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EN
This paper deals with the issue of honor culture in Poland. In a traditional honor culture, honorable men should be sensitive to situations where their honor is defiled. They should also be ready to defend their good name (Cohen and Nisbett, 1997), even if it means using violence. In such a culture women cannot actively defend their honor. The authors checked the gender role differences (both in actor and observer perspective) in attitudes towards honorable behaviors. The paper presents two experiments, analyzed with repeated ANOVA measures. In the first study, which is a replication of the research conducted by Szmajke (1999), men and women (N=156) evaluated a letter written by an "honorable" killer and a "dishonorable" thief (in two gender versions). The second study (N=146) replicated the results of the first one.The results confirm the traditional concept of the culture of honor as a permission for aggression used by men to defend their good name, in the eyes of both women and men. The use of violence by women in an analogues situation is evaluated negatively by both genders. Results shows that the general gender roles in Polish culture of honor keeps men as active user of violence to respond for the provacation. Women are not allowed to active violent defend of their honor.
EN
People often assess other people’s personality traits merely based on their emotional expression or the physical features of their faces. In this paper we review the evidence of biases when formulating judgments of trustworthiness and confidence from two types of facial characteristics. One line of evidence documents the influence of emotional expressions representing an individual’s motivational state and reflecting agents’ intentions. People’s judgment about the trustworthiness or attractiveness of others largely depends on the emotions expressed. The second line of evidence describes how facial appearance (e.g., cues of physical strength or resemblance to one’s own face) affects the inferences of personality traits. The two experiments described in this paper investi-gated the interplay between these two factors (i.e., facial features and emotional expression) and their combined influence on social judgments. We hypothesized and tested how both facial features conveying trustworthiness (vs. dominance) and a smiling (vs. neutral) expression influence judgments of trustworthiness and confidence (Study 1). We also tested the influence of facial resemblance in an interaction with a smiling individual when forming judgments (Study 2). We found that relatively static facial features conveying trust had more impact on judgments of trustworthiness than emotional expressions, yet emotional expressions seem to be more impactful for judgments of dominance. The results of both studies are discussed from a sociocognitive perspective.
Horyzonty Wychowania
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2016
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vol. 15
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issue 36
127-140
EN
Research Objective: The aim of this article is to refer novel research on impression formation and halo effect outcomes to the classical series of experiments conducted by Solomon Asch in 1946. In Asch’s article presenting these experiments several theories and ideas are outlined and they are cited and broadened today by social cognition psychologists.The Research Problem and Methods: The article provides a critical overview of scientific research concerning the process of impression formation. The analysis of these research outcomes enabled to show Solomon Asch’s theories in an updated light.The Process of Argumentation: In the first part of this paper an influence of central features, mainly “warmth” and “coldness” is being discussed. In the second part outer factors, such as the sequence of learning the features, affective influences and the length of acquaintance with an evaluated person are being discussed in the context of forming an impression of a person. In the third part the phenomenon of  the relativity of the attributes’ sense depending on co-existing features is being described.Research Results: Experiments presented in the paper confirm Asch’s observations and support the thesis that the general impression influences the perception of particular features of a person. People are not aware of the existence of this phenomenon.Conclusions, Innovations and Recommendations: The outcomes of research discussed in the paper have several practical implications for people evaluating by profession, such as teachers, recruiters or jurors and for the people who are being evaluated. They should be aware of the distortions made by automatic impression formation concerning personality or competences of other people and they ought to realize that surrendering to such an automatic mechanism can make an evaluator responsible for the fate of the evaluated person in context of their school or professional career.
PL
CEL NAUKOWY: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. dotyczącej tego tematu. W artykule Ascha przedstawiającym te badania uwzględnione są teorie i pojęcia cytowane oraz rozszerzane współcześnie przez psychologów poznania społecznego. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Opracowanie stanowi krytyczny przegląd raportów z badań naukowych dotyczących zagadnienia formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości. Wyniki analizy tych prac pozwoliły na przedstawienie w niniejszym artykule teorii Solomona Ascha w zaktualizowanym świetle. PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wpływ cech centralnych, w szczególności „ciepła” i „chłodu”, odpowiadających za całościową ocenę człowieka. W części drugiej poruszono temat czynników zewnętrznych, na przykład kolejności poznawania cech, wpływu afektywnego i czasu trwania znajomości z ocenianą osobą na uformowane wrażenie. W części trzeciej opisano zjawisko zmian znaczeniowych cech osobowości w zależności od współwystępujących z nimi charakterystyk. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Przedstawione w pracy eksperymenty potwierdzają obserwacje Ascha oraz wspierają tezę, że ogólne wrażenie o osobie wpływa na percepcję jej poszczególnych cech. Ludzie nie zdają sobie na ogół sprawy z występowania tego zjawiska. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki badań omówionych w artykule mają szereg implikacji praktycznych dla osób wykonujących zawody związane z ocenianiem, takich jak nauczyciele, rekruterzy czy jurorzy, a także dla osób poddawanych ocenie. Warto, by osoby te zdawały sobie sprawę ze zniekształceń, jakie niesie z sobą automatyczne formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości czy kompetencji innych osób, i miały świadomość, że uleganie takiemu mechanizmowi często łączy się z odpowiedzialnością za los ocenianej osoby, np. w kontekście jej kariery szkolnej czy pracy zawodowej.
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