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EN
This article examines the relationship between science and theology within a critical realist framework. Focusing on the role of metaphysics as a unifying starting point, especially in consideration of theological issues that are concerned with corporeality and temporality (such as in the incarnation). Some metaphysical challenges that lead to the appearance of “paradox” in the incarnation are highlighted, and the implications of two forms of holistic scientific ontology on the appearance of a paradox in the incarnation are explored. It is concluded that ultimately both science and theology are concerned with the nature of reality, and the search for coherent models that can describe the unseen. Whilst one should maintain a criticality to any realist conception of theological and scientific theories, a shared metaphysics ensures theological doctrine can continue to be interpreted with relevance in a world in which scientific thought is increasingly stretching into the meta-scientific.
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Vtělení: subjekt a tělo v díle Emmanuela Levinase

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In his late philosophy, Levinas finds that the human being, along with his body, is constituted by “sensibility as proximity, as signification, as one-for-the-other, which signifies in giving”; otherwise he or she is not human. For Levinas, therefore, it is also an affectivity, which, in its bind to the Other, opens up as a sensitivity to the Other. The Other is what animates affectivity. In Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence, “the passage to the physico-chemico-physiological meanings of the body”, that is prepared by “sensibility as proximity, as signification, as one-for-the-other”, as the materialization of the body, is now exclusively reabsorbed in ethical signification. Nevertheless, the article shows some other figures of incarnation in the earlier works of Levinas as well: the position and the enjoyment.
EN
The article is an analysis of an institution of tulku in Tibetan Buddhism examples by tradition of the incarnations of the Dalai Lamas. The purpose of the paper is to show the discussed topic in possible broadest context with its historical, political and cultural framework. The genesis the institution of tulku in Tibet will be described, as well as its mechanisms of actions. The way of choosing a heir within tradition will be analyzed along with its theoretical justification. Then, in the next part of the paper, the short history of the lineage of the Dalai Lamas in Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism will be presented including all possible relevant factors on this topic. As a conclusion, the author of the paper will try to answer a question about the reasons of such tremendous impact of the institution of the tulku exerted on the Tibetan society.
EN
In the face of the escalating Iconoclast heresy in the 8th century there appeared the necessity of establishing whether the veneration of icons is justifiable from the Christian viewpoint. The debate primarily concerned the Christological question of venerating Jesus Christ’s icons. St. John of Damascus (675–749) is considered to be one of the most outstanding defenders of sacred icons. We owe to him the first Catholic theology of the icon. His work, „The Defence speeches against those who reject sacred icons” constitutes the answer given to the iconoclasts. The most important argument justifying the veneration of icons is the mystery of the incarnation of the Son of God being the image of the invisible God. The incarnation which liberates one from idolatry lies at the root of a positive vision of matter. John of Damascus refers to the ancient Christian tradition of icon veneration recognizing the word and the image as its essential elements. His teaching would play a key role during the Council of Nicaea in 787.
Vox Patrum
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2000
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vol. 38
141-156
EN
Hac in dissertatiuncula nonnulla selecta verba, substantiva ac expressiones in doctrina S. Athanasii de incarnatione adhibita exponuntur.
Teologia w Polsce
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2019
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vol. 13
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issue 2
95-109
EN
This paper focuses on three fundamental notions-realities which describe human life and constitute at the same time its foundation and the space of participation in it. The triad culture – education – truth describes the most essential human experiences, simultaneously, defining the direction of their deepening and creative developing. Certainly, in the times like these when everything is questioned notions-experiences that belong to this triad are not problem-free. What is more, they are deemed to be superfluous, especially in ultra-left-wing ideologies in which suicidal tendencies are easily discernible. Taking this into consideration, it is hardly possible to avoid polemic attitude towards numerous questions even those most essential since in their semantic field the greatest confusion may be detected. That is why there are numerous attempts to answer the question how, in the face of such a dynamic spiritual condition of the world, those fundamental issues can be dealt with within the frames of anthropology, and how they can be justified from the anthropological point of view. This reflection is rather philosophical in character, however, it is also inspired by the fundamental Christian truth which says about the incarnation of the Son of God and about the salvation of man made by Him.
