Search results

1

Logic, Reasoning, Argumentation: Insights from the Wild

100%

Zenker F.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2018

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vol. 27

|

issue 4 Special Issue on Logic, Cognition, Argumentation. Guest Editors: Mariusz Urbański, Michiel van Lambalgen and Marcin Koszowy

421-451

EN

This article provides a brief selective overview and discussion of recent research into natural language argumentation that may inform the study of human reasoning on the assumption that an episode of argumentation issues an invitation to accept a corresponding inference. As this research shows, arguers typically seek to establish new consequences based on prior information. And they typically do so vis-à-vis a real or an imagined opponent, or an opponent-position, in ways that remain sensitive to considerations of context, audiences, and goals. Deductively valid inferences remain a limiting case of such reasoning. In view of these insights, it may appear less surprising that allegedly “irrational” behavior can regularly be produced in experimental settings that expose subjects to standardized reasoning tasks.

2

Parallels and differences in the treatment of metaphor in relevance theory and cognitive linguistics

100%

Wilson D.

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis

|

2011

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vol. 128

PL

Both cognitive linguists and relevance theorists are developing original approaches to metaphor. Both shed new light on old debates and suggest fruitful directions for research. Although there has so far been little interaction between the two approaches, Raymond Gibbs and Markus Tendahl (2006, 2008) have recently begun to compare them and consider how they might be combined. This paper is intended as a contribution to that debate. After outlining some parallels and differences between the two approaches, I will discuss how they might fit together to give a fuller picture of the role of metaphor in language and thought.

3

Rougir / devenir rouge : l’expression linguistique du langage corporel et ce qu’elle laisse inférer dans un genre textuel

87%

Muryn T.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

|

2019

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vol. 46

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issue 1

137-151

EN

The subject of this article is part of research trying to identify in a textual genre lexico-syntactic constructions with generic markers value. The analysis focuses on the linguistic expression of the manifestation of the blushing body in two textual genres: the detective novel and the romance novel. The aspectual value of these constructions may be related to the textual genre in which they appear because it seems to guide the inferential mechanism in the discovery of implicit information.

4

Just How Conservative Is Conservative Predictive Processing?

75%

Gładziejewski P., Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

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2017

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vol. 38 (3)

EN

Predictive Processing (PP) framework construes perception and action (and perhaps other cognitive phenomena) as a matter of minimizing prediction error, i.e. the mismatch between the sensory input and sensory predictions generated by a hierarchically organized statistical model. There is a question of how PP fits into the debate between traditional, neurocentric and representation-heavy approaches in cognitive science and those approaches that see cognition as embodied, environmentally embedded, extended and (largely) representation-free. In the present paper, I aim to investigate and clarify the cognitivist or ‘conservative’ reading of PP. I argue that the conservative commitments of PP can be divided into three distinct categories: (1) representationalism, (2) inferentialism, and (3) internalism. I show how these commitments and their relations should be understood and argue for an interpretation of each that is both non-trivial and largely ecumenical towards the 4E literature. Conservative PP is as progressive as conservatism gets

5

A Relevance-Theoretic Classification of Jokes

75%

Yus F.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2008

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vol. 4

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issue 1

131-157

EN

Relevance Theory pictures communication as an inferential activity that adjusts, in parallel, the explicit content of utterances, the implicated premises and conclusions that can be derived, and the right amount of contextual information needed to obtain them. When applied to jokes, a relevance-theoretic classification may be proposed depending on whether the humorist plays with the audience's inferential activity aimed at an explicit interpretation, with the audience's inference devoted to deriving implications or with their access to the right amount and quality of contextual information needed to obtain relevant interpretations. In this paper three types of jokes are proposed which focus on these aspects. A fourth type is also added, but this time referred to broad contextual assumptions on social or cultural values of society that are targeted by humorists.

