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PL
Polemika dotycząca dyskusji o odkryciu reliktów ikonostasu cerkwi Zwiastowania NMP w Supraślu. Autorka podejmuje próbę odpowiedzi na zarzuty postawione w artykule opublikowanym w Biuletynie Historii Sztuki 2/2018 przez Katarzynę Kolendo-Korczak, Zbigniewa Michalczyka, Marcina Zglińskiego, dotyczące pierwszeństwa w jego odkryciu.
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EN
In the National Museum in Krakow there is a project of the iconostasis made in watercolor on cardboard with signature MNK III-r.a. 18617. The handwritten inscription in its upper left corner says that it has been prepared in 1911 by the “Krzywicki and Morawski” company from Radom. This company was chosen to create the architectural structure of the oak-carved iconostasis to the Orthodox Church of the Protection of Virgin in Kozienice. This church on the Warsaw street in 1905-1906 was funded by the 25th Smolensk Regiment. After the transfer of troops, from the 1911 this Orthodox Church started function as a parish, and in 1915 was abandoned. In the following year it was the catholic church of The Queen of the Polish Crown, for Polish legionaries. After the a brief using by the Polish Catholics after the first world war, in the years 1938-1939 this degradable building was demolished. The project of the iconostas preserved in Krakow is a valuable source for research into the original interior of the Orthodox Church. Thanks to this project I could find fragments of the original iconostas and main altar in the church in Brzeźnica. Today, these fragments are the part of two retables: in the sanctuary and in the north chapel. In the oak structure of former iconostas preserved several of the original icons, which in conjunction with the architectural project allowed to recreate the original altar barrier program.
EN
This paper presents typology and selected examples of interconfessional conversions of lemko temples, after “Vistula Operation” 1947 in Poland. It also shows the process of transformation of spatial and functional structures as well as iconography of the temples and their iconostases, implemented throughout adaptation for the Roman Catholic churches. It covers problems in architectural conservation as well as essential ideological aspects of symbolical and liturgical nature.
PL
Polemika z Krystyną Stawecką na temat tekstu zamieszczonego w Biuletynie Historii Sztuki. Autorzy stwierdzają w niej brak odpowiedzi na najważniejszy zarzut: brak naukowej rzetelności dwóch artykułów Autorki (z 2017 r.), w których wzmiankuje ona ikony Prorok Aaron i Michał Archanioł z drzwi diakońskich ikonostasu cerkwi pw. Zwiastowania NMP w Supraślu w których przemilczała ich odnalezienie w cerkwi cmentarnej w Topilcu przez zespół Katalogu Zabytków Sztuki w Polsce i ich publikacje w tym wydawnictwie w roku 2016.
EN
The Russian Orthodox church of St. Alexandra in Stanisławow, close to Modlin and near Warsaw, contains a collection of nineteenth-century icons on wooden, canvas and tin bases. These compositions originate from scattered iconostases in Eastern rite churches in Mazovia, liquidated during the inter-war period. Due to the absence of suitable storage conditions, the paintings, kept in attics and cellars for decades, succumbed to far reaching devastation. An example of such damage is one of the Stanisławow icons depicting St. Vladimir. This composition, executed in oil on galvanised iron tin, placed on a pine frame, is a rectangle 120 x 53,5 cms. large. The author or workshop, presenting a classical current in icon painting from the second half of the nineteenth century, remain unknown. Adverse storage conditions, considerable moisture, absence of light, the impact of pigeon droppings, sudden changes in the temperature of interiors, and numerous transferences of the object produced extensive damage of all stratigraphic layers, including 30% loss in the grounding and painting stratum. The intention of the discussed conservation was to repair the damage (cleaning the basis, straightening the tin, removing corrosion, supplementing the putty layer), to achieve a structural reinforcement of the object (treatment and consolidation), and to reconstruct the painting layer. These undertakings made it possible to restore the original aesthetic merits of the icon which can be once again used for religious purposes by its owner.
EN
This text is a summary of stylistic changes as well as changes in spatial arrangements that took place in the main church of the Monastery of Suprasl in 17th and 18th century. In the article the key investments carried out in the sanctuary at that time are described in chronological order. The changes concern: the new sanctuary barrier (iconostasis), side altars, the throne for the bishop, the ambo, the chancel as well as the nartex.
