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PL
The paper discusses the news on Polish TV channels. The author argues that the process of selection of information and their aesthetics are governed by laws similar to those that govern every other commodity on the trade market. Together with information, a viewer is sold a full package of ideas, a certain attitude to the world, whose essence is consumerism. An important part of the text provides a detailed analysis of one edition of the evening news station TVN24, which supplied arguments in favour of the thesis presented.
PL
Recepcja treści medialnych we współczesnym społeczeństwie medialnym zmienia się pod wpływem digitalizacji i konwergencji. Obraz staje się coraz bardziej skomplikowany. Zacierają się różnice między komunikacją masową a indywidualną, obok produkcji profesjonalnej rozszerza się tzw. „produkcja laicka” (nieprofesjonalna). Ludzie są jednocześnie odbiorcami i producentami. Tym niemniej dwie cechy komunikatów odgrywają nadal ważną rolę w komunikowaniu. Są to kognicje i emocje zawarte w przekazach. W artykule autor szczegółowo analizuje ich wpływ na percepcję treści. Pod pojęciem „kognicja” rozumie się najprościej całość (ogół) przerabianych informacji w procesach i strukturach inteligentnego systemu. Chodzi o różne aspekty postrzegania, uwagi, zapamiętywania i myślenia, które są udziałem odbiorcy mediów. Problemy te wyjaśnia szereg różnych teorii funkcjonujących w literaturze anglo-amerykańskiej i niemieckiej (np. teoria schematów, czy model mentalny). Współcześnie coraz większą rolę w procesach recepcyjnych odgrywają emocje. Wzbudzały one od dawna zainteresowanie badaczy różnych dyscyplin, głównie psychologów, ale także przedstawicieli nauki o mediach i komunikowaniu. Często bohaterowie medialni dają tzw. „impulsy emocjonalne”, które wywołują autonomiczne reakcje odbiorców, np. złość czy śmiech. Procesowi recepcji niekiedy towarzyszy empatia. Jest to specyficzny rodzaj emocji wytwarzający się w sytuacjach kontaktu paraspołecznego (zapośredniczonego). Autor analizuje niektóre teorie związane z tym zagadnieniem, np. teorie mood-management D. Zillmanna czy „teorię przepływu”. Zarówno kognicje, jak i afekty należy rozpatrywać we wzajemnym powiązaniu. Istotną rolę odgrywa infotainment mający znaczenie zarówno funkcjonalne, jak i dysfunkcjonalne. Zagadnienia przedstawione w artykule nie wyczerpują całości problematyki. Obszerną grupę problemów stanowi selekcja treści i powiązane z nią postawy, motywacje oraz rutyna odbiorcza.
EN
In contemporary media society digitalization and convergence change reception of media content. The picture is becoming more and more complicated. The difference between mass and individual communication is blurred, and “amateurish production” (unprofessional) is expanding alongside professional one. People are simultaneously recipients and producers of information. Nevertheless, two characteristic features of messages still play an important role in communication, namely cognitions and emotions. The present article analyses in detail their influence on perception of content. The notion “congition” refers to all information transformed in processes and structures of an intelligent system. It refers to different aspects of perception, attention, memorization and thinking process, which are experienced by a media recipient. These problems are explained by a number of theories functioning in English and German literature (e.g.: schema theory or mental model) Nowadays, emotions play an increasingly important role in the processes of perception. They have always been a subject of interest for researches from different disciplines, mostly psychologists but also representatives of the areas of media and communication. Often the media heroes give so-called “emotional impulses” which cause autonomic reactions of recipients, like laugh or anger. Sometimes, the process of perception is accompanied by empathy. It is a specific kind of emotion produced in situations of para-social contact (mediated). The article analyses some theories related to this subject, e.g. mood-management of D. Zillmann of “flow theory”. Both cognitions and emotions should be examined in their interrelation. Also infotainment, both, functional and dysfunctional, plays a significant role. The present article is not an exhaustive study of the subject. Content selection and related attitudes, motivation and receiving routine constitute another large group of problems.
EN
The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the changes that have occurred in the practice of modern politics. Our observations focused on the issue of political entertainment and progressive tabloidization, which greatly enhances this phenomenon in contemporary politics in Poland and around the globe. It can be said that the phenomenon of politicaltainment is a manifestation of mediatization and tabloidization of politics. In this context, the mediatization will mean the transformation of political communication of its actors under the influence of the media, and tabloidization will mean processes of common lowering of journalistic standards, reducing the amount of hard information (economic and political) and the predominance of soft information, such as scandals, sensation, entertainment, junk news, extending the definition of what the media think voters should know in order to assess the competences of a particular person to function in public life. In the article we present a handful of examples that show the development of political entertainment and the impact of this process on the formation of political discourse.