6

Perceptual Judgement in Late Medieval Perspectivist Psychology

75%

Silva J. F.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2017

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vol. 65

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issue Special Issue 2

29-60

EN

By the end of the thirteenth century several models of visual perception were available in the Latin West, differing according to their influences – Aristotelian, Augustinian, Avicennian – and their interpretations. One such model was that of perspectivist optics, as espoused by Alhacen and popularized by Roger Bacon. While the general structure of this theory is well-known, until recently scholars have paid less attention to the issue of discrimination – distinction, comparison, judgment – by a higher cognitive faculty (the virtus distinctiva) of incoming sensory information. In my paper, I specifically examine what role this discriminative faculty, as proposed by Alhacen, plays in the works of later perspectivi such as Roger Bacon, John Pecham, and Blasius of Parma, proceeding from the assumption that the best way to understanding the influence of any given theory is by understanding the authors influenced by it. My focus is on two aspects of this power: what exactly its functions are, and whether its nature is rational or sensory. Building on this last aspect, I consider whether this nature is better suited for passive or active accounts of perception.

7

Neue Perspektiven der DaF-Lesedidaktik: Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Nutzen inferenzieller und grundgrammatischer Strategien

75%

Cosentino G.

Glottodidactica

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2014

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vol. 41

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issue 1

73-89

DE

This paper focuses on the reading competence of a foreign language and aims at showing a particular approach to the reading comprehension of German texts. The role of inference and the knowledge of basic grammar while reading is discussed and particular analytical reading strategies are presented as a support to the theoretical questions. Their validity in the process of meaning reconstruction is finally approved by an empirical study.

8

Informal Fallacies as Abductive Inferences

75%

Kreider A. J.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2016

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vol. 25

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issue 1

73-82

EN

All who teach logic are familiar with informal fallacies such as ad ignorantium (appeal to ignorance) and ad populum (appeal to popularity). While it is easy to give clear examples of poor reasoning of this sort, instructors are also cognizant of what might be called “exceptions”: when it is legitimate to appeal to popularity or to an absence of evidence. The view I defend here is that appeals to popularity and ignorance (and some other fallacies) should best be viewed as instances of abductive reasoning, or inferences to the best explanation. Thus, determinations of whether these types of arguments are good ones will rest on the criteria that determine good reasoning for abductive arguments generally.

9

Peirceovo chápanie abdukcie z metodologicko-epistemologického hľadiska

75%

Országh L.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2019

|

vol. 67

|

issue 1

45-67

EN

The question of the nature of scientific discovery and the attempt to answer it has not so far met with success. One of the approaches taken, introduced by C. S. Peirce, is the model of abduction. This study sets itself two goals. The first goal is to point to the original purpose and understanding of logic and abduction in the mature work of Peirce as a complex of processes whose analysis falls within the area of the methodology of science and epistemology rather than within formal logic. The second goal is to present elements of abduction in Peirce’s mature conception of science which have been given less attention than has the analysis of the formal-logical structure of that conception. Relevant here, above all, are the influences of unconscious processes, such as inspiration and instinct, on the creation of explanatory hypotheses, and their place in abduction. On the basis of this analysis we arrive at two conclusions. Firstly, abduction does not fulfill the requirements of the “logic of discovery” that are set out by formal logic. Secondly, Peirce’s historical, progressive approach, the aim of which is to connect the study of mental processes and the logic and theory of science, constitutes a possible alternative to the purely formal approach to the question of scientific discovery.

DE

Die Frage der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung und die Bemühung um eine Lösung dieser Frage sind bislang nicht von Erfolg gekrönt. Einen Lösungsansatz stellt hier das von Ch. S. Peirce eingeführte Modell der Abduktion dar. Die vorliegende Studie hat zwei Ziele: Erstens den Hinweis auf die ursprüngliche Stoßrichtung und das Verständnis der Logik und der Abduktion beim späten Peirce als ein Komplex von Prozessen, deren Analyse eher in den Bereich der wissenschaftlichen Methodologie und der Epistemologie als in den Bereich der formalen Logik fällt. Das zweite Ziel besteht darin, jene Elemente der Abduktion des Wissenschaftskonzepts beim späten Peirce vorzustellen, denen im Vergleich zur Analyse ihrer formal-logischen Struktur geringere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Es handelt sich dabei insbesondere um die Einflüsse unbewusster Prozesse wie beispielweise Inspiration und Instinkt auf die Bildung der erläuternden Hypothese und auf deren Stellung in der Abduktion. Die vorgenommene Analyse bringt dabei zwei Schlussfolgerungen: Erstens erfüllt die Abduktion nicht die Anforderungen an die „Logik der Entdeckung“, so wie sie die formale Logik stellt. Zweitens kann Peirces historisch-fortschrittlicher Ansatz, dessen Ziel die Verbindung des Studiums mentaler Prozesse mit der Logik und der Wissenschaftstheorie ist, eine Alternative zum rein formalen Ansatz bezüglich der Frage der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung darstellen.