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This article aims to be a confrontation with Nancy’s “deconstruction of Christianity”. For Nancy to deconstruct Christianity means to point to the places where Christianity itself overflows its status as religion and as metaphysics. Nancy shows how the three Christian mysteries (Trinity, Incarnation, Resurrection) are not merely explainable metaphysically and how they thus open the thought of the new relation between body-mind. These theses have been criticized by Jacques Derrida reading of Nancy’s work in Le Toucher. Jean-Luc Nancy. Derrida turns his attention to a certain strand of the tradition which he calls “haptological” (from the Greek haptein, to touch). This tradition is implicated in the metaphysical gesture insofar as it thinks touch in terms of identity, homogeneity, immediacy and self-presence, even when it emphasizes a certain interruption or distance. According to Derrida, this is Nancy’s complicity with some form of metaphysical thinking. The conclusion of this article aims to expose the multidimensional discussion between philosophers.
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The article considers the set of problems in O. Sych’s novel, providing artistic transformation of the main ideas of “Tibetan Book of the Dead” into the sphere of national and existential searchings of the main hero Orest. The author analyses compositional peculiarities of the novel: twinnery, sense inversion, profound metaphoric ambiguity of Uroboros.
EN
The idea of incarnation is one of the Christian theological concepts that has exerted the strongest influence on philosophical thought in Europe and which was repeatedly referred to in the twentieth century. The paper presents three reinterpretations of this biblical category. Carl Gustav Jung interprets incarnation in the spirit of Gnosticism, as a process of the psychological individuation of God and man; Hans‑Georg Gadamer employs the idea of the inner Word, Verbum interius, to analyse the dogmas of incarnation and the Trinity: seeking in them a solution to the mystery of language; while Michel Henry reaches for the Bible and theology to face anew the issue of human corporeality. These attempts to rethink the theological aspects of the Incarnation of the Son of God reveal the role of this notion in the development of modern psychology, the hermeneutic philosophy of language as well as in anthropology. At the same time, a philosophical reinterpretation of incarnation provides an impulse to rephrase the questions about the relationship between philosophy and theology, as well as faith and reason, good and evil, the relationship between God and man, the mind and the body, as well as speech and thinking. On the other hand, provisional answers to these questions may rekindle theological thought and contribute to the revival of reflection on issues such as the Holy Trinity, the Immaculate and Virgin Conception, or a privation theory of evil. The article provides a starting point for just such a multi‑faceted analysis.
EN
Between nature and grace. The category of deification in the document of the International Theological Commission Theology, Christology, An- thropology of 1981. In the 1981 International Theological Commission published a document, which is titled Theology, Christology, anthropology. This document discusses some basic Christolog- ical issues and the ones that needed to be more explained. One of them is the deification category. The purpose of this article was to indicate the main interpretation lines of this category in this International Theological Commissions document. First of all, the article indicates a significant relationship between deification and the mystery of Christ, espe- cially with His incarnation. Secondly, it is shown how deification is connected with divine grace. Afterwards, the article discusses connection between deification and exaltation hu- man nature. Finally, it is mentioned about the main road, which is leading to this target - the use of the sacraments of the Church.
EN
The author tries to systemise approaches of Christian writers on the subject of spiritual senses. He presents theological bases of the theory of spiritual senses, concepts of its existence, quantity, hierarchy of importance, nature and subject. The text is mainly based on the Holy Bible, Fathers of the Church and the most important theologians dealing with this issue.
PL
Autor próbuje usystematyzować poglądy chrześcijańskich autorów na temat zmysłów duchowych. Przedstawia teologiczne podstawy teorii zmysłów duchowych, poglądy na ich istnienie, liczbę, hierarchię ważności, naturę i przedmiot. Opiera się głównie na danych Pisma Świętego, ojców Kościoła oraz najważniejszych teologów zajmujących się tym zagadnieniem.
