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EN
The article is an attempt of presenting creative works of priest Wojciech Dembołęcki in the context of various canons of perceiving a written text (defined according to different criteria and rules) – from the genological and thematic perspective. Many previous propositions of classification are of course correct. However, numerous were not made or did not take some essential findings into account. The most important finding states that the 17th-century priest should not be perceived only as a blind apologist of the Polish nation but more as a critic of the gentry’s sarmatism. Thus, the author of Wywód loses the title of an ideologist and an uncritical praiser of the privileged part of the society which was ascribed to him for years. Instead, he acquires a new title of a sarcastic judge or a scoffer who condemns the mentality of his overconfident compatriots.
EN
The concept of “the beginning and end of history” in Serbian historiosophy. Dominant problematic and methodological featuresIn this study, the most representative and (importantly) not easily methodologically categorised historiosophical concepts of the Serbian state and nation are taken into consideration. Among these, the most elementary point of reference is that of “the beginning and end”. On the one hand the Serbian philosophy of history – dependant both on common historiosophical concepts and native ideas – demonstrates its connections with orientations of a post-Hegelian background; while on the other connections can be seen with the Providentialist historiosophy dominant in the first part of the 20th century in Serbia and, nowadays, taking into account history in Soteriologic and Eschatological terms – Christian historiosophy (more strictly: the Orthodox theology of history based on the Russian pattern), as well as eclectic historiosophy referring to the contamination of indigenous folk tradition and ethicised Orthodoxy (which in turn synthesises mythic and messianic elements). Within all perspectives and methodological practices, the very thought enabling the whole history of Serbia and the Serbs to be grasped – referring at the same time either to constant casual mechanisms concerning the national consciousness or to the variously-defined national psyche – is co-constructed and present in all ideas: the concept of “the beginning and end”. Within this concept, several events and historical figures – forming a constitutional and basic domain of meaning with its potential as loci communes – are grasped: the beginning of Nemanjić’s state, St. Sava as the “Serbian beginning and end”, and the very central event – the Battle of Kosovo – within the transcendental frame – as the beginning of the cyclically repetitive “holy history”, etc. Kategorie początku i końca dziejów w serbskiej historiozofii – dominanty problemowe i metodologiczneArtykuł omawia najbardziej reprezentatywne i – co istotne – wymykające się jed­noznacznej kategoryzacji metodologicznej ujęcia historiozofii dziejów państwa i narodu serbskiego, w których kategoria „początku i końca” stanowi elementarny i stały punkt odniesienia. Zależna od ogólnych koncepcji historiozoficznych, ale także oparta o refleksję rodzimą, serbska filozofia historii ujawnia związki z nurtami o rodowodzie postheglowskim, nade wszystko jednak z dominującą tu w I poł. XX wieku historiozofią prowidencjalistyczną i – także współcześnie – ujmującą historię w perspektywie soteriologicznej i eschatologicznej – chrześcijańską (a dokładniej – wzorowaną na rosyjskiej – prawosławną teologią historii) oraz ukształtowaną w oparciu o tradycję ludową i zetnizowane prawosławie eklektyczną historiozofią syntezującą pierwiastki mityczne i mesjanistyczne. Niezależnie od perspektyw i strategii metodologicznych historiozoficzną refleksję umożliwiającą ogarnięcie całości dziejów Serbii i Serbów, a przy tym wskazującą na stałe mechanizmy sprawcze lokalizowane w sferze świadomości, bądź też rozmaicie rozumianej psychiki narodowej, współtworzy elementarna – obecna we wszystkich koncepcjach – kategoria „początku i końca”. W jej obrębie mieszczą się konstytuujące podstawową sferę sensów i mające status loci commu­nes najważniejsze wydarzenia i postaci historyczne (początek państwa i świętej dynastii Nemanjiciów; św. Sava jako „serbski początek i koniec”; centralne wydarzenie – bitwa na Kosowym Polu – w wymiarze transcendentnym – „początek” cyklicznie powtarzającej się „historii świętej”, itd.).