EN
The iconostasis and icons created by Jerzy Nowosielski (1923–2011) for Podlasie orthodox temples half a century ago and rejected at that time, were brought to Podlasie again – this time into a different space – as an exhibition of the Museum of Icons in Supraśl, Branch of the Podlasie Museum in Białystok. This exhibition contributed to raising many questions and reflections. Why were the works created by Nowosielski rejected? Common neo-Russian architecture and icon patterns present in Orthodox churches half a century ago might have shaped aesthetic preferences of the faithful at those times. Are contemporary church art perceptions changing? Are we able to give a fresh look to the iconographic canon, get a new perspective, or is it likely to stay unreachable or perilously close to oblivion? Nowosielski was an artist and theologian. Although his painting grew out of the icon’s aesthetics, the understanding of the theology and icons was not constant and it was an unending search for his own way. Over half a century ago the combination of avantgarde and iconography proved to be risky – in Podlasie, many of Nowosielski’s works were misunderstood and rejected. A lot of interesting projects of Orthodox church architecture, polychrome or interior arrangement were not carried out at all. The exhibition ‘<(...) and I regret that Jerzy is not here ... .> Novosielski Unknown’45 presented many sketches, including unrealized concepts. And nowadays, is it a popular attitude among artists to treat the canon as a path they follow in their unique way? Observing contemporary realizations orthodox churches’ interiors, is right to ask ourselves, are we not resort back to experiences from far centuries of icon painting now, in the 21st century? Can we ignore aesthetic preferences and sensibility of the contemporary man? Was Nowosielski not more imaginative and authentic in his realizations half a century ago than many artists today? Nowosielski opened up new paths in the iconography half a century ago. The time of the awareness to view the icon as a fully valuable art work may have come. It is possible to reconcile a very important language of the iconographic canon with the present-day context, so that our artistic legacy would not turn out unattractive and unauthentic in the future. The aesthetics of the icons created by Nowosielski could still inspire contemporary artists-iconographers, who have been following the path opened up by him.
EN
As a part of the preparation of my master’s thesis at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, I undertook an extremely difficult task of separating two paintings placed on a common wooden support. The subject-matter of my thesis was the deacon’s doors of the iconostasis from the former Orthodox church in Opaka. The 18thcentury painting which had once decorated the doors was entirely repainted by Teofil Kopystyński in 1912. The chemical analyses that were carried out led to the detection of oil binder in the 20th century paint layer and oily tempera in the original paint layer, which is probably combined with the oil & resin finish layer. There was an intermediate oil layer between individual paintings, however no varnish was detected on the surface of the original composition, which made the separation process more difficult. After performing some preliminary tests, I finally decided to carry out the task by means of the “chemical” method, where dimethyloformamide solvent vapours are used to soften the surface paint layer. For this purpose I used a special sealed chamber, where the increased temperature resulted in the evaporation of the solvent, which had an impact on the paint layer being transferred through its protective face (i.e. the Japanese tissue-paper stuck with Velpon). I cut the softened paint layer into fragments by means of a scalpel. After many months of very difficult and dangerous work, I managed to remove the 20th century painting in two pieces, thereby uncovering the 18th century painting composition. After preparing reverse sides of both pieces and sticking them on intermediate carriers (paper interfacing with the use of Acrylkleber 360 and 498 HV), it was possible to remove the protective face and integrate the separated composition. I placed the removed painting on a wooden support using Beva Gel adhesive.
EN
Since time immemorial Ukraine has been the center of Eastern Christianity. Many temples were built in Kiev and towns nearby. The ones which survived until this day are treated as the most valuable national historic objects. In the whole country, despite the fact that religious life was being ruined in various periods, especially in the east during Soviet times, many religious historic objects exist. After Ukraine regained independence, the number of voices favoring the protection of cultural heritage began increasing. An appropriate legislation system was created, the state and individual regions readily started joining in to protect and restore historic objects, believers commenced helping with the work related with religious objects. Many good examples of church, orthodox church, monastery and wooden religious architecture restoration can be given. However, the consciousness of congregations and the representatives of the clergy is not always at theappropriate standard. Frequently, the urge to make a profit, the use of wrong technology, or the dishonesty of contractors lead historic objects – the witnesses of our history – to destruction. To improve the level of protection of historic religious objects, the dialogue between society and the clergy has to be broadened, specialists’ activity in the field must be supported, and legalregulations need to be refined.
EN
The article discusses the large sections of a 17th-century iconostasis hitherto unknown to scholars and the conservation services, which have been discovered in the attic of the filial Orthodox church of St John the Theologian in Nowoberezowo (Hajnówka district). It is the earliest extant iconostasis in the Podlachia region and most probably one of the oldest in the lands of the former Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. Its discovery was made during inventorying procedures carried out by the Catalogue of the Monuments of Art in Poland. An analysis of the records of church visitations from the years 1727, 1759 and 1784 has made it possible to trace the transformations in the structure of the iconostasis in the course of the 18th century and to propose its conjectural reconstructions in the condition it had in the early 18th century and after 1771.
