anti–Polish outbreaks as an expression of a spontaneous revenge of the local Ukrainian peasants for the discrimination experienced at the time of the Second Republic. The author of the article based himself on unknown documents to demonstrate that in reality the mass–scale massacre of the Poles was organized by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists–Bandera (OUN–B) Underground and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) partisan units it commanded. The peasants participating in the events were mobilised (at least partly by force) to special auxiliary detachments, ordered by the Bandera–led superiors to set fire to Polish settlements and to kill their inhabitants. Both in Volhynia and in Galicia peasants were incorporated into groups attacking localities inhabited by the Poles, despite the fact that partisan forces sufficed to destroy them. The victims were cruelly murdered with axes and other tools so as to produce the impression among the observers that they were dealing with a local Jacquerie while in reality the massacre was a planned ethnic cleansing campaign. The idea to resolve the Polish–Ukrainian territorial controversy with the assistance of an ethnic purge had been devised by the OUN already prior to 1939. Initially, it was assumed that the future Ukrainian state would be devoid of all landowners and colonists who settled down in the conflict–ridden terrains after 1918, but in time the opinion calling for ”ejecting” the entire Polish population became increasingly popular. The population in question was to be murdered at least partly by the incited local peasants. At the beginning of 1943 UPA detachments commenced a battle against the Germans and Soviet partisans while simultaneously initiating the so–called anti–Polish campaign. The organised de–Polonisation operation, inaugurated on 9 February 1943 by attacking the village of Parośle in Volhynia, lasted until 18 May 1945 and claimed the lives of about 100 000 victims.

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Polskie problemy z genocydem Rafała Lemkina

86%

Madajczyk P.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2016

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vol. 48

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issue 1

PL

Polish Problems with Genocide According to Rafał LemkinRafał (Raphael) Lemkin is currently the best–known Polish lawyer, whose name appears invariably as a point of departure for international discussions about genocide. He is the author of The German New Order in Poland and in 1944 published Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, containing the term: “genocide”. At the time of the Nuremberg Trial Lemkin acted as adviser to United States Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson. Subsequently, he worked on devising an act of law that would define the principles of penalising the crime of genocide. On 9 December 1948 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In Poland the revival of interest in Lemkin has its positive and negative sides. The former undoubtedly include changing or rather initiating an alteration of a situation embarrassing or outright insulting for Poland, namely, when Polish–language versions of the above–mentioned books about the Axis occupation were not available and Lemkin was not mentioned in assorted studies. The latter aspect involves his sui generis sacralisation and elevation, hindering a critical discussion about his achievements, since such a debate could be interpreted as questioning them. This article endeavours to examine the conception of genocide from the viewpoint of an historian, and reflects on the extent to which it could become an instrument of historical analysis.

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Ormianie w XX wieku. Zarys najważniejszych problemów

72%

Pełczyński G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego ACTA POLITICA

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2015

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vol. 34

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issue 4

5-25

EN

Article is about Armenian history in 20th century. Author concentrate on main subject: Armenian Genocide between 1915 and 1920 in Turkey; Armenians trouble in USSR; Armenian minority in Lebanon, France, USA, Poland and Turkey; Armenian Independence.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono historię Ormian w XX w. Skoncentrowano się na następujących zagadnieniach: Ludobójstwo Ormian w Turcji w latach 1915–1920; problemy Ormian w ZSRR, skupiska Ormian w Libanie, Francji, Stanach Zjednoczonych, Polsce oraz Turcji; niepodległość Armenii.