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Poeta zmysłów

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PL
The article is an attempt to explain sensual depictions that are constantly present in Norwid’s works – albeit they are sometimes hidden – by means of cognitivistic categories. On the example of two texts two different ways are shown, in which these depictions are used by the poet. A fragment from the drama Cleopatra and Caesar illustrates Norwid’s technique of realistic description, and the poem Fate – the technique of allegory.
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PL
Dwudziesty wiek przyniósł niezwykłe ożywienie zainteresowań historią. Widoczne jest zjawisko odnowienia zmysłu historycznego w różnych dziedzinach nauki i kultury. Historia zbawienia (historia sacra) koincyduje z historią świecką, uniwersalną, powszechną (historia profana). Fakt koekstensywności historia sacra i historia profana jest konsekwencją porządku Wcielenia. Nie znaczy to, że należy utożsamiać historię zbawienia z historią czysto ludzką, uniwersalną. Bóg wykorzystuje splot konkretnych wydarzeń historii ogólnej dla objawienia siebie, swej woli i swych planów. Historia uniwersalna jest nie tylko płaszczyzną, na której dokonuje się Objawienie i zbawienie, ale stanowi także medium demonstrationis Objawienia. Bóg bowiem objawił się w historii i przez historię, przez konkretne wydarzenia i słowa. Wykorzystał zwyczajny bieg historii powszechnej dla nadania jej faktom ściśle określonego znaczenia. W ten sposób zamanifestował również swą obecność w świecie. Jezus Chrystus – Wcielony Bóg jest nie tylko początkiem, centrum i wypełnieniem historia sacra, ale również historia profana.
EN
The 20th century brought about an exceptional increase in the interest in historical studies. The history of salvation (historia sacra) coincides with the secular, universal history (historia profana). The coextensiveness of the historia sacra and the historia profana is a consequence of the order of Incarnation. This does not mean that the history of salvation should be identified with the purely secular history. God uses the confluence of particular secular events to manifest Himself, His will and His plans. The universal history is not merely a platform on which revelation and salvation take place, but rather serves as the medium demonstrationis of Revelation. For God manifested Himself in history and through history, through particular events and words. He used the ordinary flow of universal history to assign a particular value to its facts. In this way, He also manifested His presence in the world. Jesus Christs – the embodiment of God – is not only the beginning, center and completion of the historia sacra, but also of the historia profana.
PL
Człowiek w naturalny sposób wchodzi w relacje z Bogiem, czego wyrazem jest stan i akty wiary. Odniesienie do Stwórcy stanowi źródło nadziei, iż element miłości będzie czynnikiem dominującym w relacji do Niego. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest interpretacja fenomenu wiary w nauczaniu Benedykta XVI przy zastosowaniu metody dramatycznej wypracowanej w szkole innsbruckiej. W pierwszej części artykułu zaprezentowano metodę dramatyczną jak też dramaturgię zbawczą, w której za Raymundem Schwagerem wyodrębnia się pięć aktów. W drugiej dokonano dramatycznej analizy nauczania Benedykta XVI w kwestii wiary. W nauce Papieża można wskazać na następujące zjawiska współczesne związane z wiarą: geneza kwestionowania wiary, proces powrotu do Boga oraz docelowa wizja zjednoczenia z Bogiem na fundamencie wiary. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę obejmującą publikacje teologów innsbruckich, jak też wypowiedzi papieskie. W oparciu o krytyczną analizę dostępnych tekstów sformułowano wnioski.
EN
Faith is both an act and a state of a human. God bestows the faith on people as a gift which, in itself, contains a commitment. The duties resulting from having this gift of faith are not only about passing it to one’s brethren but also about perseverance in it and preserving it despite various adverse circumstances. Moreover, faith is also the sort of relationship which we are able to shape. It is also very unique as it refers to God. A believer not only takes for granted the fact of God’s existence but above all he or she recognises it is possible to communicate with the Absolute that represents the supreme form of being. Despite the certitude of the act of faith there may be some inclinations lingering within a believer, or even some acts, which lead to the rejection of God’s existence and cause him or her to exclude the transcendent from one’s life. Dramatic theology allows not only to account for the reason behind Christ redemptive work but it is also helpful in describing the background of pathologies in faith. Application of the dramatic method in the analysis of the phenomenon of faith proves that the human existence has many aspects to it. However, it must be stressed that the variety of forms in which people express their inner being should be somehow related to the realm of the unchanging truths, values and imperatives. They can all be found in their perfect form in God. Therefore, such faith that includes the relationship with God provides men and women with the stability and the meaningfulness of their lives.