XX
The Y. Kosach’s literary and critical works devoted to the problem of Ukrainian-Polish relations are analyzes in the article. Much attention is paid to the historiosophical filling of the conceptualistics of the “Ukrainian school” of Polish romantics, reactualized by the critic. Based on the analysis of articles published in the Bulletins of Polish-Ukrainian (Karol Ginch, the Forgotten Romantic of the Ukrainian School (1934), Sergei Podolinsky (1934), Timon Paduro (1934), The Third Union 1934), “To the ideology of Ukrainian clowns” (1935)), we argue that the interpretation of historical phenomena, in particular Polish-Ukrainian conflicts, in the early, nationalist period of the literary criticism of Y. Kosach is not unilateral. Having determined that the writer’s remarkable feature of his artistic and historical thinking is his essayist character, we show how subjective author’s feelings, emotions and aspirations are combined with mental understanding of history. We draw attention to the fact that this particular feature of the writer’s thinking gave him the opportunity to see the deep, historiosophical connection between historical events that were distant in time, which became the subject of his literary-critical interpretation. Illustrated by concrete examples, as Y. Kosach, having simulated the idea of the “third union” in view of the present-day historical context, has led to the search for a solution to the problem not by “fire and sword” but by word. We find out the role of Y. Kosach in refuting and dissolving the distorted both Polish and Ukrainian historiography of these problems.
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Polityka poetycka Giambattisty Vica

88%
XX
The article presents a part of Vico’s New Sience that is not so well known, but probably was a solid foundation of Vico’s famous concept of ricorsi. The thinker’s interest in poetical foundation of first societies is in a clear opposition with Cartesian and contractualist’s visions of philosophy and politics dominant in his time. The article shows how Vico’s connection to the renaissance tradition of poetical language gave him tools to explore the antiquity in a fruitfull way for philosophical and historical purposes. Nevertheless, it is partially also the tradition of Heidegger and Foucault, which makes Vico even more interesting to a contemporary reader. The article presents the poetical foundation of politics in concrete steps present in New Sience: the moment of foundation, religion of the first community, its language, morality, social structure, change, etc. It also explains epistemological means of human’s becoming historical and political: ingegno, metaphor, myth, universals, dictionary of humanity, Eternal Ideal History. As to be complete, it deals with the issue so vividly discussed during medieval and renaissance times, that is of Homer, evidencing the pride of scientists. This all brings to the attention of a reader a totally original vision of the beginnings of zoon politicon that was and is in the first instance animal symbolicum.
5
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Piękno w filozofii Teilharda de Chardina

88%
EN
The article discusses the problem of beauty in the historiosophy of Teilhard de Chardin. When taking into consideration the writings of this French scientist, one may come to a conclusion that his whole philosophy is imbued with an aesthetic element. According to Teilhard, the world is beautiful and worthy to receive the highest worship. In spite of the fact that the beauty of the world arises gradually, it has become the domain of human creativity since the appearance of man on earth. Among the central themes of de Chardin’s reflection are optimism and universal evolution in combination with Christianity.
EN
The article by Apolinary Garlicki, a history and geography teacher from Przemyśl, and later a member of parliament during the Second Polish Republic, was published in installments right before the outbreak of the First World War in the local periodical “Ziemia Przemyska”. A lecture which was an incentive to write that article had been delivered by Garlicki on 17 May 1914 at the city hall in Przemyśl during the meeting of the Adam Mickiewicz Folk University. The essay is written from the point of view of a historiosopher. One can see here a reflection on the books that Garlicki read. They were not only the works by Adam Smith, from which he started his discussion, but also books by the theoreticians of progressive education, a trend in pedagogy at the turn of the 20th century, focusing largely on the significance of the environment in the practical upbringing of children and youth. The author leads the reader through various historical periods and makes references to many contemporary events – the social policy of the USA, the increasing significance of Japan, the Balkan wars etc. Garlicki discusses with ease not only the meanders of history but also the latest issues in sociology, psychology, economy, political science, making no attempts to hide his fascination with Darwinism and presenting its results in the growing nationalism and competition between nations in the early 20th century. The lecture helped Garlicki to write two books on the then fashionable theme of eugenics: Co to jest eugenika? [What is eugenics?] (1917) and Zagadnienia biologiczne-społeczne [Biological and social issues] (1924).