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Z badań nad białostockim epizodem w biografii Rafała Lemkina

72%

Stokowski M. P.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2021

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vol. 20

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issue 1

177-186

EN

Rafał Lemkin became famous in historiography as the creator of the concept of genocide (genocide). This Polish lawyer of Jewish origin, graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lviv and was a pupil of the outstanding Polish criminal lawyer Juliusz Makarewicz. From his student days, he became interested in the lack of legal regulations in the field of criminal liability for committing mass murders on a specific national or ethnic group. An important impulse for the development of this thought for the young Lemkin were the famous trials of the assassins Talaat Pasha, responsible for the slaughter of Armenians during the Great War, and Symon Petlura, charged with the responsibility for pogroms against Jews in Ukraine. Before the outbreak of World War II, Rafał Lemkin, as part of his activity in the Polish section of the International Criminal Law Association, presented at a conference in Madrid in 1933 the first visions of the concept of international criminal jurisdiction of genocide offenses. After the outbreak of World War II and his escape to the United States, he started working in the War Department and as a university lecturer. In 1944, he published his opus magnum – „The Axis Rule in Occupied Europe”, where he formulated and accurately described the concept of genocide as a crime of international law. Lemkin's idea was quickly appreciated. As early as December 1946, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing genocide as a crime of international law, and two years later it adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. He described his extremely interesting life in the autobiography entitled Totally Unofficial, which was translated and published in Poland in 2018. Rafał Lemkin describes many details of his life, but omits the period of his residence in Białystok, where he allegedly passed his matriculation exams in 1919, and his student days at the Jagiellonian University, when he gained the necessary experience and knowledge in legal fields to help him develop the concept of criminalisation of genocide.

PL

Rafał Lemkin zasłynął w historiografii jako twórca pojęcia ludobójstwa (genocyd). Ten polski prawnik żydowskiego pochodzenia, będący absolwentem Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu im. Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie oraz wychowankiem wybitnego polskiego karnisty Juliusza Makarewicza. Już od czasów studenckich zainteresował się brakiem regulacji prawnej w zakresie odpowiedzialności karnej za dokonanie masowych mordów na konkretnej grupie narodowościowej czy etnicznej. Ważnym impulsem dla rozwoju tej myśli dla młodego Lemkina były głośne procesy zamachowców - Talaata Paszy, odpowiedzialnego za rzeź Ormian w czasie Wielkiej Wojny oraz Symona Petlury, obciążanego odpowiedzialnością za pogromy Żydów na Ukrainie. Przed wybuchem II wojny światowej Rafał Lemkin w ramach swojej działalności w polskiej sekcji Międzynarodowego Stowarzyszenia Prawa Karnego przedstawił na konferencji w Madrycie w 1933 r. pierwsze wizje koncepcji objęcia międzynarodową jurysdykcją karną przestępstw genocydu. Po wybuchu II wojny światowej i ucieczce do Stanów Zjednoczonych podjął pracę w Departamencie Wojny oraz jako wykładowca uniwersytecki. W 1944 r. opublikował swoją pracę będącą jego opus magnum pt. „Rządy państw Osi w okupowanej Europie”, gdzie sformułował i dokładnie opisał koncepcję ludobójstwa jako zbrodni prawa międzynarodowego. Idea Lemkina szybko znalazła uznanie. Już w grudniu 1946 r. Zgromadzenie Ogólne ONZ uchwaliło rezolucję, w której uznało ludobójstwo za zbrodnię prawa międzynarodowego, a dwa lata później uchwaliło konwencję o zapobieganiu i karaniu zbrodni ludobójstwa. Swoje niezwykle ciekawe życie opisał w autobiografii pt. Nieoficjalny, która została przetłumaczona i wydana w Polsce w 2018 r. Rafał Lemkin opisuje w niej wiele szczegółów ze swojego życia, jednak pomija okres pobytu w Białymstoku, gdzie rzekomo zdał maturę w 1919 r. oraz czasy studenckie na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim, kiedy to zdobywał niezbędne doświadczenie i wiedzę z dziedzin prawnych pomocnych przy tworzeniu opracowaniu koncepcji penalizacji ludobójstwa.

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2 Dzieje Najnowsze

1 Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

1 Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego ACTA POLITICA

1 Madajczyk P.

1 Motyka G.

1 Pełczyński G.

1 Stokowski M. P.

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Zbrodnia wołyńska 1943 roku i mit buntu ludowego

Polskie problemy z genocydem Rafała Lemkina

Ormianie w XX wieku. Zarys najważniejszych problemów

Z badań nad białostockim epizodem w biografii Rafała Lemkina