Search results

1

Migration as a Threat to International Security

100%

Szkurłat I.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

|

2019

|

vol. 32(32)

64-79

EN

The article presents migration as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The first part presents the problem of people migrating to Europe, including third-country nationals. It is shown that uncontrolled mass migration has forced European countries to provide budget, shelter and counselling for migrants. Furthermore, there were many cases when migration met with disapproval of indigenous people and fear of the impossibility of integrating different cultures and customs. European Union has introduced financial tools to support member countries in financing migration-related problems including the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund; and the Internal Security Fund. The article also mentions the European immigration policy adopted in 1999. The second part of the article refers to negative effects of migration: trafficking in human beings and forced labour. It is shown that they are widely practiced. To eliminate illegal activities, actions, which the author describes, are being taken within Europe. Polish people have also experienced trafficking in human beings and forced labour abroad. Such crimes have been reported within Poland as well. Finally the author states that the security of the European Union is threatened not only by external migrants, but also by citizens who migrate internally.

2

Border Surveillance Measures to Tackle and End the Migration Crisis in Hungary

100%

Balla J., Kui L.

Internal Security

|

2018

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vol. 10(2)

163-176

EN

The protection of Hungary’s external Schengen border is a priority which affects both the security of our country and the whole Schengen Area. Border surveillance is considered safe if it can prevent unlawful acts and proceed against offenders. The implementation of the tasks requires special staff and technical readiness. In the framework of the border protection of our country, it is the Police’s basic task, but in case a state of crisis resulting from mass migration is declared, the Hungarian Defence Forces take part in it. Border surveillance is a constant activity which aims to prevent illegal state border crossings; due to this, its efficiency cannot be measured exclusively based on numerical data. Border surveillance is also effective if it ensures the apprehension of people illegally crossing state borders and if it prevents them from accomplishing that; thus, the ‘physical’ presence itself contributes to the task execution in a manner meeting the requirements. Continuity plays a decisive role from the point of view of border surveillance. Border surveillance shall be considered a component. Thus, the border surveillance system consists of successive system elements which do not go without each other. The border surveillance system is built on border policing strategies, it can be operated based on leadership decisions which shall be in accordance with the border surveillance principles as well. Similarly to the border surveillance system elements, border surveillance principles are those rules which have constant influence/effect on border surveillance/in the field of border surveillance, the practical implementation of which ensures state border surveillance which meets the requirements/is reliable; moreover, it enables the targeted application of the forces and tools available. The operability of the system can only be granted if the principles apply jointly.

3

Zagrożenie przestępczością na wschodniej granicy Polski – struktura i dynamika zjawiska

100%

Magdalena P.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2016

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issue 41

115-138

EN

Polish eastern border is both the internal and external EU and Schengen border. Polish eastern border is so called border between East and West of Europe. It has a significant role in Europe security. Therefore the aim of article is to show the threats to border’s security and also state security. Author will present the structure and dynamics of border criminality on Polish eastern border in 2004-2013. The hypothesis is that the border criminality is strongly influenced by migration, and in case of Poland it is high on the eastern section of the state border (external EU border). The analysis of structure and dynamics of border criminality on Polish eastern border in 2004-2013 will be conducted mostly in reference to the political factors that influenced the border status. There were EU enlargement (in 2004), Schengen enlargement (in 2007) and introduction of Local Border Traffic with Ukraine (in 2009) and with Russian Federation (in 2012). Those factors include some elements of EU policy towards ex USSR countries and influenced the scale of border criminality and other threats to border security on the East of Europe. The data presented will show the scale and specific of criminality on different border sections (with Russia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine).

4

Migration as a Threat to International Security

100%

Szkurłat I.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

|

2020

|

vol. 32(32)

64-79

EN

The article presents migration as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The first part presents the problem of people migrating to Europe, including third-country nationals. It is shown that uncontrolled mass migration has forced European countries to provide budget, shelter and counselling for migrants. Furthermore, there were many cases when migration met with disapproval of indigenous people and fear of the impossibility of integrating different cultures and customs. European Union has introduced financial tools to support member countries in financing migration-related problems including the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund; and the Internal Security Fund. The article also mentions the European immigration policy adopted in 1999. The second part of the article refers to negative effects of migration: trafficking in human beings and forced labour. It is shown that they are widely practiced. To eliminate illegal activities, actions, which the author describes, are being taken within Europe. Polish people have also experienced trafficking in human beings and forced labour abroad. Such crimes have been reported within Poland as well. Finally the author states that the security of the European Union is threatened not only by external migrants, but also by citizens who migrate internally.