EN
The subject of this article is the infotainment present on information portals. The concept reflects the mixing of information and entertainment features in media transmissions (with the dominance of the latter one). The tvn24.pl and tvp.info web portals became the object of the study. The speculations concern the reasons of the popularity of infotainment, its effects and characteristic properties to which it has been classified i.e.: a large role of the iconic layer of the transmission, the simplicity of creating and ingesting communication, effacing the borders between information, journalistic writing and entertainment, dramatizing of the transmission, but also humor.
EN
The paper deals with the problem of the relation between a news and a fact in connection with the two research areas: 1) journalists’ knowledge about the world, and 2) the agenda-setting theory. It is often said that the media inform people about what they are interested in, however, the growing amount of news soaps and other pseudo-information in mass media prove that the journalists themselves decide what should be presented in media and what should be hidden."
EN
The 21st century has modified the face of media to a significant extent. The process of mediatization and tabloidization of politics, which has become dependent in its functions on mass media communication and which is continuously shaped by interactions with them, provided politicians with an opportunity to gain fame and find themselves in the group of celebrities. Candidates, similarly to stars, seek popularity by taking part in numerous TV programs, not only in those of publicist character, but also in the entertainment ones, where recognition and popularity does not arise from achievements but from approval of audience. Reach of traditional TV news and publicist programs is decreasing, which means that significance for public discourse is lowering as well. This situation caused emergence of a new phenomenon called infotainment, and in case of political discourse – politainment, where political debates bear hallmarks of a performance directed at consumers instead of citizens.
EN
The 21st century has modified the face of media to a significant extent. The process of mediatization and tabloidization of politics, which has become dependent in its functions on mass media communication and which is continuously shaped by interactions with them, provided politicians with an opportunity to gain fame and find themselves in the group of celebrities. Candidates, similarly to stars, seek popularity by taking part in numerous TV programs, not only in those of publicist character, but also in the entertainment ones, where recognition and popularity does not arise from achievements but from approval of audience. Reach of traditional TV news and publicist programs is decreasing, which means that significance for public discourse is lowering as well. This situation caused emergence of a new phenomenon called infotainment, and in case of political discourse – politainment, where political debates bear hallmarks of a performance directed at consumers instead of citizens.
PL
XXI wiek w znacznym stopniu zmienił oblicze mediów. Proces mediatyzacji i tabloidyzacji polityki, która stała się uzależniona w swych funkcjach od środków masowego przekazu i stale jest kształtowana przez interakcje z nimi, dał okazję politykom do zdobycia rozgłosu i znalezienia się w gronie tzw. celebrytów. Kandydaci podobnie jak gwiazdy zabiegają o popularność, biorąc udział w licznych programach telewizyjnych, nie tylko o charakterze publicystycznym, ale także rozrywkowym, gdzie rozpoznawalność i popularność nie wynika z osiągnięć, lecz głównie z aprobaty publiczności. Tradycyjne wiadomości telewizyjne oraz programy publicystyczne mają coraz mniejszy zasięg odbiorców, a tym samym mniejsze znaczenie dla publicznego dyskursu. Sytuacja ta wpłynęła na pojawienie się nowego zjawiska określanego mianem infotainmet, a w przypadku dyskursu politycznego – politainment, w którym debaty polityczne noszą znamiona spektaklu skierowanego do konsumentów zamiast obywateli.
EN
Television news from different countries bear resemblance to each other in terms of style, syntax and lexis applied. This paper attempts to address the most striking intercultural features of the language of television news exploring various extracts from German and British news channels and provialing Polish equivalents.
EN
There are two definitions of the term Virtual Reality (VR) according to the VR pioneer, Jaron Lanier. The first definition refers to the visual programming technology (especially in computer games) which uses custom designed tools (like helmets, gloves and glasses) combined with special effects in order to achieve an illusion of physical space. The second meaning of the term VR encompasses all the elements of the „alternative” reality of cyberspace in which people communicate by means of different electronic devices. As such, VR allows those who participate in these interactions to manipulate and multiply their digital selves to such an extent as to loose their actual sense of self. VR technologies are used in a variety of professional capacities such as education, medicine, engineering, architecture and so on. Some negative consequences occur primarily with the overuse of VR for entertainment purposes (such as computer games) and include personality and behavioral changes in younger, adolescent users. There are also larger cultural influences to consider. The mind of a modern user of new technologies cannot keep up with the pace of societal changes, promoting behaviors which hinder communication, mutual understanding and cooperation. VR continues to affect the emotional, behavioral and sensory aspects of the psyche. The invasive persuasion of media and advertising influences people’s habits, opinions and ethics. One of the most disturbing cultural changes is the confusion of public and private spheres, Facebook friends for family and the substitution of cyberspace for home life.
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