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Jak nas widzą… Profesja tłumacza ustnego oczami mediów, praktykujących tłumaczy oraz adeptów zawodu

100%
Łopacińska‑Piędel Z.
Między Oryginałem a Przekładem
|
2014
|
vol. 24
43-61
EN
The article compares the perception of the interpreter’s profession as seen through the eyes of students of interpreting, practicing interpreters and the image of interpreters presented in the media. There are many common elements in the picture of interpreter’s work viewed from those three perspectives. These include the stress that is associated with interpreting, responsibility, variety and good remuneration. There are, however, differences between the three. For instance, the profession is perceived as much more élite and „extreme” by the media, whereas interpreters tend to emphasize the fact that they are actually servants of the speakers. The conclusions that are drawn may be a stimulus for further research and an encouragement to familiarize students with the characteristics of the profession in the course of studies.
2

SOZIOPHONETISCHE UND TRANSLATORISCHE ASPEKTE DES FREMDEN AKZENTS

100%
Bohušová Z.
Germanica Wratislaviensia
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2010
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vol. 131
65-73
EN
This paper deals with the issue of foreign accent during interpreting. The attention is focused on the sociophonetic evaluation (acceptance) of the speech of speakers and interpreters by native speakers. The topic is processed from an intercultural and transcultural communication perspective. The author chooses to use the plural form „foreign accents” due to their great variety.
3
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Mediacja kulturowa w tłumaczeniu ustnym

100%
Kruk-Junger K.
Między Oryginałem a Przekładem
|
2014
|
vol. 24
31-42
EN
The article focuses on the problem of cultural mediation in interpreting and presents some of the most important theories regarding the topic. Firstly, the author tackles the question whether the interpreter should act as a cultural mediator at all. Then, she describes specific types of cultural differences and their influence on the communication. Finally, the article offers a list of some helpful rules established by the theoreticians, which can result helpful whenever the need for cultural mediation presents itself in interpreter’s work.
4
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EU Terminology in Interpreter Training: Selected Problem Areas Connected With EU-Related Texts

100%
Kościałkowska-Okońska E.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
111-124
EN
The presentation refers to the entire area of translating legal terminology, in particular to the translation of EU law-related texts that are especially vital for translating the acquis communautaire. This area of translation (and interpreting) services has been developing rapidly. The language used in documents is specialist and, at the same time, specific, due to the terminology used. Both the translator and the interpreter face the responsibility and the obligation to observe and apply translation strategies, consistently selected and considering the already existing and valid names, terms, concepts, definitions etc., by means of such available sources of information as dictionaries, encyclopedias, lexicons or special glossaries. Problems that translators and interpreters may encounter focus, to a large extent, on (un)translatability of certain terms, ambiguity of EU-speak or textual coherence, or the absence of it, which results from unclear, vague or ambiguous style of the original. On the other hand, the challenge for the translator/interpreter is constant care of the quality of the text created in Polish, which substantially affects the standard level and quality of Polish that we use everyday. Quality is the concept in translation and interpreting closely related with successful performance and communication (with all its aspects). The attempt at quality description in this context, apart from subjective impressions resulting from our understanding of the importance of features that good - competent - translation and effective communication should have, cannot be devoid of focusing on three principal factors, i.e., the translator/interpreter (as the text author/producer), translation/interpreting process and product, which is the result of this process and, finally, involvement (and competence) on the part of the translator/interpreter. All the above aspects pose a real challenge for the translator/interpreter focusing on legal terminology.Selected aspects of the aforementioned issues shall be verified in a case study conducted on trainee interpreters.
5
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EU Terminology in Interpreter Training: Selected Problem Areas Connected With EU-Related Texts