5

Challenges of Fight Against Terrorism with Reference to the Last Amendment of the New Hungarian Criminal Code

100%

Bartko R.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2017

|

vol. 1 (46)

315–327

EN

During the codification of the new Hungarian Criminal Code, the Hungarian Legislator passed amendment of several criminal offences. Among other criminal offences, this rethinking concerned the regulation of acts of terrorism. The number of terrorist offences relating to illegal migration has increased in the past few years in the territory of the European Union, therefore the attitude of the Member States – including Hungary, as well – has changed with reference to the statutory definition of the acts of terrorism. The connection between irregular border crossings and terrorism was recognized by the European Union. Terrorist offences have proved the vulnerability of the European Union and the democratic, rule-of-law States. Furthermore, the last few years have also clearly proved that Europe cannot cope with the influx of refugees set out for the Western Europe from various parts of the world. In this respect, illegal migration cannot be only a tool, but also a catalyst for terrorist offences. It means that case conflicts and violent affairs are caused by the migration, and the illegal entry and the integration of terrorists are supported by migratory networks at the same time. In 2015 and 2016, the European Union experienced a massive number of casualties caused by terrorist attacks. The most affected Member State was France. It had to cope with attacks which caused 148 citizens’ death and more than 350 people injured only in January and November 2015 (TE-SAT 2016, p. 5.). For the abovementioned recognition, many regulations (included but not limited to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, the Hungarian Criminal Code and the Act on Criminal Procedure) were passed in 2016 by the Hungarian legislator in order to stop illegal migration and to strengthen the fight against the new forms of terrorism. In the context of the present paper, the Act LXIX of 2016, which came into force on 17 July 2016, is of importance. Not only the General Part, but also the Special Part of the Hungarian Criminal Code was amended by the above Act. However, many new rules may be challenged from the perspective of the rule of law and the European commitments of Hungary. The aim of the paper is to describe the new regulations regarding the Hungarian statutory definition of acts of terrorism, and to analyse them within the Hungarian criminal legal frame and the abovementioned European requirements. Therefore, the characteristic of the paper will be the analytical method with the aim of creating de lege ferenda proposals for the Hungarian legislator, as well. In our paper, we are going to deal with the new European directive, as well, which will replace the Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and will amend the Council Decision 2005/671/JHA from 20 April 2017.

6

Illegal Immigration and Fight against Illegal Migration in Member States of the European Union

100%

Sheryazdanova K.

Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies

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2015

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vol. 8

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issue 1

89-102

EN

In the modern world, processes of migration are expected to contribute to economic development, the interchange of progressive technologies and knowledge as well as the blending of cultures. Solving the problems linked to migration processes is an important task to be accomplished by various state policies of European Union member countries. Both internal and external reasons explain why such policies are treated with much consideration nowadays. The present paper describes the development of European Union regulations on immigration and asylum, while tackling certain - primarily legal - aspects of immigration policies, too. Its conclusion based on the discussion of processes and legal provisions relates to the possible future of Europe.

7

Migration Policy in the Area of Border Control and Migration of the Population in OECD Countries –Theoretical and Practical Aspects

88%

Woźniak K.

Studia Historiae Oeconomicae

|

2020

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vol. 38

219-244

EN

The aim of the study is to present the phenomenon of population migration and migration policy as part of the state’s economic policy based on the example of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, with particular emphasis on the area of migration policy, which is border control and related illegal migration. The temporal scope of the empirical analysis covers the period 1990-2016. The article consists of four main parts. The discussion began with a presentation of the balance of migration, the scale and dynamics of population immigration in OECD countries. Furthermore, the significance, areas and process of shaping migration policy as a part of the economic policy of the country are presented. Then, it focused on the migration policy in the area of border control in OECD countries. The discussion was crowned with the conclusions that followed.