EN
Drawing upon classic works on Kubrick’s 2001, the author ponders various strategies of interpretation which have been adopted to decipher the film’s discourse. The title category of historiosophy indicates one of the possible interpretational paths: the one associated with the Nietzschean notion of humankind stuck in a liminal stage between an animal and the overman. The author claims that such an understanding was typical of the late 1960s, and he pursues his argument with a close analysis of several sequences from the film, focusing on the formal devices which present the human protagonists as weak and lackluster, while the animal, the technological and the extraterrestrial characters are depicted as vital and irrepressible.
EN
The main problem which is analyzed in the article is how Norwid presents the clash of two civilizations – ancient Egypt and Rome. In Norwid’s tragedy the death of culture is preceded by the death of transcendence – communities which have lost contact with the sacrum are sentencing themselves to a slow atrophy, which shall result in the collapse of civilizations. The hecatomb in Norwid’s tragedy is evoked by a series of symbols and gestures. The characters of the drama, who represent both great ancient nations, become aware by looking into the empty sky that their time is coming to the end, their life is only a part of tragic and historic fate. However, their death belongs with the Hegelian idea of the development of the spirit in history – ancient world needs to be destroyed so that Christianity could take its place.
EN
The idea of new beginning in the Slovak vision of history from the mid-19th centuryThe point of this paper is to show that the idea of new beginning was clearly present in mid-19th century Slovak literature. This idea became the means of conveying revisions of Slovak history. It was also a sign of a deep cultural change, resulting from factors including secularisation and the influence of nationalist ideology. The direction of change can be observed in selected works by Janko Kráľ, Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, and Jonáš Záborský. These writers challenge the optimistic view of the world by seeing in it a fundamental mistake that needs to be corrected. They propose correcting the myth of origin (Christian, national), but on the basis of a hermetic paradigm (magic and/or gnosis). Thus they create a false dimension of transcendence that becomes the foundation of the “new era”. Idea nowego początku w słowackich wizjach dziejów z połowy XIX wiekuArtykuł poświęcony jest kwestii obecności w literaturze słowackiej idei nowego początku, wyraźnie pojawiającej się w historiozoficznych projektach z połowy XIX wieku. Choć w kulturze słowackiej idea ta pojawia się w obszarze oddziaływania idei odrodzeniowej, w istocie niesie ze sobą alternatywne treści. Będąc znakiem głębokich zmian kulturowych związanych m.in. z sekularyzacją i nasilaniem się tendencji nacjonalistycznych, idea nowego początku w kontekście słowackim staje się nośnikiem znaczeń rewizyjnych, a zarazem kamieniem węgielnym modernistas. Różne jej warianty odnaleźć możemy w wybranych utworach Janka Kráľa, Viliama Pauliny-Tótha, Jonáša Záborskiego. Wskazani pisarze, zakwestionowawszy optymistyczną wizję świata, zaproponwali nowe warianty mitu początku (chrześcijańskiego, narodowego) oparte na paradygmacie hermetycznym (magicznym i/lub gnostycznym). Wykreowany przez nich nowy początek okazuje się jednakże ofiarować fałszywy wymiar transcendencji. Sam w sobie wykazuje cechy eklektycznej ideowej hybrydy, znamionuje podmiotowość jeszcze słabo ukonstytuowaną, lecz wyraźnie aspirującą do zmiany swego statusu ontologicznego.
EN
This paper presents and discusses the main ideas of August Cieszkowski set forth in his Ojcze–Nasz [Our Father]. This treatise, presently known only to historians of Polish philosophy and historians of ideas, is one of the best examples worldwide of messianic consciousness and approach and, simultaneously, an original attempt to unite philosophy (social philosophy and the dialectical method) with religion. One of the tasks of historians of Polish philosophy is to disseminate the most significant works of older Polish thinkers and make them known internationally. Such then is the aim of this paper. The final sections additionally present contemporary disputes emerging in Poland as to the interpretation of Our Father and my position in these disputes as one of its active participants.
