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1

The quality of contemporary records made by handwriting. Comparative analysis over the period of nineteen years

100%
Zieniewicz I.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2018
|
vol. 47
115-126
EN
Handwriting is a method to express and preserve thoughts by means of graphic signs. In the investigative and judicial practice, it is treated as an individual creation used for identification purposes in case of doubts over the authenticity of a written record. Nowadays, however, writing by hand is not the only way of conveying information, which results in moving away from this traditional method in favour of modern solutions. In the future, this tendency may limit the possibility to identify the author of a record on the basis of a handwritten record. Therefore, the purpose of this publication is to check whether contemporary handwritings show any signs of deterioration in the quality of handwritten records.
2
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Prospects of International Harmonisation in the Sphere of Forensic Document Examination in Penal Proceedings

100%
Szumski A.
Internal Security
|
2020
|
vol. 12(2)
167-176
EN
The paper concerns the problem of international harmonisation in the sphere of forensic document examination in penal proceedings. Progressive “internationalisation” of penal cases demands that some unified standards be found in terms of the instruments being used in penal proceedings. It also affects research performed by forensic document examiners. Various techniques of forensic document examination exist, as well as various views on the value of opinion of an expert witness, and differentiated legal regulations in respective countries. Also, methods concerning verification of the skills of experts in the field of forensic document examination are different in particular countries. Such a state of affairs provokes reflections on whether opinions formulated by expert witnesses from various countries might be considered as really equivalent. It seems that it is not exactly so, and it should be ascertained that such a situation is definitely negative. Thus, there arises the necessity of at least partial harmonisation of rules in this scope, at the international level. This paper is an attempt to answer the question of if opportunities for such harmonisation exist, and if so, in which fields of matters concerning forensic document examination it is possible.
3
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Handwriting in diagnostic perspective

88%
Kučera D., Havigerová J.
E-psychologie (E-psychology)
|
2011
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vol. 5
|
issue 2-3
1-8
EN
This article deals with applied psychology of handwriting, in particular with the use of graphology. In addition to a basic summary of contemporary approaches in the area, selected researches and foreign studies are evaluated. The article also presents results of the PORP research (Projection of Personality Traits in Handwriting, University of South Bohemia 2007) aimed at the evaluation of psychodiagnostic potential of handwriting analysis using 5-factor personality model (Big Five) and comments upon graphological methodology PORP-GRAF and possibilities of further development of the method within psychodiagnostical disciplines.
4

The influence of cataractus vision in the individual characteristics of handwriting and the implications in the work of forensic document examiner

88%
Pertsinakis M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 44
87-100
EN
The effects of cataractus vision on handwriting performance are evaluated. Six cata-ract patients were enrolled with an average age of 74.8 yrs and completed a specially designed questionnaire with samples of their signature pre-operatively and three-months post-operatively. The signatures were analyzed through a four-eye principle peer re-viewed examination focusing on six basic general characteristics of writing (line quality, general design, size, arrangements, spacing and slant) and their sub-elements. The quali-tative analysis showed that cataractus vision causes a decrease of line quality and differ-ences between the pre- and post- surgical samples on the sub-element of size. General design, intra-allograph ratio and slant were not influenced by the compromised vision.
5

Przegląd metod badawczych wykorzystywanych w badaniach pisma ręcznego w Polsce

75%
Skubisz-Ślusarczyk S.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2015
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vol. 36
155 - 174
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present the process of devising and shaping the methods for handwriting research. The approach discussed in this presentation comprises various threads, as it covers the divisions based on different criteria which — in consequence — differ in their assumed aims, research process, and the obtained results. The type of the examined object is undoubtedly some sort of a parameter for the presented methods. Certain methods are aimed at examining short and long texts, while others are focused on examining signatures. One can also refer to a group of the so-called universal methods which are applied both to examine handwriting and signatures. This publication is addressed primarily to students, as it is a teaching aid during the forensic, criminal or civil procedure courses, but also to practitioners who — for professional purposes — appoint handwriting experts, and who require knowledge regarding handwriting research.
6

Interscript comparison of handwriting features leading to their identification and authorship