8

Detention, deportation, and waiting : toward a theory of migrant detainability

75%

De Genova N.

Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research

|

2019

|

vol. 20

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issue 1

92-104

EN

The global expansion of deportation regimes has spurred an analogous expansion of migrant detention. Arguably even more than the onerous punitive power of deportation, detention imposes the sovereign power of a state on the lives of non-citizens in a manner that transmutes their status into de facto legal non-personhood. That is to say, with detention, the condition of deportable migrants culminates in summary (and sometimes indefinite) incarceration on the basis of little more than their sheer existential predicament as ‘undesirable’ non-citizens, often with little or no recourse to any form of legal remedy or appeal and frequently no semblance to due process. Castigated to a station outside the law, their detention leaves them at the mercy of the caprices of authorities. The author argues that to adequately comprehend the productivity of this power to detain migrants, we must have recourse to a concept of detainability, that is, the possibility of being detained. The paper situates the analysis of immigration detention in the framework of contemporary critical theory, interrogating the economy of different conditionalities and contingencies that undergird various degrees by which distinct categories of migrants are subjected to detention power.

9

Illegal Migration to Modern Europe. Methods, Trendenies, Trends

75%

Wawrzusiszyn A.

Doctrina. Studia społeczno-polityczne

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2016

|

vol. 13

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issue 13

253-268

PL

Illegal migration is a burning issue of the present Europe. Not only do Italians, Spaniards, Greeks complain about it, but also many other countries. Human beings’ smuggling routes are constantly evolving, and the conditions of smuggling insult human dignity. It is smuggling gangs which benefit primarily and collect huge profits. The assessment of the scale of illegal migrants coming to Europe is not possible because of the hidden nature of the phenomenon. Moreover, published information includes estimated data. The practice is accompanied by threats such as human trafficking, particularly women and children, sexual exploitation of women and children, human organs trafficking, exploiting for crime purposes such as robbery, assault, drug dealing or terrorism. The priority, therefore, is to restore the real immigration policy, which means the urgent need for Europe to recover the security of its external borders.

10

Just/unjust securitisation and social mobilisation

75%

Polko P.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2022

|

vol. XLVIII

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issue 3

127-139

EN

As a process of broadening the security category, securitisation is used to draw attention to urgent and existential threats that cannot be resolved through ordinary political decisions. It presupposes the authorisation of extraordinary measures as long as they are accepted by the “audience” (the elite or society as a whole). Due to the growing importance of these processes, more and more objections and doubts have been formulated towards the theory of securitisation regarding, inter alia, the morality of these processes, including the intentions of securitising actors (just or unjust securitisation). This article presents case studies on the Poland’s migration policy, in which securitisation movements reinforced social mobilisation by referring to the category of security. The methodological framework of the securitisation theory and the just securitisation theory have been implemented. The presented results indicate that in the process of extending the security category, it is important to study the intentions of securitising actors and the existential dimension of the reported threats due to the power of influence and the effects of securitisation measures.

11

Uchodźstwo Czeczenów do Polski po roku 2000

63%

Suduł R.

Facta Simonidis

|

2009

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vol. 2

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issue 1

91-113

EN

The utmost aim of the article is to show in-depth analysis of Chechen refugees’s flow to Poland. In the fi rst part, there were discussed Basic concepts and conditioning of the problem. In the secondo part of the text, the author concentrated on analysis of the problem of the people, who are escaping from their fatherland, where there is anarchy, lawlessness and brutality. There is also not ended confl ict between Chechen and Russian. It is worthwhile emphasizing that the author of the article in the course of rese arch proceedings reached a conclusion, wchich shows Lack of the refugees system in Poland. The analysis performed let author to come to the conclusion, that Using lower standards of social services for refugees, than offers nations of West Europe, we starded informally encourage illegal departure of Chechen from Poland. This situation resulted to break law of European Union. Solving this problem in Poland became important social problem. Our government have to fi nd new system and institutional solves of this problems adapted to existing conditions.