PL
The article presents and compares historiosophical conceptions of Cyprian Norwid and Zbigniew Herbert based on particular notes and pieces of both poets. It shows that the author of Vade-mecum sees history by – say – methodology of Herodotus, and the author of Pan Cogito creates vision of history like in Thucydides’s one. Both perspectives are valuable and stem from different original presuppositions, nonetheless both of them lead to the same aim, which is understanding of mechanisms ruling human history.
EN
The article compares the historiosophies of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz and Teilhard de Chardin. It starts from noting that the visions of history in both systems are total, which means they are determined by objective laws. Next, the similarities between the systems are indicated, which reveals that in both cases they lead to the belief in a mechanized society at the end of history. The second part of the article points out the significant differences in the objective laws and in the anthropological beliefs of both authors. The conclusion is that the difference in their views on the future of humanity is determined by a combination of their shared ethical belief in the superiority of the spiritual over the physical and their divergent beliefs regarding anthropology.
13
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Content available

The Problem with Longtermism

75%
Ethics in Progress
|
2023
|
vol. 14
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issue 2
130-152
EN
Moral circle expansion has been occurring faster than ever before in the last forty years, with moral agency fully extended to all humans regardless of their ethnicity, and regardless of their geographical location, as well as to animals, plants, ecosystems and even artificial intelligence. This process has made even more headway in recent years with the establishment of moral obligations towards future generations. Responsible for this development is the moral theory – and its associated movement – of longtermism, the bible of which is What We Owe the Future (London: Oneworld, 2022) by William MacAskill, whose book Doing Good Better (London: Guardian Faber, 2015) set the cornerstone of the effective altruist movement of which longtermism forms a part. With its novelty comes great excitement, but longtermism and the arguments on its behalf are not yet well thought out, suffering from various problems and entailing various uncomfortable positions on population axiology and the philosophy of history. This essay advances a number of novel criticisms of longtermism; its aim is to identify further avenues for research required by longtermists, and to establish a standard for the future development of the movement if it is to ever be widely considered as sound. Some of the issues raised here are about the arguments for the moral value of the future; the quantification of that value with the longtermist ethical calculus – or the conjunction of expected value theory with the ‘significance, persistence, contingency’ (SPC) framework; the moral value of making happy people; and our ability to affect the future and the fragility of history. Perhaps the most significant finding of this study is that longtermism currently constitutes a shorterm view on the longterm future, and that a properly longterm view reduces to absurdity.
Porównania
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2012
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vol. 10
173-188
EN
The paper is focused to comparative analysis of the novels Muza dalekich podróży by Teodor Parnicki (“A Muse of Distant Journeys”) and Lód (“The Ice”) by Jacek Dukaj. The author compares the artistic techniques as well as the historiosophical consciousness and the awareness of the historical process in the aforementioned novels. The two writers belong to different cultural and literary generations and employed different poetics, still, it is possible to compare the historiosophical and methodological aspects of their works and their ways of thinking about Polishness and cultural myths. The two novels may be treated as realizations of the alternate history genre. Muza dalekich podróży called by the author himself a “historical-fantastical novel”, includes a part entitled “It could have been like that” („Mogło być właśnie tak”) describing the rebirth of Poland after a successful November Uprising. In Jacek Dukaj’s science-fiction novel history “froze” in 1908. Poland still remains divided in the years 1924–1930, never freed after the Partitions. For both Parnicki and Dukaj, creating alternative versions of Polish history was the way to criticizing the model of writing “to uplift hearts” introduced by Henryk Sienkiewicz. Their attitude towards the methodology of history is worth deeper analysis. Parnicki, who lost his enthusiasm towards the 19th century type of history á la Ranke, rejected the idea of historical truth preserved in historical sources. Dukaj, on the contrary, created a postmodernist methodology of history out of the paradigms of the 19th century historiosophy, thus undermining the status of the historical knowledge as “science”. 
