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Hierarchiczne układy w tekstach prawnych

100%
Łapa R.
Studia Językoznawcze. Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badań polszczyzny
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2011
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vol. 10
135-144
EN
Remarks made in the article are connected with issues mentioned in the researcher’s earlier works. They refer to a grammatical meaning in contemporary law texts. Speaking about hierarchical dependence, the author deals with the meaning of ‘the one who allows somebody to do something’. More precisely, the article is about a participant of an action who allows other participant of the same action to take up a given activity. The analysis has a syntax character. Its fundamental aim is to describe these elements of a sentence structure thanks to which the sentence is going to have a given grammatical meaning. Moreover, the analysis provides closer information about participants. This information influences activities of other participants of an action. It points to a status pf these participants and their places in administration and law space.
2
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Removing grammar ambiguity of word forms by statistical methods

84%
Karnaukh G.
Cognitive Studies
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2014
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issue 14
21-31
EN
Research is devoted to the study of behaviour of linguistic processor at simultaneous application of software supporting functions (taking into account the characteristics of the writing word forms (capital / small letters), punctuation marks in trigrams and location of trigrams within a sentence). The article analyses qualitative quantitative characteristics of the results removing grammatical homonyms of word forms using statistical methods in compliance with requirements. The research is based on the texts of normative legal document.
3
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Semantics and Style

67%
ĆARKIĆ M. Ž.
Stylistyka
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2008
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vol. 17
5-16
EN
In this paper the author is trying to define the notions of semantics and style more accurately, and to establish a connection between them even though at first glance they are incompatible. Semantics as the study of meaning in linguistic terms according to empirical research into the structure and function of signs in natural languages reveals relations between them and the concepts they designate. Thus, in the context of structure, it explores lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, sentential meaning, and with respect to function descriptive meaning and associative meaning. Associative meaning covers several related types of meaning, dominated by the following three: stylistic, expressive and connota- tive. On this semantic plane style and semantics intersect, and partially overlap. Thus style, as the main generator of these three types of meaning, is directly correlated with semantics. Style and semantics are in a causal relationship: style is the cause (the generator of meaning), semantics the effect (the interpreter of meaning).
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Метафоризація граматичного значення роду антропонімів як засіб вираження оцінки (на прикладі моделей «хтось (ім. чол. роду) у спідниці / у панчохах / у сукні», «хтось (ім. жін. роду) у штанах»)

67%
Халіман О.
Acta onomastica
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2019
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vol. 60
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issue 2
221-232
EN
This article deals with the peculiarities of the metaphorised use of grammatical meanings of masculine and feminine genders in anthroponyms (on the example of the models ‘someone (a noun of the masculine gender) in a skirt / in stockings / in a dress’, ‘someone (a noun of the feminine gender) in pants’) as an evaluation tool in modern journalistic and artistic discourses of the Ukrainian language. The described grammatical feature originates from the contradiction between the grammatical gender meaning and the opposite sex of the indicated person which presents them in specific evaluating shades. In the process of metaphorisation, the grammatical meaning models the corresponding assessment and pragmatic meanings. Due to gender associations formed in ancient times, the usage of feminine forms for males leads to modelling a negative evaluation through the equalisation of the male to the female. The usage of masculine forms for females is carried out both for a positive and a negative evaluation: a positive one when comparing a woman to a man as a strong personality and a negative one when referring to her as a rude personality with femininity contradicting features. Furthermore, we observe that the meanings are superordinate to one another (e.g. «in a skirt» is alien to a man). The analysis of constructions in modern journalism proves a use of the metaphorised forms of masculine gender proper names for a woman, at the same time the figurative use of feminine gender proper names applied for a man does not prove to be productive.
CS
a ženských rodů antroponym na příkladu modelů ‚někdo (podstatné jméno mužského rodu) v sukni/punčochách/šatech‘ a ‚někdo (podstatné jméno ženského rodu) v kalhotách jako prostředek k vyjádření hodnocení v moderních novinářských a uměleckých textech v ukrajinském jazyce. K popisovanému jevu dochází na základě rozporu mezi gramatickým významem rodu a opačným pohlavím dané osoby, který ji určitým způsobem popisuje. V průběhu metaforizace utváří gramatický význam odpovídající hodnocení a pragmatické významy. Kvůli genderovým asociacím, které jsme si vytvořili velmi dávno, vede použití forem ženského rodu v označování mužů k utváření negativního hodnocení právě na základě přirovnávání muže k ženě. Mužské formy pro ženy jsou používány při kladném i záporném hodnocení: kladně je vnímáno přirovnávání ženy k muži v souvislosti se silnou osobností, negativně pak v souvislosti s hrubým chováním a rysy, které jsou s ženskostí v rozporu. Dá se také pozorovat jistá nadřazenost pojmů (např. ‚v sukni‘ s mužem nebývá spojováno). Analýza konstrukcí v současné žurnalistice potvrzuje ve zkoumaných modelech vysoký výskyt užití metaforizované formy vlastního jména mužského rodu pro ženu, kdežto k přenesenému používání vlastních jmen ženského rodu na muže téměř nedochází.
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