100%
Kościałkowska-Okońska E.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
111-124
EN
The presentation refers to the entire area of translating legal terminology, in particular to the translation of EU law-related texts that are especially vital for translating the acquis communautaire. This area of translation (and interpreting) services has been developing rapidly. The language used in documents is specialist and, at the same time, specific, due to the terminology used. Both the translator and the interpreter face the responsibility and the obligation to observe and apply translation strategies, consistently selected and considering the already existing and valid names, terms, concepts, definitions etc., by means of such available sources of information as dictionaries, encyclopedias, lexicons or special glossaries. Problems that translators and interpreters may encounter focus, to a large extent, on (un)translatability of certain terms, ambiguity of EU-speak or textual coherence, or the absence of it, which results from unclear, vague or ambiguous style of the original. On the other hand, the challenge for the translator/interpreter is constant care of the quality of the text created in Polish, which substantially affects the standard level and quality of Polish that we use everyday. Quality is the concept in translation and interpreting closely related with successful performance and communication (with all its aspects). The attempt at quality description in this context, apart from subjective impressions resulting from our understanding of the importance of features that good - competent - translation and effective communication should have, cannot be devoid of focusing on three principal factors, i.e., the translator/interpreter (as the text author/producer), translation/interpreting process and product, which is the result of this process and, finally, involvement (and competence) on the part of the translator/interpreter. All the above aspects pose a real challenge for the translator/interpreter focusing on legal terminology. Selected aspects of the aforementioned issues shall be verified in a case study conducted on trainee interpreters.
6

Born or Made? An Overview of the Social Status and Professional Training of Hungarian Interpreters in Romania

88%
Fazakas N., Sarosi-Mardirosz K.
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 3
139-156
EN
There is a recurrent debate in the scholarly literature on interpreting studies: are interpreters made or bom? While classical interpreting schools state that great interpreters are bom and that formation and development is of a secondary importance, the newest publications on this topic place a much greater stress on the formation and development of interpreting abilities, skills, and competences. The latest results also challenge several ideas and stereotypes concerning the personality and attitudes of interpreters. This article outlines the position and situation regarding Hungarian interpreters in Romania with a special regard to the legal framework, and to the present state of professional training. The study also discusses why interpreters of Hungarian are much more likely to be bom in Romania, and not made, (a factor that hinders the professionalization of Hungarian interpreters in Romania). Equally significant are the legislative loopholes which enable untrained individuals to perform interpreting activities (even economic activities), the result of which is a significantly poorer image of the profession, and a lowering of the quality of work it produces. We also give a short overview of the translation and interpreting programmes. As the majority of the Hungarian population in Romania reside in Transylvania, we confine our overview to Transylvanian universities.
7
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Doing things with questions. Interpreting in asylum settings

88%
Tužinská H.
Lud
|
2019
|
vol. 103
EN
The interpreter has the demanding task of “not creating a contradiction” by employing an identical concept in a different context. The classifications of the asylum applicant encounter the institutionally determined limits. Reliable verification of the applicant’s credibility is, however, dependent on knowledge of his/her local context and demands additional questioning. In this process, a denial of interlingual and intralingual complexity may be a source of invisible injustice (Spotti 2019:87-88). Both interpreting and interpretation is thus an inseparable part of the process in which police officers, decision-makers and judges, paraphrasing John L. Austin and John Searle, “do things with questions”. The author applies this interpretive framework to data from ethnographic research, which was conducted in Bratislava, Slovakia, in 2017-19, on interpreting for asylum applicants in the institutional settings. She elucidates the diversity of the standpoints - of refugees, court and ad hoc interpreters, representatives of the foreign police and of the migration office, as well as legal representatives from civic associations, referencing to relevant findings in linguistic and legal anthropology. In this article Helena Tužinská proposes that: (1) the discrepancies in the reports are conditioned by the context of interpreting, (2) participants “do things with questions”, and (3) inter-cultural interpretation can be a speech act.
8
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Business Interpreting: A world of Dialogue between Conferences and Communities