75%
Kaur A., Singh M., Jasuja O. P.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 45
15-36
EN
Identification of handwriting found on the disputed document by comparison with the known handwriting samples of the suspect still comprise the problem which is most com­monly referred to a forensic document examiner. One of the important scientifically estab­lished principles which govern such analysis and identification is the ‘Principle of Compari­son’ which explicitly states that, for obtaining correct results, like has to be compared with like; meaning thereby that the expert has to analyze and rely upon similar letters and com­binations between the questioned and the standard handwriting samples and, consequently, the problems where similar handwriting samples in the same script have not been provided for comparison; usually fall outside the scope of forensic document examination. However, in this field, like any other human activity; perfect and ideal conditions are hard to achieve. Handwriting, being acquired skill and neuro-muscular controlled motor activity, its basic elements like the horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, loops, curves and arches etc., are combined together to form letters and alphabets of all the scripts. The question then arises — whether inter-script comparison of handwriting samples can be attempted lead­ing to some limited or qualified conclusions. Thus, if it becomes possible and practicable to examine and compare the basic elements of questioned handwriting in one script, say Devanagri with the similar elements found in specimen/ admitted handwriting samples in another script by the same writer, say Gurmukhi, (because sample handwritings in Devanagri could not be procured for whatsoever reasons); the scope of examination can be widened further and expert may be in a position to express some opinion (regarding their common authorship or otherwise), which may be found worthwhile to the investigat­ing agency or the court of law, thereby helping in the administration of justice ultimately. To the best of our knowledge, not much research is available, where writings produced in different scripts by the same writer could be compared, thereby leading to a definite opin­ion on the issue of their common authorship or otherwise. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore this issue by taking writing samples of the same writer in three scripts, having knowledge of all the three commonly used languages, i.e., English, Hindi, and Punjabi, corresponding to the said scripts (i.e., Roman, Devanagari and Gurumukhi). Three hundred sixty (360) writing samples were obtained from as many as (40) individuals appropriately skilled in writing, reading and speaking these languages/ scripts. Careful study and evaluation of the basic elements of written strokes whose execu­tion were found to be similar in all the three scripts has been carried out indicating the possibility of ‘Script Independent Comparison’. Limitations of the proposed study have also been discussed in the paper.
7

Dynamic stereotype and its role in written language diagnostics

63%
Shepitko V.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
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vol. 44
113-119
EN
The article is devoted to the role of a dynamic stereotype in the diagnosis of writ­ten speech. Author paid attention to: 1) global processes in the exchange of information between people; 2) changes in the tool base for the texts writing; 3) the usage of electronic documents and electronic signatures; 4) the exchange of e-mail messages. The study of the written language in criminalistics is carried out within the framework of forensic handwriting examination (judicial handwriting) and forensic linguistics. The dynamic stereo­type took the important place in these branches of criminalistic techniques – the neuro­physiological basis of skills, a definite integral system of conditioned reflex reactions.­ The dynamic stereotype is also typical for various modern ways of performing texts (including using of electronic information resources). Reader attention is focused on new directions in the diagnostic examination of written texts, the formation of forensic (crim­inalistic) linguistics and psycholinguistics, as well as the development of psycholinguistic study of texts for identification purposes.
8

Using graphic productions for identification purposes, and psychological and pedagogical diagnosis

63%
Zieniewicz I.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2016
|
vol. 42
117-129
EN
The problem raised is important inasmuch as drawing conclusions from handwriting may, in many cases, determine aperson’s fate, which does not only involve opinion mak­ing in criminal or civil cases, but also those related to applying arelevant therapy to aper­son with mental function disorders, or psychiatric and neurological disorders; to proper guidance on achild’s school career or anadult person’s professional career development; to apossibility of undertaking aparticular action, etc. It shall also be highlighted that the following reflections present Polish realities with regard to the raised problems, and they also show some controversies which arise with regard to the selected cognitive methods. The present publication is primarily addressed to practitioners, i.e. persons who – for their professional reasons – hire handwriting experts, and evaluate the opinions issued by such experts, meaning the broadly understood judicial bodies. It can also serve as a teaching aid for students attending forensic, criminal or civil procedure courses.
9
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Analiza sposobu zapisu polskich liter w pracach pisemnych studentów koreańskich, hiszpańskich i niemieckich

63%
Zawadka J., Zakład Logopedii i Emisji Głosu I. P. S., joanna.zawadka@uw.edu.pl
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców
|
2015
|
vol. 22
PL
Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje analizę problemów związanych z tworzeniem poprawnego zapisu polskich liter. Opis uzupełniony jest przykładami z korpusu tekstów napisanych pismem odręcznym przez studentów koreańskich, hiszpańskich i niemieckich.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the problems with correct letter shapes in Polish illustrated with some examples taken from a corpus of different texts hand-written by Korean, Spanish, and German students.
10
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Inne spojrzenie na pismo ręczne – „powtarzalność odwrócona”