PL

Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie pogłębionej analizy zjawiska napływu uchodźców czeczeńskich do Polski. W pierwszej części omówiono podstawowe pojęcia i uwarunkowania problemu. W drugiej części tekstu skupiono się na analizie problemu ludzi uciekających ze swojej ojczyzny, w której panuje bezprawie, brutalność i trwa ciągle niezakończony konflikt czeczeńsko-rosyjski. Warto zaznaczyć, iż autor artykułu w toku postępowania badawczego uwidacznia braki systemu uchodźczego w Polsce. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazuje, że stosując dużo niższe standardy opieki nad uchodźcami niż oferują im inne kraje Europy Zachodniej, Polska nieformalnie sprzyja nielegalnym wyjazdom Czeczenów z tego kraju. Wytworzona sytuacja doprowadza do łamania procedur prawa Unii Europejskiej i wewnątrz krajowego. Rozwiązanie tej kwestii w Polsce stało się bardzo istotnym problemem społecznym, wymuszającym na decydentach poszukiwanie rozwiązań systemowych i instytucjonalnych dostosowanych do zaistniałych uwarunkowań.

12

Grupa Wyszehradzka wobec współczesnych zagrożeń transgranicznych

63%

Wawrzusiszyn A.

Journal of Modern Science

|

2017

|

issue 1(32)

265-283

EN

The problem of the mass influx of migrants affected all European countries. Many European Union Member States (especially these belonging to the Schengen zone), built fences and barbed wire that have to stop the migration flow. Union failed to fully regain the control of the external borders, and the Member States are unable to reach agreement on ways to solve the prolonging crisis of migration. Especially illegal immigration is a pressing problem and a big security risk. Visegrad Group countries from the beginning of the crisis have become transit countries for illegal migrants trying to get to Western Europe. The situation causes a serious threat, mostly related to cross-border security of these countries. Despite the firm opposition to European Commission proposals on the relocation of migrants, the Visegrad Group seeks for consensus and a common strategy against the crisis overwhelming Europe. The author analyzes the responses, behavior and position of Visegrad countries to the above problem.

PL

Problem masowego napływu imigrantów odczuły wszystkie państwa Europy. Wiele krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (zwłaszcza te należące do strefy Schengen) zbudowało płoty i zasieki, które mają powstrzymać ich napływ. Unii nie udało się w pełni odzyskać kontroli nad zewnętrznymi granicami, a państwa członkowskie nie są w stanie dojść do porozumienia w sprawie sposobów rozwiązania przedłużającego się kryzysu migracyjnego. Zwłaszcza nielegalna imigracja jest palą- cym problemem i wielkim zagrożeniem bezpieczeństwa. Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej od początku kryzysu stały się krajami tranzytowymi dla nielegalnych imigrantów próbujących przedostać się do Europy Zachodniej. Sytuacja stwarza poważne zagrożenia, szczególnie transgraniczne, dla bezpieczeństwa tych państw. Chociaż występują stanowcze sprzeciwy wobec propozycji Komisji Europejskiej, Grupa Wyszehradzka dąży do porozumienia i wypracowania wspólnej strategii wobec ogarniającego Europę kryzysu. Autor analizuje reakcje, zachowania i stanowiska państw wyszehradzkich wobec powyższych problemów.

13

Operacja „Śluza” – kryzys uchodźczy związany z przerzutem nielegalnych migrantów przez polsko-białoruską granicę

63%

Konieczny M.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2022

|

vol. 2(XXII)

89-102

EN

The Russian-Belarusian services called the plan to transfer migrants to the European Union “Operation Lock”. It consisted in the fact that thousands of migrants tried to enter the European Union illegally through the Lithuanian-Belarusian, Latvian-Belarusian and Polish--Belarusian border. Belarusian state-owned enterprises, brokers, smugglers, tourist offices and illegal financial offices were involved in the crime. All of these groups made money by smuggling people across the border. As a result, the Polish border was forced by more and more refugees. Thanks to the conscious reaction of Poland, the Belarusian operation was not 100% effective, but it was certainly successful in confronting Poles over the admission of migrants. It was also a huge challenge for the services responsible for border security, in particular for the Border Guard. The cost of these activities is PLN 25 million in September 2021 alone. And it is not about the cost of building a dam on the border with Belarus, as it was much higher. The article describes the genesis, course and purpose of the Operation “Lock” as well as the threats accompanying this procedure. The techniques used by Belarus were analyzed and the strategy chosen by Poland to deal with the crisis was presented. The study allows you to understand what happened on the Polish-Belarusian border in the years 2021-2022. It also describes the measures taken by the Border Guard, the Ministry of National Defense and the Police to protect the Polish border. The aim of the study was to emphasize the most important issues concerning the causes, symptoms and threats resulting from the operation “Lock” as well as the methods and effects of its solution. The study also presents the position of the government of the Republic of Poland towards the conditions and methods of solving this crisis. An important topic was also the discussion of the course and consequences of the Operation “Lock” for the Baltic states neighboring Poland.

