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EN
Research material collected for this paper consists of Russian national riddles about bees. The author describes key words in the examined riddles and provides historical comments concerning national culture. Riddles reflect the oldest period of beekeeping history in Russia, as well as national and folk knowledge of bees.
EN
The dilemma between loyalty to an organization and exposing irregularities within it has been observed since 1777, when whistleblowing activities were first documented, when ten sailors affected by mistreatment and feelings of injustice decided to report these irregularities to the most powerful commander in the Continental Navy, Esek Hopkins. Since then, there have been many examples of whistleblowing in the US. Each whistleblower, acted in the name of the greater good, often risking his or her name, reputation and even his or her family’s safety. The first reports were unique because no one knew the institution of whistleblowers, and their activities were often synonymous with denunciation and lack of loyalty to the employer. Over time, attitudes began to change, regulations began to emerge to protect whistleblowers, and even organizations began to stand up to protect their rights. Instead of condemnation, their attitude began to be met with admiration and approval. Whistleblowers began to be rewarded for their activity. Whistleblowing is beginning to become the norm and standard of a democratic state of law. It is understood that a well-built compliance policy, transparent and clear operating rules play a huge role in the success of an organization. A brief presentation of selected stories of whistleblowers is intended to give an idea of the development of this institution. The research methodology used in this article primarily involves the historical-descriptive method.
PL
Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka europejskich rad zakładowych tworzonych w przedsiębiorstwach o zasięgu wspólnotowym. Należą one do instytucji dialogu realizowanego w ramach zbiorowych stosunków pracy stanowiąc przejaw konstytucyjnej zasady społecznej gospodarki rynkowej. Autorka przybliża istotę tych rad i kontekst ich powoływania, wskazuje regulacje unijne i charakteryzuje ustawodawstwo krajowe. Znaczną część opracowania poświęca przedstawieniu wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania rad na podstawie własnych badań empirycznych przeprowadzonych wśród polskich członków, którzy określali mocne i słabe strony tych instytucji, wymieniali czynniki sprzyjające ich działaniu i powody utrudniające tworzenie w oparciu o wiedzę i zdobyte doświadczenie, dając asumpt do identyfikacji perspektyw rozwoju partycypacji pracowniczej w zmieniających się warunkach społeczno-gospodarczych.
EN
The aim of the article is to characterize European works councils (EWCs) established in enterprises with a community scope. They belong to the institution of dialogue carried out within the framework of collective labor relations, being a manifestation of the constitutional principle of the social market economy. The author introduces the essence of these councils and the context of their appointment, indicates EU regulations and characterizes national legislation. A significant part of the study is devoted to the presentation of selected aspects of the functioning of councils based on his own empirical research conducted among Polish members who identified the strengths and weaknesses of these institutions, listed factors favoring their operation and reasons hindering creation based on knowledge and experience, giving rise to the identification of perspectives development of employee participation in changing socio-economic conditions.
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