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An archaeological experiment with early medieval glass bead production in an open hearth – the results

100%
Krzyżanowska M., Frankiewicz M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2015
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issue 56
109-127
PL
The aim of the experimental research was to verify the hypothesis of glass bead production in an open hearth. In this case, data from archeological excavations in Ribe, where the remains of “glass” hearths were discovered, was utilised. The experiment involved the forming of the hearth, where a clay nozzle in the shape of a loom weight was placed in the centre. The air was pumped into the hearth using bellows equipped with a separate air circulation system. The results of the research indicate that, thanks to such a construction and thanks to the process of charcoal sieving, the manufacturing of simple and more complex glass beads is simple and the hearths themselves are quite effective.
2

GLASS IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL EASTERN EUROPE AS EVIDENCE OF INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS

100%
Stolyarova E.
Archeologia Polski
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2016
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vol. 61
191-212
EN
This paper deals with glass artifacts as markers of interregional economic, religious and cultural links, trade routes, and social stratification. It is focused on finds from Eastern Europe from the Bronze Age to the 17th–18th centuries A.D.
3

GLASS BEADS IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF RUS’: ISSUES OF TRADE ROUTES AND CHRONOLOGY

88%
Kuzina I.
Archeologia Polski
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2016
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vol. 61
219-240
EN
The article is devoted to issues connected with trade routes and chronology of glass beads in the northern regions of medieval Rus’: Priladozh’e and Belozer’e (Russian North), corresponding today mainly to the Leningrad and Vologda regions. Barter in the fur trade caused huge quantities of glass beads to be concentrated in settlements of the region. Different bead types were present in three chronological periods: 10th–beginning of 11th c., 11th, 12th–13th centuries. Comparison of certain bead types traces the routes by which glass beads came to the north of Rus’. Another method calls for comparing bead necklaces from burials. Cemeteries of the 11th c. in Belozer’e have helped to clarify some of the issues. A characteristic of trade routes in the12th–13th centuries is limited due to a decline in the number of beads from archaeological sites.
4

PACIORKI BURSZTYNOWE I SZKLANE Z CMENTARZYSKA LUDNOŚCI KULTURY ŁUŻYCKIEJ W KRAKOWIE-BIEŻANOWIE, STAN. 30

63%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2018
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vol. 63
99-117
EN
Excavations of a cemetery of the Lusatian Culture in Kraków-Bieżanów, uncovered in grave 417 a set of bronze ornaments and a necklace of beads: glass (350–366 pieces), amber (34) and bronze (4). The grave is dated to the Bronze Age IV (HaA2-HaB1; about 1150/1100–1000/950 BC). A typological (formal) analysis of the beads and an examination of the chemical composition of the glass in two cases (by the LA-ICP-MS method) indicated the north Italian workshops as the most likely place of their production. From there they reached Małopolska (Little Poland) by the “Amber Route”.
5
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Wybrane relikwiarze ze Świętych Schodów („Scala Santa”) w krypcie pod kościołem Ojców Pijarów w Krakowie

63%
Marszałek M., Gaweł A., Pachuta K., Buszko E.
Analecta Cracoviensia
|
2022
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vol. 54
149-176
EN
In the years 2017–2020, comprehensive conservation and construction works were carried out within the crypt, basement and monastery of the Piarist church in Kraków. Numerous sensational findings were made during their course, including the discovery of 59 reliquaries in the mysterious stairs in the crypt's chancel. As the conservation and research work progressed, it became clear that the crypt beneath the church was originally the Chapel of the Holy Stairs, a unique historical object on the world scale. Conservators excavated and conserved the reliquaries, and three of them underwent detailed examination. A reliquary containing a transparent cross with a particles of the True Cross and two opaque objects, a blue bead and a black bead, were selected. The objects were analysed by non-destructive and non-invasive methods. It was found that the reliquary cross is made of rock crystal, the beads are made of glass. The possible origin of the objects and the date of their manufacture were also discussed.
PL
W latach 2017–2020 w obrębie krypty, piwnic oraz klasztoru Ojców Pijarów w Krakowie przeprowadzono kompleksowe prace konserwatorsko-budowlane. W czasie ich trwania dokonano wielu sensacyjnych odkryć, między innymi w tajemniczych schodach w prezbiterium krypty odnaleziono 59 relikwiarzy. W miarę postępu prac konserwatorskich i badawczych stało się jasne, że krypta pod kościołem oryginalnie stanowiła kaplicę Świętych Schodów, jeden z niewielu tego typu zabytków na świecie. Konserwatorzy wydobyli i zakonserwowali relikwiarze, a trzy z nich poddali zostały specjalistycznym badaniom. Wybrano relikwiarz zawierający przezroczysty krzyż z cząstką Krzyża Świętego oraz dwa nieprzezroczyste obiekty: niebieski koralik i czarny paciorek. Obiekty zostały przeanalizowane metodami nieniszczącymi i nieinwazyjnymi. Stwierdzono, że krzyż relikwiarzowy jest wykonany z kryształu górskiego, koraliki wykonane są ze szkła. W miarę możliwości omówiono również pochodzenie obiektów oraz czas ich powstania.
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