PL

Plan przerzucenia migrantów do Unii Europejskiej rosyjsko-białoruskie służby nazwały operacją „Śluza”. Polegała ona na tym, że tysiące migrantów próbowało nielegalnie przedostać się do Unii Europejskiej przez litewsko-białoruską, łotewsko-białoruską i polsko-białoruską granicę. W przestępczy proceder zaangażowane były białoruskie przedsiębiorstwa państwowe, pośrednicy, przemytnicy, biura turystyczne i nielegalne biura finansowe. Wszystkie te grupy zarabiały na przemycaniu ludzi przez granicę. W efekcie polską granicę forsowało coraz więcej uchodźców. Dzięki przytomnej reakcji Polski białoruska operacja nie była skuteczna w 100%, natomiast z całą pewnością odniosła sukces w skonfliktowaniu Polaków w sprawie przyjmowania migrantów. Stanowiła również ogromne wyzwanie dla służb odpowiedzialnych za bezpieczeństwo granicy, w szczególności dla Straży Granicznej. Koszt tych działań to 25 milionów złotych w samym miesiącu wrześniu 2021 r. I nie chodzi tu o wydatek na budowę zapory na granicy z Białorusią, bowiem był on znacznie wyższy. W artykule opisano genezę, przebieg i cel operacji „Śluza” oraz zagrożenia towarzyszące temu procederowi. Przeanalizowano techniki, które stosuje Białoruś oraz przedstawiono strategię obraną przez Polskę w celu zażegnania kryzysu. Opracowanie pozwala zrozumieć, co działo się na polsko-białoruskiej granicy w latach 2021-2022. Opisuje również działania podjęte przez Straż Graniczną, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej i Policję w celu ochrony polskiej granicy. Celem opracowania było zaakcentowanie najważniejszych kwestii dotyczących przyczyn, przejawów i zagrożeń wynikających z operacji „Śluza” oraz sposobów i efektów jego rozwiązania. W opracowaniu przedstawiono także stanowisko rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec uwarunkowań i sposobów rozwiązania tego kryzysu. Istotnym wątkiem było także omówienie przebiegu i konsekwencji operacji „Śluza” dla państw nadbałtyckich sąsiadujących z Polską.

14

Napływ ludności do Włoch ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem osób niepełnoletnich

63%

Noviello M.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

|

2016

|

vol. 17

85-99

PL

Artykuł przedstawia migracje ludności do Włoch z krajów Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem problemu organizacji napływu ludności i pomocy ze strony państwa włoskiego (akcja Mare Nostrum) oraz państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (akcja Triton). Migracja do Europy w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach stała się przyczyną poważnych problemów, zwłaszcza dla Włoch. Jest to kraj tranzytowy, w którym przyrost liczby migrantów sprawił, że organizacja niezbędnego systemu ich identyfikacji przekracza możliwości ośrodków administracji państwowej. Za główne przyczyny migracji ludności uważa się ucieczkę przed konfliktami i prześladowaniami, chęć poprawy jakości życia poprzez szukanie zatrudnienia oraz przyjazd do członków rodziny, którzy już wcześniej osiedlili się na terytorium Włoch. Napływ ludności, zwłaszcza niepełnoletnich nie posiadających opieki, zobowiązuje państwo włoskie do udzielenia tym osobom natychmiastowego wsparcia i nie przewiduje wydalenia ich z terytorium kraju. Pozostający bez opieki są w szczególny sposób narażeni na działania ze strony organizacji przestępczych, które uzyskują dochody poprzez wykorzystywanie nieletnich oraz nielegalny handel ludźmi.