Vox Patrum
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2000
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vol. 38
333-340
IT
La chiave per capire l'insegnamento di Massimo Confessore sull'Incarnazione e il suo pensiero sulla sintesi. Ci sono due elementi essenziaii di sintesi: ii primo – neila sintesi non esiste il mescolare, nella sintesi tutti gii eiementi trovano la ioro pienezza; il secondo - nella sintesi e possibiie i'impossibile, ce il posto per paradosso. Cristo e ia sintesi di tutte ie sintesi.
EN
La chiave per capire l'insegnamento di Massimo Confessore sull'Incarnazione e il suo pensiero sulla sintesi. Ci sono due elementi essenziali di sintesi: il primo – nella sintesi non esiste il mescolare, nella sintesi tutti gli elementi trovano la loro pienezza; il secondo - nella sintesi e possibile l'impossibile, ce il posto per paradosso. Cristo e la sintesi di tutte le sintesi.
IT
La ricerca dei termini teologici, i quali sono stati adoperati da Tertuliiano per descrivere il mistero dell’incamazione, comprende tutti i testi che sono stati frutti deila poiemica dell’Apologista con tutti coloro che rientrarono nell’area della teologia eterodossa cristiana del II secolo.
EN
La ricerca dei termini teologici, i quali sono stati adoperati da Tertulliano per descrivere il mistero dell’Incarnazione, comprende tutti i testi che sono stati frutti della polemica dell’Apologista con tutti coloro che rientrarono nell’area della teologia eterodossa cristiana del II secolo.
Vox Patrum
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2000
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vol. 38
171-184
EN
Der Artikel stellt einige Aspekte der dogmatischen Lehren des hi. Ambrosius von der Menschwerdung dar. Vor aiiem legt Bischof von Maiiand groBes Gewicht auf die Tatsache der Menschwerdung des Sohnes Gottes. Nur zweite Person der Trinitat hat den Leib angenommenkein Vater, sondern Sohn Gottes. Hi. Ambrosius betont auch, dass Christus wahrer eingeborener Gottes Sohn und wahrer Sohn der Jungfrau Maria ist. Er spricht aiso von wahrer Gottheit und von wahre Menschheit Christi. Die Lehre von der personaien Einheit Christi mit der scharfen Trennung zwischen seiner Gottheit und Menschheit gehórt zu seinen wichtigsten Erreichungen. Hi. Ambrosius ist darum einer von den Voriaufern der Inkarnationsiehre des Konziis von Ephesus (431) und Chaicedon (451).
Vox Patrum
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2000
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vol. 38
401-411
EN
In the art the Theme of Incarnation was illustrated in a rich scene repertiore creating its prototypes at the early Romanesque and Romanesque period. It was also the time of dynamically forming motifs in the art that defined the Gothic art and to a high degree modern one. In the fine arts such a model of Incarnation was made by Nativity scene.
EN
Quaestio de Dominica Incarnatione iam antiquorum christianorum animos tum movebat tum incitabat, quod hoc vere magnum Mysterium ab illorum temporum hominum mentibus et cogitandi modo plane diuque abhorrebat. Quin immo, discrepantibus virorum doctorum sententiis mox factum est, ut multae eaeque turpissimae haereses orerentur, ambiguis vero enuntiationibus et dictis crebrescentibus haec periculosa et animis vere letalis pestis latius in dies grassaretur.
Vox Patrum
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2000
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vol. 38
185-198
EN
Quia Constantinopoli multi Arii et praesertim Apollinarii sectatores versabantur, Gregorius Nazianzenus tamquam episcopus iilius urbis veram doctrinam de Incarnatione exponere christianis ob retigiosas disputationes confusis voiuit.
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