PL
Artykuł omawia odnalezione na strychu cerkwi filialnej św. Jana Teologa w Nowoberezowie (pow. hajnowski) nieznane nauce i służbom konserwatorskim duże fragmenty pochodzącego z ok. 2.–3. ćwierci XVII w. ikonostasu – najstarszego zachowanego na Podlasiu, zapewne jednego z najstarszych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Odkrycia dokonano podczas prac inwentaryzacyjnych prowadzonych przez zespół Katalogu Zabytków Sztuki w Polsce. Analiza treści aktów wizytacji świątyni z lat 1727, 1759 i 1784 pozwoliła na prześledzenie przekształceń obiektu w XVIII w. i opracowanie domniemanych rekonstrukcji stanu z początku XVIII w. i po 1771 r.
EN
The paper indicates a complex meaning of the iconostasis both in sacred art and the liturgy of the Orthodox Church. Selected examples illustrate a process of historical development of the iconostasis, contemporary variety of forms and its influence on worship celebrated in the Orthodox church.
PL
Przedstawiony tekst wskazuje na wielopłaszczyznowe znaczenie ikonostasu w sztuce sakralnej i w liturgice Kościoła prawosławnego. Prezentacja historycznego rozwoju, miejsca, złożonej funkcji i symboliki ikonostasu następuje przez to na tle wyjaśnienia roli, znaczenia i symboliki prawosławnej świątyni jako całości. Wybrane przykłady ikonostasów ilustrują proces historycznego rozwoju ikonostasu, współczesne zróżnicowanie jego form i nierozerwalny związek z cerkiewnym nabożeństwem.
EN
A monograph study on the Orthodox Monastery of the Holy Trinity at Markowo near Witebsk (Vitebsk) is presented. It shows the Monastery’s history as seen against religious conflicts between the followers of the Orthodox and Uniate Churches in the 17th cand 18th centuries, the conflicts particularly vivid in Witebsk where the memory of the assassination of Archbishop Jozafat Kuncewicz (1623) made the restitution of the Orthodox Church a sensitive issue. The Ogiński family were the founders and benefactors of the Markowo Monastery in the 17th century. In harmony with the Eastern monastic tradition, the complex of buildings grouped around a courtyard created an almost self-sufficient ‘separate town’. It was composed of the following: two Orthodox churches: the wooden one of the Holy Trinity (after 1685-1690), richly furnished, and the brick one of the Intercession of the Theotokos (1754-1755), together with monastery buildings. Additionally, two wooden Orthodox churches belonged to the Monastery: the cemetery one of St Nicholas and of St Praxedes (both ca 1730).
PL
Artykuł jest monograficznym opracowaniem monasteru Świętej Trójcy w Markowie pod Witebskiem. Przedstawia jego dzieje na tle konfliktów religijnych między wyznawcami prawosławia a unitami w XVII i XVIII w., szczególnie żywych w Witebsku, w którym pamięć o zabójstwie abp Jozafata Kuncewicza (1623) czyniła z restytucji prawosławia kwestię bardzo  drażliwą. Fundatorami i dobroczyńcami markowskiego monasteru w XVII w. była rodzina Ogińskich. Zgodnie ze wschodnią tradycją monastyczną, zespół budowli skupionych wokół dziedzińca tworzył niemal samowystarczalne „osobne miasto”. Składały się nań: dwie cerkwie: drewniana Świętej Trójcy (po 1685-1690) o bogatym wyposażeniu i murowana pw. Pokrowy [Opieki Najświętszej Marii Panny] (1754-1755) oraz zabudowania klasztorne. Do monasteru należały jeszcze dwie drewniane cerkwie stojące poza jego murami cmentarna św. Mikołaja i św. Praksedy (obie ok. 1730 r.).