PL
Artykuł ma na celu analizę porównawczą powieści Teodora Parnickiego Muza dalekich podróży i Lodu Jacka Dukaja, w zakresie technik artystycznych oraz świadomości filozofii i przebiegu procesu historycznego. Mimo iż pisarze ci przynależą do zupełnie innych formacji kulturowych, pokoleniowych i literackich i dzieli ich warsztat pisarski, to obie powieści łączy zainteresowanie historiozofią i metodologią historii oraz literacki namysł nad polskością i jej mitami. Powieści te zaliczyć można do gatunku historii alternatywnych. Powieść Parnickiego zwana przez niego samego powieścią „historyczno-fantastyczną”, zawiera cześć pt. Mogło być właśnie tak, w której to autor testuje możliwość odrodzenia się Polski po zwycięskim powstaniu listopadowym. Jacek Dukaj, pisarz science-fiction, tworzy zaś świat, w którym historia uległa zamrożeniu w postaci z roku 1908. Powieść rozgrywa się w latach 1924–1930, a Polska wciąż jeszcze znajduje się pod zaborami i nie odzyskała niepodległości. Obaj twórcy piszą swe historie alternatywne w trybieveta wobec sienkiewiczowskiej idei „pokrzepienia serc”. Szczególnie interesujący jest stosunek obu twórców wobec metodologii historii. Parnicki zniechęcony do historii w pozytywistycznym sensie (á la Ranke), odrzuca możliwość dotarcia do zdeponowanej w źródłach prawdy historycznej. Dukaj zaś, sięgając właśnie po paradygmaty XIX-wiecznej metodologii historii nicuje je tak, by uzyskać z ich materii postmodernistyczną filozofię historii, podważającą status naukowy historii i jej możliwość wnioskowania o historii.
EN
The paper is mainly concerned with Gottfried Benn’s complex attitude to the state and history. By means of introductory prefigurations, such as existential tensions related to the conflict between Protestant ethics and modern aesthetics, there emerges Benn’s difficult and complex relation to the state as such, seen as a product of history, and to its particular examples, starting from the Second Reich until the initial phase of West Germany. Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy, and in particular the philosophy of art, is of great importance in this context. This issue is discussed using Benn’s key works such as Roman des Phänotyp or Doppelleben. Benn’s literary and life self-creations played a vital role in his relations with the political reality and the state, which is discussed at the end of this analysis. His ambivalent relation to early West Germany has a strong biographical basis, i.e. his involvement with the history of the Nazi Germany on the one hand, and on the other – the period of his literary fame at the end of his life.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia życie i elementy twórczości S. Garfaina-Garskiego, jednego z pierwszych polskich filozofów, który dostrzegł swoistość nauk humanistycznych. Tym samym docenił rolę kultury w rozwoju rzeczywistości społecznej, a zarazem zauważył jej kryzys i upadek. Uznał, że kultura wyższa stanowi remedium na kryzys współczesnej cywilizacji. Dokonał wnikliwej i trafnej analizy twórczości I. Kanta, L. Feuerbacha i F. Nietzschego.
EN
This article presents the life and elements of the work of S. Garfain-Garski. One of the first Polish philosophers to recognise the peculiarities of the humanities. Thus, he appreciated the role of culture in the development of social reality and, at the same time, noticed its crisis and decline. He recognised that higher culture is a remedy for the crisis of modern civilisation. He made insightful and accurate analyses of the works by I. Kant, L. Feuerbach and F. Nietzsche.
EN
The aim of this paper is to familiarize Polish academic readers with hypothesis of secular cycle introduced by William Straussa and Neil Howe. In their book, The Fourth Turning: What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America’s Next Rendezvous with Destiny, authors propose to look at human generations succession as a cycle, during which some tendecnies and attitudes rise and fall. I will present the notions of the book compared to some classic theorists of generations, like, among others, Mannheim, Ortega y Gasset, Garewicz. 
