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1

Igranie z ogniem – rytuały pogrzebowe kultury strzyżowskiej na przykładzie wybranych pochowków z cmentarzyska w Rogalinie

100%

Hyrchała A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2021

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vol. 69

63-83

EN

The text presents newly discovered graves of Strzyżów culture from the Early Bronze Age, located at a cemetery in Rogalin, Poland. The funeral rites of Strzyżów culture are multifaceted. Most of the dead were placed in graves in supine position, equipped with vessels, tools, and ornaments – and then buried. This text, however, discusses burial rites involving the use of fire both in open burial pits and after burial, as well as subsequent practices of opening and disturbing graves. Analysis was supplemented by results of radiocarbon dating.

2

Wiadro obite blaszanymi okuciami z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Glinnie

100%

Kurasiński T.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2015

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issue 56

197-214

PL

An early medieval plank bucket was discovered in grave no. 18 in a grave field in Glinn, Sieradz county. Possibly, the bucket was manufactured by local artisans as a result of borrowing foreign patterns and techniques. In the grave, its role most probably was to emphasise the social status of the deceased as it was probably his personal property.

3

W jakim stroju na swój pogrzeb, czyli próba interpretacji funkcji tekstyliów archeologicznych odkrywanych w grobach z wczesnej epoki żelaza z terenu Polski

88%

Słomska J., Antosik Ł.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2018

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vol. 66

57-75

EN

The main aim of the paper is to present the cognitive possibilities given by textiles found in graves from the early Iron Age. Apart from information on techniques used in prehistoric weaving, they also allow, unfortunately only in certain cases, to determine their original function. Textile materials discovered up to now at cemeteries from Poland have been most likely the remains of shrouds, pouches or clothes. These remains, in combination with numerous textile materials from Europe, are an important source of information about the communities living in Poland in the early Iron Age. Undoubtedly, garments were one of the determinants of cultural affiliation in prehistory. It consisted of metal jewellery, commonly discovered during excavations, but also definitely less frequent finds of clothing remains.

4

Der späthallstattzeitliche Grabhügel von Kriegenbrunn (Reg.Bez. Mittelfranken, Bayern)

88%

Winger K.

Studia Hercynia

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2020

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vol. 24

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issue 2

39-58

EN

The article describes the features and finds from the Hallstatt period burial mound at Erlangen -Kriegenbrunn (Germany). Hermann Hornung excavated this mound in 1930 after non -professionals had destroyed the central grave. Shortly after the excavation, Hornung published his results in two small articles. In the 1970s Bernhard Hänsel started collecting all available information about the burial mound and initiated anthropological analyses. Although Michael Hoppe had discussed the mound in his work about the Hallstatt period in Central Franconia (1986), Hänsel was convinced that it needed further investigation. Long after his retirement, he gave all his documents about Kriegenbrunn to the author in order to publish the mound again, make corrections and particularly ascertain the number of persons in the several graves at Kriegenbrunn.

5

Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10, woj. wielkopolskie - wyniki badań z lat 2014-2019

75%

Miciak M., Agnew A. M.

Studia Lednickie

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2021

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vol. 20

125-195

EN

The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial ground at site 10 in Giecz. Over six seasons of research, 133 early medieval graves have been discovered. Graves of wooden construction or encased in stone, as well as graves with an unusual arrangement (the deceased bent on the side and on the stomach), with different orientation, or double graves of women with small children draw particular attention. In the majority of graves, grave goods were found such as coins, ornaments or household items (including pieces of unique character). These finds – together with 14C analyses conducted for 7 graves – made it possible to determine the chronology of the burial ground to the period dating from the beginning of the 11th century (or even the end of the 10th century) till the 13th century.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje dotychczasowe wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na cmentarzysku wczesnośredniowiecznym, na stanowisku Giecz 10. W ciągu sześciu sezonów badawczych odkryto tam 133 pochówki wczesnośredniowieczne, wśród których szczególną uwagę zwracają groby z konstrukcjami drewnianymi lub w obstawie kamiennej, groby o nietypowym ułożeniu zmarłego (pozycja podkurczona na boku lub pozycja na brzuchu), groby o odmiennej orientacji oraz groby zawierające podwójne pochówki kobiet z małymi dziećmi. W większości z nich odkryto wyposażenie grobowe w postaci monet, ozdób lub przedmiotów codziennego użytku (w tym egzemplarze o unikalnym charakterze), które – wraz z analizami 14C, wykonanymi dla 7 pochówków – pozwalają określić chronologię cmentarzyska na okres od początku XI wieku (być może nawet końca X) do wieku XIII.

6

Z historii czeskiej archeologii średniowiecza. Wykopaliska archeologiczne Ivana Borkovský’ego na Placu Loretańskim w Pradze na Hradczanach

75%

Boháčová I.