EN

The article presents the aspect of human migration to Italy from North African countries and areas of the Middle East with particular emphasis on the issue of organization of the influx of people and support from Italy (Mare Nostrum action) and the European Union Member States (Triton action). Migration to Europe in recent decades has become very problematic, especially for Italy, which is considered to be a transit area, where the organization of a system of identification of the population exceeds the capabilities of many of the centers of first support (because of their overpopulation). The main causes of human migration are considered to be the escape from conflicts and persecution, desire to improve the quality of life by seeking employment, as well as the need to unite with the members of the family who have already settled in the territory of the country. The influx of people, especially minors who are not taken care of requires Italy to grant these people immediate assistance and does not provide for their expulsion from the territory of the country. The people who are not taken care of are particularly vulnerable to actions on the part of illegal organizations through the exploitation of minors and people trafficking.

15

„Płonąca granica”. Działalność szpiegowska w kontekście nielegalnych migracji na wschodniej granicy II Rzeczypospolitej (na przykładzie województwa tarnopolskiego)

63%

Humennyi S.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

|

2019

|

issue 33

327-344

PL

Z jawisko działalności szpiegowskiej w kontekście nielegalnych migracji na terenach przygranicznych II Rzeczypospolitej pozostaje nadal mało zbadane. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza procederu nielegalnego przekraczania granicy państwowej i wyjaś- nienie wpływu tego zjawiska na sytuację polityczną i gospodarczą w przygranicznym pasie województwa tarnopolskiego, a ściślej w jego powiatach: borszczowskim, czortkow- skim, kopyczynieckim, skałackim i zbaraskim, w latach 1921–1939. Najprawdopodobniej jest to pierwsza próba przybliżenia zależności między stanem ochrony granicy pań- stwowej, konfliktem ukraińsko-polskim w warunkach istnienia państwa polskiego i działalnością dywersyjno-wywiadowczą władz radzieckich na obszarze jednego ze wschodnich województw ІІ Rzeczypospolitej.

EN

T he phenomenon of espionage in the context of illegal migrations in the borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland has not been thoroughly examined so far. This article aims to analyse the procedure of crossing the state border illegally and explaining the impact of the phenomenon on the political and economic situation in the borderlands of the Tarnopolskie Voivodeship, specifically in the Poviats of Borszczów, Czortków, Kopyczyńce, Skałat and Zbaraż in the years 1921–1939. This it most probably the first attempt to explain the relationship between the status of the protection of the state bor- der, the Ukrainian and Polish conflict during the existence of the Polish state and the sabotage and intelligence activities of the Soviet authorities in the territories of one of the Eastern voivodeships of the Second Republic of Poland.

16

Kryzys migracyjny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej i jego wpływ na bezpieczeństwo Polski

63%

Wawrzusiszyn A.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

|

2022

|

issue 2(33)

45-65

RU

Польша находится под контролируемым миграционным давлением на границе с Беларусью. Приток граждан третьих стран поддерживается белорусскими государственными службами. Эти действия носят гибридный характер и направлены на дестабилизацию ситуации в Польше и Европейском Союзе. Хотя Польша приняла адекватные меры для охраны и защиты своей границы, эти события являются проверкой эффективности и действенности функционирования системы государственной безопасности. Цель рассуждений - представить события, происходящие на польско-белорусской границе, и их влияние на безопасность нашей страны. В методологическом аспекте использовались сообщения СМИ и прессы, анализ исходных материалов и наблюдение за развитием ситуации. Результатом вышеизложенного является тот факт, что миграционный кризис не завершился и продолжает создавать серьезные угрозы для Польши.

EN

Poland is under controlled migratory pressure on the border with Belarus. The influx of third-country nationals is supported by Belarusian state services. These activities are hybrid in their nature, and their aim is to destabilize the situation in Poland and the European Union. Although Poland has taken adequate measures to protect and defend its border, these events are a test of the effectiveness and efficiency of the functioning of the state security system. The purpose of this considerations is to present the events taking place on the PolishBelarusian border and their impact on the security of our state. In the methodological aspect, media and press reports, analysis of source materials and observation of the development of the situation were used. The result of the above is the fact that the migration crisis has not ended and continues to generate serious threats to Poland.