PL
Artykuł ma zaznajomić polskiego czytelnika z hipotezą Williama Straussa i Neila Howe’a na temat cyklicznej następczości pokoleń w ramach tzw. cyklu sekularnego, oraz tego, jak w ramach tych cykli nasilają się i słabną w społeczeństwie określone tendencje i postawy (m.in. konformizm, stosunek do dzieci, zaufanie do władz publicznych etc.). Hipotezę tę chcę ukazać na tle klasycznych teorii z Polski i zagranicy, m.in. Karla Mannheima, José Ortegi y Gasseta i Jana Garewicza.  
18
63%
Tematy i Konteksty
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2022
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vol. 17
|
issue 12
410-416
EN
The review describes Piotr Sebastian Ślusarczyk’s book entitled Horizons of erudition. A study on Szymon Majchrowicz’s Trwałość szczęśliwa królestw. The cognitive value of this publication is manifested in its extraordinary approach to historiographic matter which is extremely often marginalized by researchers studying the late Baroque literary heritage. The review focuses on showing the erudite nature of Ślusarczyk’s monograph first of all examining the antecedents of the ideas explicated in the Jesuit’s work and also polemics with the author about the „Sarmatian nature” of Szymon Majchrowicz’s treatise.
PL
W niniejszej recenzji została omówiona książka Piotra Sebastiana Ślusarczyka pt. Horyzonty erudycji. Studium o „Trwałości szczęśliwej królestw” Szymona Majchrowicza. Wartość poznawcza tej publikacji jawi się w jej nieprzeciętnym podejściu do materii historiograficznej, niezwykle często marginalizowanej przez badaczy zajmujących się późnobarokowym dziedzictwem literackim. Recenzja koncentruje się na ukazaniu erudycyjnego charakteru monografii Ślusarczyka, przede wszystkim badaniu antecedencji idei eksplikowanych w dziele jezuity, a także podejmuje polemikę z autorem w kwestii „sarmackości” traktatu Szymona Majchrowicza.
EN
The article presents the interpretation of the October Revolution made by Slavoj Žižek in his social and political writings. The thinker interprets the events of the 1917 revolution in a historiosophical context. He uses some concepts of the philosophy of history of Hegel and Marx in his deliberations. The Žižek’s interpretation is presented in five steps, which illustrate the most important elements of this concept. The article is based on the content analysis of Žižek’s main texts that include the most important considerations about the Bolshevik revolution.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje interpretację rewolucji październikowej w pismach społeczno-politycznych Slavoja Žižka. Myśliciel ten analizuje wydarzenia rewolucji 1917 r. w kontekście historiozoficznym. W rozważaniach posługuje się on pojęciami z zakresu filozofii dziejów Hegla oraz Marksa. Interpretacja Žižka przedstawiona została w pięciu krokach, w których zobrazowano najważniejsze elementy koncepcji.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie wizji dziejów Polski autorstwa Tadeusza Świeckiego, jednego z ciekawszych polityków prowincjonalnych obozu Narodowej Demokracji, na tle porównawczym. Wizja dziejów T. Świeckiego jest dowodem na to, że pozytywizm jako prąd ideowy bardzo płytko zakorzenił się w społeczeństwie polskim dotykając głównie inteligencję wielkomiejską. Prowincjonalna inteligencja z przełomu XIX/XX wieku, także ta znajdująca się pod wpływem rozwijającego się ruchu narodowo-demokratycznego, w obszarze działania ulegała trendom pozytywistycznym, ale w zakresie proponowanych koncepcji społeczno-politycznych pozostała przede wszystkim pod silnym wpływem romantyzmu i prądów ideowych z romantyzmem związanych.
EN
The purpose of this article is presentation a vision of history of Poland by Tadeusz Świecki, one of the most interesting provincial politicians of the National Democracy camp, on a comparative background. The vision of the history of T. Świecki is proof that the Positivism as the ideological current very shallowly rooted in the Polish society touching metropolitan intelligence mainly. The provincial intelligence from the turn of the nineteenth / twentieth century, also the one being under the influence of a growing national-democratic movement, in the area of action gave in positivist trends, but in proposed sociopolitical concepts remained primarily under the strong influence of the Romanticism and the ideological currents related with the Romanticism.
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