88%
Krajewska K.
Acta Neophilologica
|
2021
|
vol. XXIII/2
269-286
EN
The present article looks at definitions of “business interpreting”, contrasting them with “community interpreting”, “conference interpreting” and “dialogue interpreting”,with a brief focus on the status quo in Polish sources. A preliminary comparison leads to the conclusion that “business interpreting” does not share two of the most important and distinctive characteristics of community interpreting, namely: the institutional setting and languages of the minority and the majority, along with the unequal relationship it implies. The paper goes on to discuss “dialogue interpreting” (DI) and claims that business interpreting can be seen as DI, with some features of both conference and community interpreting. The article also argues for “business interpreting” to be regarded as a separate, independent type of interpreting.
9
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Directionality and context effects in word translation tasks performed by conference interpreters

88%
Chmiel A.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2016
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vol. 52
|
issue 2
269-295
EN
Professional interpreters employed by international institutions usually work into their L1 from their L2, while freelance interpreters tend to work both into and from their L1. A study was devised to see if the long-term interpreting unidirectional practice (in the L2–L1 direction only), in contrast to bidirectional practice (in the L2–L1 and L1–L2 direction), influences the speed of lexical retrieval manifested through shorter translation latencies. Forty-eight professional conference interpreters produced oral translations of nouns presented in isolation, in high context constraint sentences and in low context constraint sentences. Contrary to predictions, unidirectional interpreters did not manifest directionality asymmetry and their L2–L1 translation latencies were not shorter than L1–L2 translation latencies. Surprisingly, the L2–L1 direction advantage was found in the group of bidirectional interpreters. The data suggest that the dominant directionality in interpreting practice has little impact on the strength of interlingual lexical links in the interpreter’s mental lexicon or that other factors (such as language use, exposure and immersion) might offset any such impact. The study also revealed an expected context effect, which shows that interpreters use semantic constraint to anticipate sentence-final words.
10
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Cognitive load in intralingual and interlingual respeaking – a preliminary study

88%
Szarkowska A., Krejtz K., Dutka Ł., Pilipczuk O.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
|
2016
|
vol. 52
|
issue 2
209-233
EN
In this paper we present preliminary results of the study on the cognitive load in intralingual and interlingual respeaking. We tested 57 subjects from three groups: interpreters, translators and controls while respeaking 5-minute videos in two language combinations: Polish to Polish (intralingual) and English to Polish (interlingual). Using two measures of cognitive load: self-report and EEG (Emotiv), we found that in most cases cognitive load was higher in interlingual respeaking. Self-reported mental effort that the participants had to expend to complete the respeaking tasks was lower in the group of interpreters, suggesting some parallels between interpreting and respeaking competences. EEG measures showed significant differences between respeaking tasks and experimental groups in cognitive load over time.
11
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Wykorzystanie koncepcji kontraktowania w tłumaczeniu ustnym

63%
Woroch J.
Edukacyjna Analiza Transakcyjna
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2019
|
issue 8
71-80
EN
The article presents the concept of contracting in terms of transaction analysis and its operational application in the area of professional practice of interpreting and teaching of interpreting. Contracting allows, on the one hand, to consider and solve specific problems of an interpreter and, on the other hand, to raise awareness of certain issues related to the profession of an interpreter among students.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano koncepcję kontraktowania w ujęciu analizy transakcyjnej oraz jej operacyjne zastosowania w obszarze praktyki zawodowej tłumaczenia ustnego oraz nauczania tłumaczenia ustnego. Kontraktowanie pozwala z jednej strony rozważyć i rozwiązać konkretne problemy tłumacza ustnego, z drugiej zaś uwrażliwić studentów tłumaczenia ustnego na pewne kwestie związane z wykonywaniem tego zawodu.
12
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Dydaktyka tłumaczenia ustnego: z historii rosyjskiej refleksji badawczej

63%
Konefał E.
Między Oryginałem a Przekładem
|
2017
|
vol. 38
125-144
EN
The author makes an attempt to organise chronologically, systematise and evaluate the Russian works devoted to various aspects of teaching oral translation, based on the material of annotations of dissertations submitted for defence in the years 1956-2015.
13
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Zu einigen Problemen des Verstehens in der konstruktivistisch orientierten Fremdsprachendidaktik