PL
Cel badań. Celem badań zabytkowego wyposażenia (odnalezionego w 2015 roku na strychu świątyni) dawnej cerkwi p. w Narodzin Św. Jana Chrzciciela (1812r.), było ustalenie proweniencji, datowania a także techniki i technologii poszczególnych obiektów. Badania zostały zrealizowane w ramach „Projektu konserwatorskiego dla zabytkowego wyposażenia dawnej cerkwi w Odrzechowej” sfinansowanego w ramach stypendium ministra MKiDN Metoda badań. Przeprowadzono badania fizyko-chemiczne próbek pobranych z wybranych obiektów zabytkowych w celu ustalenia budowy technologicznej a także identyfikacji pigmentów oraz spoiw. Wykonano dokładne pomiary oraz inwentaryzację zbioru. Ważną częścią badań była analiza stylistyczno – porównawcza najcenniejszych obiektów a także kwerenda archiwalna. Wyniki badań. Dzięki przeprowadzonym badaniom udało się ustalić datowanie dwóch najcenniejszych obiektów: ołtarza bocznego z XVIII wieku oraz drewnianego krzyża procesyjnego z przełomu XVIII/XIX wieku. Ponadto odtworzono wygląd dwóch istotnych elementów wyposażenia: ikonostasu z końca XIX wieku oraz Cyborium. Stworzono bogatą dokumentację zbioru zawierającą podsumowanie badań fizyko-chemicznych, opis, stan zachowania a także proponowany program konserwatorski. Wnioski. Na podstawie zgromadzonych informacji oraz przeprowadzonej analizy poszczególnych elementów wyposażenia udało się wyselekcjonować te najcenniejsze i objąć je ochroną (wpis do rejestru zabytków). Ponadto na podstawie dokumentacji, przygotowano projekt re-aranżacji wnętrza świątyni w celu przywrócenia jej wartości historycznych.
EN
Purpose of research. The purpose of the research of historic equipment (found in 2015 in the attic of the temple) of the former Birth of St. John the Baptist orthodox church (1812), was to determine the provenance, dating as well as the technique and technology of individual objects. The research was carried out as part of the "Conservation project for the historic equipment of the former orthodox church in Odrzechowa" financed by Ministry of Culture and National Heritage scholarship. Methodology. Physical and chemical research were carried out on samples taken from selected historic objects in order to determine the technological structure as well as the identification of pigments and adhesives. Also detailed measurements and investigation of the collection has been done. An important part of the research was the stylistic comparative analysis of the most valuable objects as well as the archival query. The results. Thanks to the conducted research, it was possible to determine the dating of the two most valuable objects: a side altar from the 18th century and a wooden processional cross from the turn of the 18th / 19th century. In addition, the appearance of two important pieces of equipment was reconstructed: the iconostasis from the end of the 19th century and the Cyborium. A rich documentation of the collection was created containing a summary of physical and chemical research, description, state of preservation as well as the proposed conservation program. Conclusions. On the basis of the collected information and the analysis of individual equipment items, it was possible to select the most valuable ones and to protect them (entry in the register of monuments). In addition, based on the documentation, the project of re-arrangement of the interior of the temple was prepared, which will be the basis for restoration of it’s historic values.
EN
The subject of interest of the authors of an article are literary transformations of the places of south-eastern Poland in the interwar period (in two stories by Zygmunt Haupt) and from the systemic breakthrough at the end of the 20th century (one of the „Galician stories” by Andrzej Stasiuk). The starting point was two didactic experiences with the work of the latter writer. Both writers evoke in their works the phenomenon of empty places, stripped as a result of historical turmoil, but also spent on the action of „blind” nature. In the course of the analysis (using the methodology of cultural geography and geopoetics), linguistic attempts to grasp the texture of places and the problems of time resulting from the experience of a specific space were studied. An important part of the stories discussed is the element of imagination work, with the help of which artists try to fill the territories affected by emptiness. Yet another important issue is the availability of space in relation to the subject placed in it.
PL
Przedmiotem zainteresowania autorów są literackie przekształcenia miejsc południowo-wschodniej Polski międzywojennej (w dwóch opowiadaniach Zygmunta Haupta) oraz z czasów ustrojowego przełomu pod koniec XX wieku (jedna z „opowieści galicyjskich” Andrzeja Stasiuka). Punktem wyjścia uczyniono dwa doświadczenia dydaktyczne z utworem drugiego z pisarzy. Obaj pisarze ewokują w swoich utworach fenomen miejsc pustych, ogołoconych wskutek zawirowań historycznych, ale także wydanych na działanie „ślepej” natury. W toku analizy (wykorzystującej metodologię geografii kulturowej i geopoetyki) przestudiowane zostały językowe próby uchwycenia tekstury miejsc oraz problematyki czasu, wynikającej z doświadczania konkretnej przestrzeni. Istotnym elementem omawianych opowiadań jest żywioł pracy wyobraźni, za pomocą której artyści usiłują wypełnić terytoria dotknięte pustką. Jeszcze inna ważna kwestia to rozporządzalność miejsca w stosunku do znajdującego się w nim podmiotu.
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