63%
Kondraciuk K.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2020
|
issue 307
5-19
EN
The article takes up the issue of a different approach to materials being subject to classical document examination and refers to repeatable forms, which have an important function in handwriting analysis. Basing on examinations of writing samples originating from different individuals, an occurrence of a repeatable form departing from the official definition has been observed, i.e. “inverted repeatability”. It constitutes a variation of the traditional repeatable form, i.e. the compared elements are inverted and executed in opposite directions. Below, examples and results of the research work are presented. The very nature of the “inverted repeatability” in classical document examination is emphasized with reference to writing habits and traditional repeatable forms.
PL
Artykuł porusza kwestię innego spojrzenia na materiały analizowane w klasycznych badaniach dokumentów i odnosi się do form powtarzalnych, które pełnią ważną funkcję w analizie pisma ręcznego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań próbek pisma ręcznego, które pochodzą od różnych osób, zaobserwowano występowanie formy powtarzalnej, która różni się od jej słownikowej definicji, mianowicie dotyczy to „powtarzalności odwróconej”. Stanowi ona odmianę tradycyjnej formy powtarzalnej, tzn. porównywane ze sobą elementy są względem siebie odwrócone i kreślone w przeciwnych kierunkach. Poniżej przedstawiono przykłady oraz wyniki przeprowadzonych badań. Zwrócono uwagę na istotę „powtarzalności odwróconej” w klasycznych badaniach dokumentów, odnosząc się do nawyków pisarskich oraz tradycyjnych form powtarzalnych.
11
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Wykorzystanie skangrafii do komputerowej wizualizacji cieniowania pisma ręcznego

63%
Łuszczuk K., Goc M., Łuszczuk A.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2018
|
issue 300
12-23
EN
The article indicates the importance of computer programs as tools supporting the handwriting expertise and increasing its objectivity. Some of these programs are based on computer scangraphy. Scangraphy is a handwriting examination method in which a text sample is treated as a raster image (a bitmap), i.e. a set of single (dots) pixels. The bitmap pixel pattern can be tested in a variety of different ways, as required. The article describes the first computer program to use scangraphy in handwriting examination.
PL
W artykule wskazano na znaczenie programów komputerowych jako narzędzi wspomagających ekspertyzę pismoznawczą oraz zwiększających jej obiektywizm. Niektóre z tych programów opierają się na skangrafii komputerowej. Skangrafia jest metodą badania pisma ręcznego, w której próbka zapisu traktowana jest jako obraz rastrowy (mapa bitowa czy krócej „bitmapa”), tj. zbiór pojedynczych pikseli (punktów). Układ pikseli w bitmapie może być badany na szereg różnych sposobów, zależnie od potrzeb. W artykule opisano pierwszy program komputerowy, w którym zastosowano skangrafię w badaniach pisma ręcznego.
12
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Gdy pismo wzywa pomocy. Czynniki emotywne w piśmie dysgraficznym

63%
Grębowiec-Baffoni J.
Konteksty Pedagogiczne
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2014
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vol. 1
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issue 2
EN
Handwriting is one of the most complex human activities, since it combines simultaneous work of various brain and motor centers, which develop during every single activity and a child’s relation with others. The level of reach­ing development of these centers and their functions reflects itself in all activities, mostly in the graphic one. Furthermore, emotions and psycho­physical processes are expressed in complicated and precise motion, so necessary in the process of handwriting. Hence, long states of psychical tension emerging from emotions and relations with other people may result in various degrees of muscle tension, including the lack of fluency in their work, which in consequence impacts the image of handwriting, often being one of the causes of dysgraphia.
PL
Pismo jest jedną z najbardziej skomplikowanych czynności ludzkich, gdyż łączy działalność wielu ośrodków mózgowych i ruchowych, które rozwijają się podczas każdej działalności i podczas każdej relacji dziecka z drugą osobą. Sto­pień osiągnięcia dojrzałości tych ośrodków i ich funkcji odzwierciedla się w każdej działalności, przede wszystkim graficznej. Również emocje i procesy psychofizjo­logiczne znajdują wyraz w skomplikowanym i precyzyjnym ruchu potrzebnym do wykonania pisma. Z tego względu długie stany napięcia psychicznego, powstałe w wyniku emocji i relacji z innymi ludźmi, mogą powodować różne stopnie napię­cia mięśniowego, łącznie z brakiem płynności w pracy mięśni, co z kolei wpływa na obraz pisma i często bywa jednym z powodów dysgrafii.
13

Using graphic productions in medical — neuropsychological, psychiatric and neurological — diagnosis