10

"Majú inú mentalitu." Esencialistické reprezentácie o Gabčíkovských žiadateľoch o azyl

75%

Maur N.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

|

2009

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vol. 96

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issue 3

247-262

EN

In this paper author focuses on mental representation of ethnic and racial groups in Gabčíkovo village in Slovakia. The objective is to show, that to explain ethnic and racial classification, we need to regard two factors. The first one is social interactions. It means the social, cultural, historical and political conditions of social phenomenon. The second is the cognitive processes of the mind: in what ways the human mind operates particular external information. To explain ethnic and racial classification, the author uses the framework of cognitive anthropology, in particular theory of folk sociology.

11

Wiggles and Curves: The Analysis of Ordinal Patterns

75%

Thorngate W., Ma C.

Problemy Zarządzania

|

2016

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issue 2/2016 (60), t.2

160-172

PL

Prawie wszystkie dane w naukach społecznych są analizowane przy użyciu wariantów ogólnego modelu liniowego (GLM): analizy regresji, analizy wariancji, analizy czynnikowej, analizy ścieżek i tym podobnych. Jednak wiele ciekawych i ważnych zjawisk społecznych nie daje się przeanalizować przy użyciu GLM. Analiza Struktur Porządkowych (OPA) została opracowana w celu zbadania tych wykluczonych zjawisk. OPA, oparta na kryterium dobroci dopasowania, służy do obliczania wskaźników dopasowania przewidywań badacza do rzeczywistych danych mierzonych na skali porządkowej. Podczas gdy GLM wymaga agregowania surowych danych po obserwacjach lub grupach przed przystąpieniem do analiz, OPA pozwala na działanie odwrotne: surowe dane od każdej osoby lub grupy można najpierw analizować, a następnie agregować. Ten mechanizm odwrócenia ujawnia zjawiska, które występują „zazwyczaj”, raczej niż „średnio” – dwa wyniki, które często się różnią. Ilustrujemy niektóre zastosowań OPA na prostych przykładach i udostępniamy program komputerowy do obliczeń OPA.

EN

Almost all social science data are analysed with variants of the General Linear Model (GLM): regression analyses, analyses of variance, factor analyses, path analyses and the like. However, many interesting and important social phenomena cannot be addressed with the GLM. Ordinal Pattern Analysis (OPA) was developed to examine such excluded phenomena. OPA is a goodness-of-fit procedure for calculating indices of how well a researcher's ordinal predictions match the ordinal properties of data at hand. While the GLM requires raw data to be aggregated across individuals or groups first before being analysed, OPA permits the reverse: Raw data from each individual or group can first be analysed, then aggregated. The reversal reveals what occurs "in general" rather than "on average" – two revelations that often diverge. We illustrate some uses of OPA with simple examples, and provide a computer programme for expediting OPA calculations.

12

Pragmatické aspekty v popisu textové koherence

71%

Poláková L., Synková P.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2021

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vol. 104

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issue 4

225-242

EN

The study presents a qualitative analysis of pragmatic discourse relations as annotated in Czech texts of the Prague Dependency Treebank. A detailed study of these relations (as opposed to semantic relations) with their widest contexts reveals a considerable diversity and shows some space for improvement in the annotation scheme. We address and evaluate approaches dealing with subjectivity and inferential processes in the analysis of coherence. The starting points of the analysis are the extent and the way of author involvement in relation to the content and structuring of a text, and an analysis of inferences. Based on these considerations, we propose a possible finer division of relations marked as pragmatic into subjective epistemic ones, subjective ones with a relation to a speech act, relations with complex inferences, and corrupted coherence (because of too much of an inferential load or even articulation ineptitude of the author). The new perspective on these phenomena aims at an enhancement of the descriptive apparatus for a coherence-oriented corpus analysis.

