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EN
The purpose of this paper is to offer a conceptualization of leisure that can help us understand what constitutes as leisure and how leisure is attained in a highly regimented context such as elite hockey. Leisure researchers are unable to agree on a definition of leisure that best represents the field, which is perhaps why leisure has lost its significance within contemporary academia. In this paper, a conceptualization is provided that was developed through research on Junior level ice hockey players. Junior level hockey has a highly structured and professionalized regiment but yet, leisure is still attainable for players despite having little control over their involvement. Traditional definitions of leisure do not capture what it means to be in leisure even though theoretically Junior level hockey players are considered to be in serious leisure as amateurs. Thus, this paper can help justify and lets us understand how leisure is attained in Junior level hockey.
EN
Sport is often considered a masculine area of social life, and few sports are more commonly associated with traditional norms of masculinity than ice hockey. Ice hockey is played with a great level of intensity and body contact. This is true for both men and women’s hockey. However, men’s ice hockey in particular has been subjected to criticism for its excessive violence. Sport has also been analyzed as an arena where boys and men learn masculine values, relations, and rituals, and is often linked to orthodox masculinity in particular. Tolerance for gender diversity and diverse forms of masculinity has generally increased during the last 30 years. However, orthodox masculinity seems to maintain a dominate position in sports, particularly in hyper-masculine sports such as ice hockey. In this article, narratives of masculinity and violence in professional ice hockey are a central focus. Through a narrative analysis of the biographies of two former National Hockey League (NHL) players, Bob Probert and Derek Boogaard, this article explores how narratives of masculinity and violence among hockey players have been described and how these narratives tell stories of the interplay between masculinity and violence in modern sport. The analysis illustrates how the narratives of the lives and careers of these athletes provide insight into the many personal risks and implications athletes in highly masculine sporting environments face. The analysis also illustrates how the common acceptance (and sometimes encouragement) of player violence and ‘violence against the self’ in ice hockey has led to many broken bodies, lives, and careers among professional male athletes.
EN
Modern sports training system is characterized by progressive principles, a wide range of interrelated tasks, evidence-based selection tools and techniques, promising years of planning, control high organization, providing hygienic conditions. Physical training rightfully occupies a leading place in the training of qualified athletes. One of the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the training process is the control of physical fitness of athletes. Physical training plays a major role in shaping motor skills of hockey players and a low level of physical fitness limits their ability to effectively mastering the technical and tactical arsenal. In the modern theory and practice a hockey problem of physical training is underdeveloped, as evidenced by the lack of scientifically based recommendations on the design and process control of physical training, the dynamics of the physical properties at different stages of the annual training cycle and the appropriate use of special tools and techniques. Until recently developing and improving training of qualified athletes has been associated mainly with an increase in the volume of training and competitive pressures, increasing their intensity. In recent years a centralized preparation tendency to decline such loads is dominated. This fact requires further study of theoretical and methodological foundations of sports training in order to intensify the training process and the search for new sustainable integrated tools and methods of preparation. The results of the study of physical fitness of highly-qualified hockey players in different periods of the annual training cycle using a variety of educational tests to determine the physical state at the appropriate stage of preparation and correction of training process are shown in the article. The study has revealed the dynamics of functional and physical fitness of highly-qualified hockey players during annual training cycle, allowing you to identify problematic stages of planning tools and methods of physical training. This pedagogical control according to the level of physical fitness reveals a number of problems that require not only the theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The analysis of the problems of physical training of qualified athletes has shown that physical fitness is an important link in the overall structure of training and significant impact on the training side and primarily on competitive activity, enhancing or limiting its effectiveness.
EN
In the first part of reflections, the reader will find information on the sports competitions of Polish sportspeople with the representatives of Czechoslovakia, Germany, and the Soviet Union, with due regard to the suspension of sports contacts for political reasons. The second part deals with the Polish-Lithuanian contacts in 1938–39 after the neighbouring countries established diplomatic relations.
PL
W pierwszej części rozważań czytelnik odnajdzie informacje na temat rywalizacji sportowej zawodników polskich z reprezentantami Czechosłowacji, Niemiec i Związku Sowieckiego, z uwzględnieniem aspektu zawieszenia kontaktów sportowych z powodów politycznych. Druga część traktuje o kontaktach polsko-litewskich w latach 1938–1939, po nawiązaniu przez sąsiadujące kraje stosunków dyplomatycznych.
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