63%
Lewicka G.
Glottodidactica
|
2009
|
vol. 35
25-33
PL
The aim of this paper is to justify the assumption that understanding is the essence of learning. From the constructivist viewpoint understanding is a complex mental and social process that involves decoding the symbolic message received from others and then interpreting and assigning a personal meaning to that message. Since personal background largely determines how the message will be understood it is important that the development of the learning environment encourages understanding from multiple perspective. Therefore the learning process should be based on techniques drawn from the constructivist’s epistemological assumptions, e.g., construction of intersubjective perspective, situated cognition in authentic life contexts and collaborative learning environment.
14

Translators and Interpreters Certification in Australia, Canada, the Usа and Ukraine: Comparative Analysis

63%
Skyba K.
Comparative Professional Pedagogy
|
2014
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vol. 4
|
issue 3
58-64
EN
The article presents an overview of the certification process by which potential translators and interpreters demonstrate minimum standards of performance to warrant official or professional recognition of their ability to translate or interpret and to practice professionally in Australia, Canada, the USA and Ukraine. The aim of the study is to research and to compare the certification procedures of translators and interpreters in Australia, Canada, the USA and Ukraine; to outline possible avenues of creating a certification system network in Ukraine. It has been revealed that there is great variation in minimum requirements for practice, availability of training facilities and formal bodies that certify practitioners and that monitor and advance specialists’ practices in the countries. Certification can be awarded by governmental or non-governmental organizations or associations of professionals in the field of translation/interpretation. Testing has been acknowledged as the usual avenue for candidates to gain certification. There are less popular grounds to get certification such as: completed training, presentation of previous relevant experience, and/or recommendations from practicing professionals or service-user. The comparative analysis has revealed such elements of the certification procedures and national conventions in the researched countries that may form a basis for Ukrainian translators/interpreters certifying system and make it a part of a cross-national one.
15
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TŁUMACZ I DZIAŁANIE TRANSLATORSKIE W SĄDZIE

51%
NARTOWSKA K.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2013
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vol. 13
115-126
EN
Court interpreters play a central and crucial role in multilingual communication between participants to the proceedings in the court room. The author points out that the interpreter is still frequently considered as a machine automatically converting a message in one language into another. The paper is devoted to the reality of court interpreting and strategies adopted by interpreters to provide successful court communication. The reasearch has been carred out in Austrian courts. It revealed that interpreters are not only intermediaries in cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication but also they often must co-ordinate court interactions. It is concluded that interpreters are active participants in court proceedings and experts in transcultural communication.
DE
DolmetscherInnen nehmen in einem mehrsprachigen gerichtlichen Handlungskontext eine zentrale Stellung ein. Um ihre primäre Aufgabe, die Herstellung erfolgreicher Kommunikation zwischen Verfahrensbeteiligten, erfüllen zu können, benötigen sie einen breiten Handlungsspielraum. Nicht selten kommt es jedoch vor, dass InstitutionsvertreterInnen DolmetscherInnen lediglich als translatorische Maschinen betrachten, deren Anwesenheit im Gerichtssaal ignoriert werden kann. Im Fokus der vorliegenden Studie liegt die gerichtsdolmetscherische Praxis und insbesondere Handlungsstrategien, welche von aktiv tätigen DolmetscherInnen während des transkulturellen kommunikativen Handelns bei Gericht entwickelt werden. Die Analyse der Feldprotokolle von gedolmetschten Hauptverhandlungen an einem Wiener Gericht zeigt die Komplexität des translatorischen Handelns bei Gericht, das neben der Sprach- und Kulturmittlung auch die Koordination der gerichtlichen Interaktion umfasst. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse betonen die Rolle von GerichtsdolmetscherInnen als aktiven Verfahrensbeteiligten und ExpertInnen für transkulturelle Kommunikation und sollten vor allem dazu beitragen, das Bewusstsein für die Dolmetscherrolle zu steigern.
PL
Rola tłumacza w multilingwalnym kontekście sądowym jest centralna dla powodzenia komunikacji między uczestnikami postępowania. Mimo, że zadania translatorskie w sądzie wymagają szerokiej swobody działania, przedstawiciele instytucji nierzadko postrzegają tłumacza jako automatycznie działającą maszynę, której obecność może być ignorowana. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest rzeczywistości tłumaczenia na sali sądowej, a przede wszystkim strategiom, jakie podejmują praktykujący tłumacze w ramach komunikacyjnych działań transkulturowych w sądzie. Wyniki obserwacji postępowań karnych z udziałem tłumaczy w austriackim sądzie ukazują kompleksowość roli i zadań tłumacza sądowego, które obejmują nie tylko pośrednictwo językowe i kulturowe, ale również koordynację interakcji sądowej. Wyniki analizy podkreślają szczególną rolę tłumacza jako aktywnego uczestnika procesu oraz eksperta od komunikacji transkulturowej i tym samym przyczyniają się do budowania świadomości odnośnie roli tłumaczy sądowych.
16
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GERICHTSVERFAHREN PER VIDEOKONFERENZ ALS EINE NEUE HERAUSFORDERUNG FÜR GERICHTSDOLMETSCHER