13

Systemy ekspertowe wykorzystywane jako inteligentne platformy e-learningowe – etapy uczenia

63%

OGRYZEK Ł.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

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2012

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vol. 3

|

issue 2

317-322

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ogólną budowę systemu ekspertowego oraz sposoby przekazywania wiedzy przez człowieka. Uwagę zwrócono również na rolę nauczyciela, a także na to, jak istotny jest proces uczenia takiego systemu w trakcie późniejszej pracy.

XX

This article presents the general structure of expert system and methods of transmitting human knowledge. Attention is also paid to role of teacher and how important is the learning process of this system during the later work.

14

Why Legal Reasoning has to be Unique

63%

Koszowski M.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

|

2017

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vol. 7

325-342

EN

This article addresses the issue of the uniqueness of legal reasoning and, specifically, the author advances the thesis that what makes legal reasoning different from the reasoning employed in demonstrative and empirical sciences and matters of everyday life is not the actual form (scheme) of this reasoning but the legal milieu. Thus, he tries to demonstrate that some features of law – such as its normative and prescriptive nature, difficulties with the verification of its content on empirical grounds, its limitations stemming from the physical world and dependence on humans and their minds, as well as the ‘unspecialized’ character of law agents and the extraordinary role of authority – influence legal reasoning as well. At the same time these features also allow this reasoning to be unique, despite its adoption of forms of inference that are present elsewhere.

15

Norms and Novelty: Reflections on Legal Knowledge, Norms and Evolutionary Systems

63%

Tuzet G.

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

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2021

|

issue 2(27)

108-122

PL

Artykuł podejmuje trzy tematy: wiedzy prawniczej, norm prawnych i systemów ewolucyjnych. Te trzy tematy są wzajemnie powiązane. Refleksja nad naturą wiedzy prawniczej rzuca światło na naturę norm prawnych. Wiedza prawnicza jest w znacznej mierze wiedzą a posteriori, a dzieje się tak dlatego, że normy są w przeważnie warunkowe. Nowość jest fundamentalną cechą prawa będącego sferą ciągłych zmian. Proces zmian prawa nie jest przypadkowy, ale jest powodowany próbą stawienia czoła coraz to nowym problemom i zmieniającym się okolicznościom. Wspiera to postrzeganie systemów prawnych jako adaptacyjnych i ewolucyjnych, jak sugerował klasyczny pragmatyzm. Jednakże wnioskowanie może dostarczyć pewnej wiedzy prawnej a priori. [tłumaczenie Redakcja]

EN

The paper has three sub-topics: legal knowledge, legal norms, and evolutionary systems. The three are interconnected. A reflection on the nature of legal knowledge throws light on the nature of legal norms. Legal knowledge is largely a posteriori and it is so because norms are largely contingent. Being a realm of continual change, law has novelty as a fundamental feature. The process of legal change is not driven by chance but by the attempt to face ever new problems and changing circumstances. This supports a view of legal systems as adaptive and evolutionary, as classical pragmatism suggested. However, inference can give some a priori legal knowledge.

16

Stosowalność niektórych systemów logicznych do analizy formalnej poprawności wnioskowań dotyczących prawa kanonicznego

63%

Kozanecka-Dymek A. M.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

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2021

|

issue 2

121-132

EN

In the article, concrete examples acknowledge that formal logic can be useful in the work of a lawyer-canonist. Formal correctness is also analysed with several inferences conducted on a basis of canons, using an apparatus of classical propositional calculus and syllogistic, and also selected non-classical logics such as, for example, tense logic, chronological logic, and place logic