17

System ochrony granicy państwowej wobec współczesnych zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa państwa

63%

Mróz B.

Journal of Modern Science

|

2016

|

issue 2(29)

307-320

PL

Bezpieczeństwo narodowe jest ściśle związane z niezakłóconym funkcjonowaniem i rozwojem państwa oraz zamieszkującego je społeczeństwa. Podejmowanie wyzwań i przeciwdziałanie zagrożeniom w obszarze bezpieczeństwa jest zadaniem systemu bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Zapobieganie i przeciwdziałanie zagroże-niom odbywa się między innymi poprzez działania realizowane w ramach systemu ochrony granicy państwowej, którego zadaniem jest zapewnienie nienaruszalności i bezpieczeństwa granic. Realizacja zadań w tym zakresie została powierzona organom i instytucjom mającym charakter wyspecjalizowanych jednostek, takich jak: Straż Graniczna oraz Siły Zbrojne RP, a także Służba Celna oraz Urząd do spraw Cudzoziemców. Kompleksowa ochrona granicy państwowej ma charakter wieloaspektowy i wymaga współdziałania zarówno z instytucjami współodpowiedzialnymi za ochronę granicy państwowej, jak i z innymi podmiotami systemu bezpieczeństwa narodowego.

EN

National security is closely related to the proper functioning and development of the state and the society in which they reside. National security is closely related to the proper functioning and development of the state and society which resides there. The task of the national security system is taking the challenges and risks prevention in the area of security. Prevention and countering of threats is carried out inter alia through activities that are implemented within the system of state border protection. The task of the state border protection system is to ensure the inviolability and borders security. Implementation of tasks in this area was entrusted to bodies and institutions which are specialized units. These include: The Border Guard and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, as well as the Customs Service and the Bureau for the Foreigners. Comprehensive protection of the state border is a multi-faceted and requires cooperation both with institutions which are jointly responsible for the protection of the state border, as well as with other entities of the national security system.

18

К вопросу об участии граждан в охране общественного порядка от преступлений совершеамых мигрантами

63%

Pulik A., Novikov S. V.

De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności

|

2017

|

issue 1(3)

48-57

RU

Миграционные процессы обрели со второй половины двадцатого столетия поистине глобальные масштабы, охватив все континенты планеты, социальные слои и группы общества, различные сферы общественной жизнедеятельности. Демократические ценности, распространяемые на сферу производства, торговли и финансов привели к активному движению миграционных процессов из стран с низким уровнем жизни насе-ления в более комфортабельную Европу. По мнению экспертов ООН, общая численность тех, кто обратится за убежищем в странах ЕС в 2015–2016 годах, превысит несколько мил-лионов человек. Особую озабоченность вызывает незаконная миграция. Негативные по-следствия незаконной миграции потенциально представляют высокую угрозу националь-ной безопасности государства и обеспечения общественного порядка. Незаконные мигран-ты, при отсутствии государственного механизма защиты их прав и свобод на территории страны пребывания, лишены мер социальной и правовой защиты. Что заставляет их быть неразборчивыми в поиске источников дохода, поэтому большинство нелегальных мигран-тов уходит в теневой криминальный сектор экономики. Особую опасность для обществен-ной безопасности представляет «уличные преступления» совершаемые нелегальными ми-грантами. В борьбе с ней существенную помощь могут оказать члены общественных объ-единений правоохранительной направленности. Легализованное участие, под руководством органов внутренних дел, граждан в охране общественного порядка является примером формирования развитого гражданского общества.

EN

Migration processes have gained in the second half of the twentieth century a truly global scale, covering all continents of the planet, social strata and groups in society, the vari-ous spheres of public life. Democratic values distributed on the sphere of production, trade and finance led to active movement of migration from countries with low living standards in Europe more comfortable. According to UN experts, the total number of those who applied for asylum in the EU countries in 2015-2016 to exceed several million people. Of particular concern is the illegal migration. The negative effects of illegal migration of potentially pose a high threat to national security and public order. Illegal migrants, in the absence of state pro-tection mechanism for their rights and freedoms on the territory of the host country, lack of measures of social and legal protection. What causes them to be hard to find sources of in-come, so the majority of illegal migrants into the shadow criminal economy. Of particular danger to public safety is "street crimes" committed by illegal immigrants. In the struggle with it substantial aid could have members of public associations of law enforcement focus. Legalized part, under the leadership of law-enforcement bodies, citizens in the maintenance of public order is an example of the formation of a developed civil society.