51%
Łomzik M.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2022
|
vol. 50
84-104
PL
Pandemia Covid-19 spowodowała znaczący wzrost znaczenia wideokonferencji w życiu zawodowym. Wzrosła też liczba rozpraw sądowych w formie wideokonferencji,  mimo iż zalety tej formy prowadzenia rozprawy poddawane są jeszcze w wątpliwość. Wideokonferencje w sądzie stały się również nowym wyzwaniem dla tłumaczy sądowych.  Niestety aktualnie nie powstały jeszcze opracowania polskich stowarzyszeń tłumaczy, których celem byłoby kompleksowe przedstawienie kwestii związanych z tłumaczeniem w sądzie przy użyciu urządzeń do tłumaczenia na odległość. Jednak w stanowiskach niemieckich stowarzyszeń tłumaczy ustnych i pisemnych można znaleźć obszernie opisane zalety i wady tej formy tłumaczenia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwych problemów związanych z tłumaczeniem sądowym w formie wideokonferencji na podstawie doświadczeń tłumaczy  z Niemczech i Austrii oraz autorki artykułu.
DE
Die Covid-19-Pandemie führte dazu, dass die Bedeutung von Videokonferenzen im privaten und beruflichen Leben deutlich zunahm. Die Zahl der per Videokonferenz durchgeführten Gerichtsverhandlungen wuchs stetig an, auch wenn die Vorteile dieser Verhandlungsform bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt noch in Frage gestellt werden. Gerichtsverhandlungen per Videokonferenz wurden mitunter auch für die Gerichtsdolmetscher zu einer neuen Herausforderung. Bedauerlicherweise gibt es derzeit keine Veröffentlichungen polnischer Dolmetscherverbände, in denen die Problematik des Dolmetschens vor Gericht mit Hilfe von Ferndolmetscheranlagen umfassend dargestellt wurde. In den Stellungnahmen von deutschen Dolmetscher- und Übersetzerverbänden findet man jedoch ausführlich beschriebene Vor- und Nachteile dieser Form des Dolmetschens. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die möglichen Probleme des gerichtlichen Videokonferenzdolmetschens auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen von Dolmetschern aus Deutschland und Österreich sowie der Autorin des Artikels darzustellen.
EN
The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly increased the meaning of videoconferencing in a professional setting. Furthermore, there has been an increase in the number of court hearings held via videoconference, although the advantages of this form of trial are still being questioned. Videoconferencing in court has also become a new challenge for court interpreters. Unfortunately, there are no current studies of Polish associations of translators which would provide a comprehensive presentation of issues related to translation in court by means of remote translation devices. However, the positions of the German associations of interpreters and translators contain an extensive mention of the advantages and disadvantages of this form of translation. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the possible issues related to court interpreting by means of videoconferencing based on the expertise of translators from Germany and Austria and of the author.
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