51%
Skubisz-Ślusarczyk S.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2016
|
vol. 42
105-115
EN
The problems indicated in the present publication result from various malfunctions or deficits caused e.g. by craniocerebral traumas. The sick persons struggle with num­erous consequences of such traumas which directly translate into, amongst others, the spoken and written communication process. Apsychological, neuropsychological, neuro­logical and psychiatric diagnosis is asource of valuable information about the disease progress and suspension, or the effectiveness of the implemented therapy. The application of modern research views and positions contributes to the development of more effective impacts directing and supporting patients in their endeavour to live in dignity. This publication is addressed primarily to students as ateaching aid during the forensic, criminal or civil procedure courses, but also to practitioners who – for their professional purposes – appoint handwriting experts, and who seek knowledge about handwriting research.
14

On Writing and Handwriting

51%
Kučera M.
Journal of Pedagogy
|
2010
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
11-28
EN
Writing is often considered secondary to the spoken language, as it is only coded sound-by-sound. But other scholars have demonstrated that writing is similar to ‘arithmetic’: a cognitive structuring, a shift to the meta-level (‘for the eye’). Handwriting (referred to here as the cursive writing in the sense of joined up handwriting, of ‘écriture liée’) differs from writing (in the first analysis): it has its own grammar composed of paradigmatic gestemes and tracemes and its own syntagmatic rules that connect them. In emotional terms, handwriting is designed to provide a special pleasure by its own drive (instinct, ‘Trieb’). But there is also cognitive aspect to it: the rapidity and fluidity of a cursive writing could be (in professional writing, for instance) more important (at the climax of the creative process) than it being legible for all eternity. The project of the new handwriting reform for Czech schools, abolishing the liaison between letters, is shown to be a modern and technically simplified form of calligraphy.
15
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Karta oceny poziomu graficznego pisma z rejestrem symptomów trudności grafomotorycznych – narzędzie do rozpoznawania problemów w pisaniu u uczniów szkoły podstawowej

51%
Domagała A.
Logopedia
|
2023
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vol. 52
|
issue 1
227-249
EN
The paper discusses the use of the original Chart of Assessment of the Graphic Level of Handwriting with a Record of Symptoms of Graphomotor Difficulties – a tool for assessing handwriting skills in primary school students. A procedure was defined which, under school conditions, enables a multifaceted assessment of the graphic level of handwriting, creating a record of symptoms of a student’s difficulties (as a basis for the individualization of helping measures). Three cases of fourth-form children are presented: a schoolboy with a risk of specific learning difficulties, a schoolgirl with lower than average intelligence and a schoolgirl with handwriting difficulties but not subjected to specialist diagnosis. In the course of the analysis of the handwriting samples the range of problems of individual children was defined, including the illustration of handwriting errors. To many children the fourth form is a turning point in the course of their education: since school requirements increase, the identification of handwriting deficits and provision of specialist help to the schoolboy/girl are of crucial importance in the context of acquiring basic school skills.
PL
W artykule omówiono zastosowanie autorskiej Karty oceny poziomu graficznego pisma z rejestrem symptomów trudności grafomotorycznych – narzędzia przeznaczonego do oceny umiejętności w pisaniu uczniów szkoły podstawowej. Określono sposób postępowania, który w warunkach szkolnych pozwala na wielowymiarową ocenę poziomu graficznego pisma, sporządzenie rejestru objawów trudności danego ucznia (jako postawy indywidualizacji działań pomocowych). Zaprezentowano przypadki trojga dzieci z klasy IV: ucznia z ryzykiem specyficznych trudności w uczeniu się, uczennicy z inteligencją niższą niż przeciętna oraz uczennicy przejawiającej trudności w pisaniu, niepoddawanej jednak diagnozie specjalistycznej. W toku analizy próbek pisma określono zakres problemów u poszczególnych osób, wraz z ilustracją błędów graficznych. Klasa IV to dla wielu dzieci moment przełomowy w toku edukacji – jako że wymagania szkolne wzrastają, rozpoznanie deficytów w zakresie pisania i udzielenie uczniowi specjalistycznej pomocy mają istotne znaczenie w kontekście nabywania podstawowych umiejętności szkolnych.
16

Zecer jako współautor („Listów z podróży do Ameryki”)