PL

Przykłady zaprezentowane w artykule pozwalają wyrazić przekonanie, że znajomość logiki formalnej może być przydatna w pracy myślowej prawnika kanonisty, zwłaszcza wtedy, gdy nie ma on pewności, czy wyprowadzony przez niego wniosek wynika logicznie z przesłanek. Przeanalizowano formalną poprawność kilku wnioskowań przeprowadzonych w oparciu o kanony, przy użyciu aparatury klasycznego rachunku zdań i sylogistyki, a także wybranych logik nieklasycznych, takich jak np. logika tensalna, logika chronologiczna i logika miejsca

17

K možnostem korpusového zpracování nadvětných jevů:

62%

Poláková L.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

|

2014

|

vol. 97

|

issue 4-5

241-258

EN

The present contribution is a theoretical and methodological study of the possibilities of processing discourse through the use of corpus methods. Despite the description complexity of phenomena “beyond the sentence boundary”, we argue that even more ways of systematic analysis are possible. Taking into account various attempts during the last decade to create discourse-annotated corpora, a reliable way to proceed in any such analysis is shown to be to distinguish between different layers of discourse analysis (in particular between “semantic” and “pragmatic” aspects) and to stick with the linguistic form as opposed to classifying phenomena with no surface realization.

18

Kryteria poprawności technik komunikacyjno-poznawczych

51%

Koszowy M., Budzyńska K., Yaskorska O.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

|

2013

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vol. 49

|

issue 2(196)

145-172

PL

Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: jakie są podstawowe typy kryteriów oceny poprawności technik komunikacyjno-poznawczych? Pokażemy, że we współczesnych badaniach rozwijanych na gruncie teorii błędnych technik tego typu (ang. theory of fallacies) teoretycy zazwyczaj koncentrują się na jednym z trzech aspektów: (1) kryterium logicznym, zgodnie z którym źródeł wadliwości tych technik upatruje się w przeprowadzanych rozumowaniach i inferencji, (2) kryterium dialektycznym, według którego wadliwość związana jest z nieprzestrzeganiem reguł dialogu przez jego uczestników, oraz (3) kryterium retorycznym, w którym wadliwości upatruje się w niepoprawnym wykorzystaniu środków perswazji (wadliwość związana z perswazyjną funkcją komunikacji). W artykule dokonujemy też przeglądu typowych podejść skupiających się na jednym z powyższych kryteriów oraz pokazujemy takie ujęcie, które umożliwia jednoczesne uwzględnienie wszystkich wymienionych aspektów.

EN

The aim of the paper is to explore the question: what are most basic types of criteria for evaluation of the communicative and cognitive techniques? We will show that argumentation scholars usually focus on one of three aspects of fallacies: (1) the logical criterion, according to which the sources of fallaciousness of communicative and cognitive techniques lie in the way the reasoning and inference is performed, (2) the dialectical criterion, according to which the fallaciousness of communicative and cognitive techniques is related to the violations of dialogue rules by the participants of the dialogue, and (3) the rhetorical criterion according to which the fallaciousness is recognized as the incorrect use of the persuasive means (the fallaciousness related to the persuasive function of communication). In the paper we propose an overview of typical approaches which focus on the one of those three criteria: logical, dialectical and rhetorical, and we also show an approach which allows to combine all mentioned criteria.

19

Legal analogy as an alternative to the deductive model of legal reasoning

51%

Koszowski M.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

|

2016

|

vol. 6

13-25

EN

This article demonstrates the inadequacy of legal deduction as a method that guarantees the certainty and predictability of law and its outcomes in concrete instances. Inter alia, the Author brings our attention to the far smaller role that the deductive pattern of inference plays in legal thought than one may suppose, since it is rather only a schematic illustration of the decisions that were previously made by recourse to the mental operations of a non-logical nature. In return, he proffers legal analogy as an alternative, by which he understands a mode of thinking which helps the reasoner to take into account a mass of different factors that are traditionally deemed to be relevant for legal thought and decision-making.

20

Analogia w służbie realizmu metafizyki i antropologii

51%

Krzanowski J.