Archeologia Polski

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2012

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vol. 57

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issue 1-2

161-197

EN

Funerary range with more than 700 graves in the vicinity of the Prague Castle, at Loretánské Square (Bohemia, Prague – Hradčany) was investigated in the 30s of the last century. The excavation was one of the earliest surface interventions in the complex stratigraphic environment of the Bohemian pre-urban and urban organism. Moreover, it was one of the most extensive excavations carried out in the pre-war period. The excavator, Ivan Borkovský, did not complete a study of his material, hence the present reevaluation, which was based on a manuscript of Borkovský’s excavation report, on the original field documentation and on a new analysis of the sources. The complex settlement stratigraphy of this medieval site had been disturbed extensively and repeatedly by burials already during the Early Middle Ages, later by High Medieval and Modern burials, and also by developments in the Modern period. The cemetery represents the most extensive Medieval burial ground within Prague’s historical core and has produced a large collection of Late Hillfort period grave furnishings. Modern period graves are one of the most extensive examples of burials of execution victims anywhere in Europe. An analysis of the topography of the site and the burial rite leads to several general conclusions. A basic chronology based on the archaeological record has been confirmed by a 14C analysis of skeletal remains. The overall trend observed in this highly complex stratigraphical position is from an extensive linear Early Medieval burial ground to a superimposed (Early?) Medieval graveyard typical of Medieval church cemeteries. An empty space in the intensively used part of the Early Medieval as well as High Medieval burial ground has suggested the presence of a church at the core of the cemetery. The transfer of burials into an area of intensive settlement in the Hradčany area around the middle of the 11th c. is linked to a progressing Christianization of Czech society in Early Medieval times.

7

Nie tylko z drewna. Wiadra klepkowe obite blachą w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na terenie ziem polskich

75%

Kurasiński T.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2023

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vol. 71

185-242

EN

In this study, information was collected on stave-built wooden vessels (buckets) from early medieval cemeteries in Polish lands, for which the distinguishing feature is metal fittings in the form of strips and / or crescent-shaped applications. In the light of the current state of knowledge, we have information on 33 containers of such design from nineteen cemeteries. The most numerous collection of them was discovered in Lutomiersk, from where eight graves with such vessels are known. Three containers were recorded in the cemetery in Pień, and in Kałdus, Lubień, Komorowo and Poznań-Śródka – two in each. The remaining sites provided single finds. These vessels were subjected to a typological, formal and chronological analysis, taking into account the context of discovery and provenance, and on this basis an attempt was made to interpret their meaning in funeral rites. In Polish lands, the deceased were buried with the type of vessel in question at the end of the 10th century, and this custom disappeared at the beginning of the 12th century.

8

Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza

63%

Wrzesińska A., Wrzesiński J.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2014

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vol. 60

197-223

EN

1Since the dawn of history humans have been interested in using stones for a variety of purposes. The use of rocks and stones as shelters, building material or resource for the production of tools or weapons is a cultural phenomenon. One of the categories of stone objects recorded in graves at early medieval cemeteries includes whetstones. The present study is devoted to whetstones registered in graves at the cemetery at Dziekanowice, site 22 (gmina Łubowo, województwo wielkopolskie). This early medieval necropolis is located on the east shore of Lake Lednica in the direct vicinity of one of the major stronghold centres of the Piast dynasty. The stronghold itself is situated on Ostrów – an island on Lake Lednica. Out of 1585 skeletal graves recorded in situ at the studied cemetery, 847 (53.4%) burials contained altogether 1868 objects considered as grave deposits. In the group of those artifacts were 28 whetstones found in 27 graves (one grave contained 2 whetstones), which account for 3.2 percent of the total number of burials with equipment. In addition, 7 whetstones were recorded loosely at the border between layer I and II (they were damaged by ploughing), and in settlement features; however, these objects are not included in the study. The majority of graves with whetstones unearthed at the cemetery at Dziekanowice were male burials. As many as 21 graves belonged to men, 5 to women and only one to a child. Previous research and publications on cemeteries do not facilitate an ambiguous interpretation of the function of whetstones recorded in graves, although utilitarian character of these objects is unquestionable. It can also be asserted that whetstones were buried more often in male graves, and most often in adult graves. They occurred both in “richer” burials and in those characterized by modest equipment. The new light on the function of some whetstones has been shed by the results of analyses carried out by Martin Ježek from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His recent spectral analysis of whetstone surfaces has allowed the hypothesis that whetstones (particularly phyllite ones) may have been used as touchstones. The analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS method) revealed residues of metals on the surface of the examined objects. The microanalysis has proven the existence of micro-traces of metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper. In sum, the hypothesis about a special function of the whetstones cannot be excluded. This may apply particularly to the objects with scant traces of polishing, in contrast to whetstones with strongly polished and characteristic concave surfaces resulting from frequent sharpening. The whetstones with scant traces of polishing may have been used not only as sharpening tools, but also (and maybe primarily) as items against which a precious metal was rubbed in order to check its value and the quality of alloy. Identifying the function of whetstones as touchstones creates new possibilities for discussing the problems associated with social stratification and with distinguishing between “richer” and “poorer” graves. A whetstone-touchstone found in a grave gives its owner a different rank in the society than we previously assumed interpreting the object only as a sharpening tool. Undoubtedly, the analysis of social stratification should involve by far more elements than is widely regarded as vital. In addition, whetstones-touchstones may also become important objects for the analysis of trading places and exchange in the Early Middle Ages.