51%
Tomasik W.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2023
|
vol. 114
|
issue 2
203-215
PL
Henryk Sienkiewicz wyjechał do Ameryki w 1876 roku. Ze swojej podróży słał korespondencje do warszawskiej redakcji „Gazety Polskiej”, w której ukazywały się one w felietonowych odcinkach. Wkrótce „Listy z podróży do Ameryki” wyszły w wydaniu książkowym. Wydanie krytyczne całości dorobku pisarza przygotował w 1950 roku Julian Krzyżanowski. Rękopisy „Listów” nie zachowały się. Uważna analiza Sienkiewiczowskiej relacji przekonuje, że do drukowanego tekstu wkradły się liczne błędy, najprawdopodobniej spowodowane złym odczytaniem autografów przez warszawskiego zecera „Gazety”. Zdecydowana ich większość przeszła do późniejszych wydań, w tym także do edycji krytycznej Krzyżanowskiego. Liczne błędy zecerskie pojawiły się w pisowni amerykańskich toponimów. W ich usunięciu pomagają XIX-wieczne mapy. Błędy wystąpiły też w nazwach osobowych prawdziwych postaci. Tu korektę umożliwia amerykańska prasa codzienna z lat podróży Sienkiewicza. Skażenie „Listów” błędami pozwala mówić o tym, że współautorem amerykańskiej relacji stał się anonimowy zecer.
EN
Henryk Sienkiewicz travelled to America in 1876. He sent letters from his journey to the Warsaw Publishing House of “Gazeta Polska” (“The Polish Gazette”) that published them in column serials. Soon, “Listy z podróźy do Ameryki” (“Portrait of America”) was issued in a book form. A critical edition of the author’s entire output was prepared in 1950 by Julian Krzyżanowski. The letters’ manuscripts are lost. A careful analysis of Sienkiewicz’s account proves that the printed text contains many errors, most probably an effect of the handwriting’s improper deciphering by the Warsaw compositor of “Gazette.” Vast majority of the errors later entered into the subsequent editions, including the critical one by Krzyżanowski. Numerous misprints are visible in the spelling of American toponyms. The 19th c. maps help to eradicate them. Errors are also found in proper names of real figures, and here correction can be helped by the everyday American press from the years of Sienkiewicz’s travels. Contaminations of the “Portraits” with errors allow to state that the anonymous compositor became a co-author of this American report.
17
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Sprawność grafomotoryczna osób z dyzartrią. Na przykładzie dyzartrii w mózgowym porażeniu dziecięcym

51%
Mirecka U.
Logopedia
|
2014-2015
|
vol. 43-44
199-215
PL
Sprawności grafomotoryczne stanowią przedmiot badań w aspekcie rozwojowym (w normie i w rozmaitych przypadkach patologii, w kontekście nabywania przez dziecko podstawowych umiejętności szkolnych), a także w przypadkach ich utraty, np. w przebiegu chorób neurodegeneracyjnych. Z uwagi na to, że zaburzenia pisma towarzyszą często zaburzeniom mowy, zwłaszcza uwarunkowanym neurologicznie, ocena sprawności grafomotorycznych jako sfery ważnej dla przebiegu komunikacji pisemnej (a tym samym komunikacji językowej) powinna stanowić obligatoryjny element diagnozowania logopedycznego. W przypadku pacjentów z dyzartrią i współwystępującymi zaburzeniami grafomotorycznymi analiza specyfiki tych zaburzeń (zarówno przebiegu czynności grafomotorycznych, jak i ich wytworów) może pomóc w rozpoznaniu neuromotorycznych objawów klinicznych , co z kolei ułatwia rozpoznanie typu klinicznego dyzartrii.
EN
Graphomotor skills are the object of research in the developmental aspect (in the normal and in diverse pathological cases, in the context of the child’s acquisition of basic school skills) and in the cases of their loss, e.g. in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of the fact that writing disorders often accompany speech disorders, particularly those determined neurologically, the assessment of graphomotor skills as a sphere important for written communication (and thereby linguistic communication) should be an obligatory element of logopedic diagnosis. In the case of dysarthric patients and accompanying graphomotor disorders the analysis of specificity of these disorders (both the course of graphomotor activities and their products) may help diagnose clinical neuromotor symptoms, which in turn facilitates diagnosis of a clinical type of dysarthria.
18

Morphological similarity and graphological difference

45%
Kipouràs P.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 45
109-121
EN
The Document Examiner’s approach could not be based only on the technical aspect of the analysis, but it must very often be extended in the graphological analysis of the case. The Document Examiner has to also take into consideration the particular historical data in order to orientate the investigation’s hypothesis. In many cases morphological similarity could be tricky and misleading, just because of the simplefact that reflects the main purpose of the forger: the similarity, in which he bases the effort of presenting a forged document genuine.
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