19

Przesłanki i wyzwania poszukiwania nowej roli międzynarodowej Niemiec w dobie narastających kryzysów Unii Europejskiej – wybrane problemy badań i praktyki politycznej w XXI wieku

63%

Cziomer E.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

|

2016

|

issue 1

21-47

EN

The article attempts to synthetically analyze the premises and challenges involving Germany’s search for new international role and responsibility in the era of snowballing crises afﬂicting the European Union. The basic task of the analysis is to show the interdependence between various aspects of theoretical and applied studies as well as their impact on practical formulation of Germany’s international position in the 21st century by the subsequent federal governments on the examples of the eurozone crisis (2010–2015) and the EU’s migration crisis lasting since the midst of the 2015. The text consists of three parts, in which the following issues were presented in sequence: 1) the general premises of the evolution of the uniﬁ ed Germany’s international role; 2) the hunt for new international role and responsibility of Germany in the context of attempts to solve the eurozone crisis after 2010; 3) the challenges for German leadership in the EU with particular reference to the chancellor Angela Merkel’s role in migration crisis of 2015/2016. The principal thesis of the paper is as follows: Due to the giant economic-ﬁ nancial potential as well as the important position within the EU, Germany played a crucial role in the endeavours to ﬁ nish the crisis and to stabilize the eurozone after 2010. However, the serious difﬁ culties accompanying massive inﬂ ow of illegal refugees to Germany and the entire Europe since the half of 2015, which so far have not been unambiguously solved, are truly enormous challenges for the German and chancellor Angela Merkel’s leadership in the EU.

20

The Geopolitical Context of Migrant Routes and Its Impact on Organised Crime in the Republic of North Macedonia

63%

Mileski T., Pacemska D.

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

|

2022

|

vol. 29

|

issue 1

49-67

PL

Ze względu na szczególną sytuację geopolityczną i geostrategiczną, położona w samym sercu Półwyspu Bałkańskiego Macedonia Północna jest celem nielegalnej migracji i znajduje się na skrzyżowaniu szlaków migracyjnych prowadzących z Azji i Afryki do Europy Środkowej i Zachodniej. Poniższy artykuł stara się zatem odpowiedzieć na dwa powiązane ze sobą pytania. Pierwsze pytanie dotyczy geopolitycznych uwarunkowań przebiegu szlaków migracyjnych i ich wpływu na nasilenie przemytu migrantów, natomiast drugie ogniskuje się wokół przemytu migrantów dokonywanego przez zorganizowane grupy przestępcze. W ujęciu czasowym, badanie objęło okres pandemii COVID-19. Podstawą metodologiczną niniejszego artykułu jest analiza dokumentów politycznych pochodzących z otwartych źródeł. Ponadto, autorzy przeprowadzili wywiady z ponad stoma macedońskimi funkcjonariuszami policji, którzy pracują bezpośrednio na granicy i są zaangażowani w zwalczanie przemytu migrantów, a także pogłębiony wywiad z naczelnikiem Krajowej Jednostki ds. Zwalczania Przemytu Migrantów i Handlu Ludźmi w Macedonii Północnej.

EN

As a country with a specific geopolitical and geostrategic position, North Macedonia, positioned in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, is subject to illegal migration and is located at the crossroads of migrant routes leading from Asia and Africa to Central and Western Europe. Therefore, the article makes an effort to answer two related questions. The first question refers to the geopolitical context of migrant routes and their impact on the increase in migrant smuggling, while the second one is the focus of migrant smuggling within organised crime groups. In terms of time, the research covers the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology of this paper is based on an analysis of policy documents from open sources. Also, the authors surveyed more than one hundred Macedonian police officers who work directly on the borders and engage in the suppression of smuggling migrants, and an in-depth interview with the head of the National Unit for Combating Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in North Macedonia.

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