Tarnowskie Studia Teologiczne

|

2013

|

vol. 32

|

issue 2

EN

1. In this article we presented a metaphysical analysis of the analogy, presenting it as an essential condition for ontological and cognitive realism.2. We use analogy every day, both in philosophy and in ordinary life, expressing ourselves, description of reality, etc.3. The analogy is briefly saying “similarity of dissimilar”.4. The analogy occurs in the ontological, cognitive and language aspect (predication), providing them with realism. The main aspect is the aspect of the ontic.5. Apart from realistic analogy, there is also the analogy in poetry and language of mysticism, called a metaphor or parable. However, it is connected with subjective and experiential human world.6. The analogy exists primarily as a way of cognition, which reveals ontological pluralism of the world. This cognition is a reflection of analogical being in terms of its constituent compositions and both intra-being (integrating parts, essence and existence, substance and accidents, matter and form, act and potency, etc.) and inter-beings relations.7. The analogy of cognition is realized as: metaphorical analogy, analogy of attribution and the analogy of general and transcendental proportionality.8. In the predication we have to deal with analogy of predicates and the analogy of the predicate rule.9. The analogical inference is an extension of analogy of predication.

PL

1. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiliśmy analizę metafizyczną analogii, ukazując ją jako nieodzowny warunek realizmu bytowego i poznawczego.2. Analogią posługujemy się na co dzień i to zarówno w filozofii, jak i w zwykłym życiu, wyrażaniu się, opisie rzeczywistości itd.3. Analogia to najkrócej mówiąc „podobieństwo w niepodobieństwie”.4. Analogia występuje w aspekcie bytowym, poznawczym i językowym (orzekanie), zapewniając im realizm. Podstawowym aspektem jest aspekt bytowy.5. Analogia metaforyczna (metafora, parabola etc.) może też występować w funkcji pozarealistycznej, w poezji lub w języku mistyki. Wówczas bardziej jest związana ze sferą subiektywną i przeżywaniową człowieka.6. Analogia występuje przede wszystkim jako sposób poznania, który ujawnia nam pluralizm bytowy świata. To poznanie jest odzwierciedleniem analogicznego bytu i to w aspekcie jego konstytutywnych złożeń i relacji tak wewnątrzbytowych (części integrujące, istota i istnienie, substancja i przypadłość, materia i forma, akt i możność etc.), jak i międzybytowych.7. Analogia poznania realizuje się jako: analogia metaforyczna, atrybucji, proporcjonalności ogólnej i transcendentalnej.8. W orzekaniu mamy do czynienia z analogią orzeczników i samego orzekania.9. Rozwinięciem analogii orzekania jest analogia wnioskowania.

Refine search results

Logic, Reasoning, Argumentation: Insights from the Wild

Parallels and differences in the treatment of metaphor in relevance theory and cognitive linguistics

Rougir / devenir rouge : l’expression linguistique du langage corporel et ce qu’elle laisse inférer dans un genre textuel

Just How Conservative Is Conservative Predictive Processing?

A Relevance-Theoretic Classification of Jokes

Perceptual Judgement in Late Medieval Perspectivist Psychology

Neue Perspektiven der DaF-Lesedidaktik: Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Nutzen inferenzieller und grundgrammatischer Strategien

Informal Fallacies as Abductive Inferences

Peirceovo chápanie abdukcie z metodologicko-epistemologického hľadiska

"Majú inú mentalitu." Esencialistické reprezentácie o Gabčíkovských žiadateľoch o azyl

Wiggles and Curves: The Analysis of Ordinal Patterns

Pragmatické aspekty v popisu textové koherence

Systemy ekspertowe wykorzystywane jako inteligentne platformy e-learningowe – etapy uczenia

Why Legal Reasoning has to be Unique

Norms and Novelty: Reflections on Legal Knowledge, Norms and Evolutionary Systems

Stosowalność niektórych systemów logicznych do analizy formalnej poprawności wnioskowań dotyczących prawa kanonicznego

K možnostem korpusového zpracování nadvětných jevů:

Kryteria poprawności technik komunikacyjno-poznawczych

Legal analogy as an alternative to the deductive model of legal reasoning

Analogia w służbie realizmu metafizyki i antropologii