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The problem of respect in environmental philosophy

100%
Baďurová B.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 2
77-89
EN
The term respect is frequently used in ordinary communication however it also has a significant role in philosophical discussions focused on environmental ethics. This essay deals with the ambiguity of the term respect. The author analyzes respect from a philosophical point of view claiming that several possible interpretations of what the word respect means and what standards of behavior to which it is to be related. It is pointed out that the issue of whether respect should be understood as an attitude or behavior. The author highlights the problem of constraints imposed by respect and the relation of respect to intrinsic and instrumental value. The approach is analyzed also from the point of view of Kant’s ethics, nevertheless the author examines it also from the standpoints of various contemporary environmental ethicists (e.g. Taylor, Goodpaster, Katz, Lo). However, author concludes that understanding respect as a virtue appears to be a most promising approach in contemporary environmental ethics because it can solve the problem of finding balanced interpretation of respect.
2
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The Evil of Refraining to Save: Liu on the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing

88%
Blair J.
Diametros
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2017
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issue 52
127-137
EN
In a recent article, Xiaofei Liu seeks to defend, from the standpoint of consequentialism, the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing: DDA. While there are various conceptions of DDA, Liu understands it as the view that it is more difficult to justify doing harm than allowing harm. Liu argues that a typical harm doing involves the production of one more evil and one less good than a typical harm allowing. Thus, prima facie, it takes a greater amount of good to justify doing a certain harm than it does to justify allowing that same harm. In this reply, I argue that Liu fails to show, from within a consequentialist framework, that there is an asymmetry between the evils produced by doing and allowing harm. I conclude with some brief remarks on what may establish such an asymmetry.
3
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Intrinsic Value and the Argument from Regress

88%
Tanner J.
Forum Philosophicum
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2007
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vol. 12
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issue 2
313-322
EN
Proponents of the argument from regress maintain that the existence of Instrumental Value is sufficient to establish the existence of Intrinsic Value. It is argued that the chain of instrumentally valuable things has to end somewhere. Namely with intrinsic value. In this paper, I shall argue something a little more modest than this. I do not want to argue that the regress argument proves that there is intrinsic value but rather that it proves that the idea of intrinsic value is a necessary part of our thinking about moral value.
4
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Humans as “Part and Parcel of Nature”: Thoreau’s Contribution to Environmental Ethics

63%
Matzke J. P.
Ethics in Progress
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
170-186
EN
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) develops an understanding of human beings as “part and parcel of nature” that includes the idea that we are physically, spiritually, and attitudinally (more or less) connected to the world around us. The image he offers is one in which life spent too much in civilization, where work and social expectations determine the quality of one’s daily life and personal character, lead to lives of boredom, conformity, and misplaced priorities. Time spent in more natural environments is the antidote. Such experiences have the potential to jar us out of the conformist and-to his mind-personally stunting existence into which most fall. Growth and liberation come from experiencing the “More” of which both nature and we are a part. Thoreau calls us to reevaluate our values and priorities by being in a right relationship with nature, which does not require that we accept all of his particular ontological commitments. The argument that emerges for greater protection of the environment is admittedly quite human-centered. However, Thoreau’s insight that we are part and parcel of nature is important because, as Aldo Leopold later argues, we can only progress beyond a prudential approach to nature when we see ourselves as part of the larger whole. The world looks different when it is our home and community as opposed to being mere material to be used or a stage on which our lives unfold.
5
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Kilka uwag dotyczących stopy zwrotu w terminie do wykupu

63%
Karpio A.
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 3
107-116
PL
Stopa zwrotu w terminie do wykupu (YTM) jest podstawową i powszechnie stosowaną miarą efektywności inwestycji w papiery dłużne. Wykorzystywana przez praktyków definicja zakłada stałe płatności kuponowe i jednakowe okresy odsetkowe. Są to ograniczenia nierealistyczne. W prezentowanej pracy autor zajmuje się przypadkiem ogólnym, podaje wyrażenia na wartość wewnętrzną obligacji bez wymienionych założeń. W konsekwencji wyprowadza wzór na stopę zwrotu w terminie do wykupu w postaci uwzględniającej zmienne okresy odsetkowe, posiadający własności asymptotyczne zgodne z metodologią wyceny papierów dłużnych i dający możliwość dalszych przybliżeń.
EN
Yield to maturity is the fundamental and common used measure of investment effectiveness in debt securities. Almost always it is defined under non realistic assumptions, namely that coupon payments are constant and coupon periods are the same. In the presented work author concerns the general case. He gives the expressions for intrinsic value of bonds without simplifying assumptions. The implication of the resignation with simplifying assumption is deriving the formulas for yield to maturity in general case, taking into account various coupon periods.
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