9

Grotem w dół, grotem w górę. Deponowanie włóczni w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich

63%

Kurasiński T.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2014

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vol. 60

159-187

EN

The paper discusses the issue of deposition of shafted weapons in Early Medieval graves in the Polish lands, with particular stress on the location of spearheads near the feet of the deceased. The analysis of distribution of spearheads in the space of the grave pit points to a diversified manner of burying the dead with the weapon in question. Three zones can be identified (cf Fig. 1): I – upper part of the torso with the head (61 graves); II – vicinity of the pelvis and the femora (6 graves); III – vicinity of the feet and the tibiae (25 graves; cf Figs. 2-5). Attempts at clarifying this diversity in the deposition of shafted weapons in the space of the grave pit have hardly been undertaken in scholarship. Furthermore, they do not offer a satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon This paper presents an interpretation which is somehow different than those hitherto proposed. The deposition of spearheads in Zone III probably expresses a certain scheme of thinking which is founded on a mythical order of the world, especially on an archaic motif of the “divine duel”. It was an outline of numerous tales, images and beliefs. Its essence was the fight of a positive hero against a dragon or another monster which represents powers of chaos and destruction. Following this path, the dead for whom the weapon was deposited near his feet, may have been posthumously honoured due to his especially remarkable deeds (of war or other ones) done during his life. These deeds were considered significant for the maintenance or restoration of the social order.

10

Satt auch im Jenseits? Tierknochen in Gräbern und Siedlungen der Vekerzug-Kultur

63%

Kozubová A.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2019

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issue 40

235-254

EN

In the present study, we deal with numerous animal bones from the sities of the Vekerzug culture in Eastern Hungary und Southwestern Slovakia, which come mainly from archaeozoological quite well recorded and analysed settlements. Their grave findings are rare and they are one of the special features of the burial rites of that culture. Providing a more complex archaeological overview of these finds was at the centre of our interest. Animal bones from the graves and settlements were mainly represented by cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, occasionally horses und their interpretation in graves as the remains of meat dishes ist highly probable.

11

Chrześcijanie i poganie. O problemach interpretacji odkryć archeologicznych związanych z początkami chrześcijaństwa na ziemiach polskich.

51%

Buko A.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2016

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issue 57

13-52

PL

Mediaeval historians as well as archaeologists have been intrigued by the beginning of Christianity in Poland. The interest intensified in 2016 when the country celebrated the 1050th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. The accompanying discussions indicate that facing the ambiguous written sources, researchers still disagree about fundamental data like the year and the location of the baptism, its circumstances or material evidence of the events. An argument was put forward that in this context, celebrating the 1050th anniversary of the baptism of Poland is groundless. Attention was drawn to the fact that baptism of the ruler and his entourage did not affect the country’s inhabitants who remained pagans for a long time afterwards. In this article, I highlight some aspects of the research and the controversy surrounding the interpretation of archaeological finds from the beginning of Christianity in Poland. I also indicate other possibilities of interpreting the existing archaeological sources and the possible ways in further research.

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Igranie z ogniem – rytuały pogrzebowe kultury strzyżowskiej na przykładzie wybranych pochowków z cmentarzyska w Rogalinie

Wiadro obite blaszanymi okuciami z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Glinnie

W jakim stroju na swój pogrzeb, czyli próba interpretacji funkcji tekstyliów archeologicznych odkrywanych w grobach z wczesnej epoki żelaza z terenu Polski

Der späthallstattzeitliche Grabhügel von Kriegenbrunn (Reg.Bez. Mittelfranken, Bayern)

Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10, woj. wielkopolskie - wyniki badań z lat 2014-2019

Z historii czeskiej archeologii średniowiecza. Wykopaliska archeologiczne Ivana Borkovský’ego na Placu Loretańskim w Pradze na Hradczanach

Nie tylko z drewna. Wiadra klepkowe obite blachą w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na terenie ziem polskich

Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza

Grotem w dół, grotem w górę. Deponowanie włóczni w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich

Satt auch im Jenseits? Tierknochen in Gräbern und Siedlungen der Vekerzug-Kultur

Chrześcijanie i poganie. O problemach interpretacji odkryć archeologicznych związanych z początkami chrześcijaństwa na ziemiach polskich.