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Conservation of metal artifacts from the Polish Mission excavation at Saruq Al-Hadid (UAE)

100%
Zieliński Ł., Weker W.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
465-481
EN
The article documents and discusses field conservation methods and procedures applied to metal artifacts, both copper and iron, discovered by the Polish team working at the Saruq al-Hadid archaeological site in the UAE (Emirate of Dubai) in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. An overview is given of the conservation challenges that the state of preservation of the metal finds presented and the methods and procedures that were applied on the site, including brief case studies of the most important finds and treatments.
2
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Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku okresu późnego

100%
Napierała M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2022
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vol. 27
131-161
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.
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Anaemia in chronic kidney disease- new treatment options

100%
Żórawski M., Musiałowska B., Rudzińska M., Koc-Żórawska E., Małyszko, J.S
Progress in Health Sciences
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2018
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vol. 8(2)
210-214
EN
In recent years anaemia has been recognized as one of the most specific and evident manifestations of chronic renal failure. In the majority of cases, renal anaemia is normocytic and normochromic with normal cellularity of bone marrow. Multiple factors contribute to the molecular origins of the anaemia of chronic kidney disease. Within those factors, the disturbances in the production of erythropoietin have the greatest impact on the disease pathogenesis. However, other components such as shortened erythrocyte survival, blood loss, iron or other nutritional deficiencies, hemolysis, the presence of uremic inhibitors of erythropoiesis among others can also significantly contribute to the occurrence of anaemia.
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Przełom VII w. p.n.e. w metalurgii żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie

100%
Napierała M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2023
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vol. 28
273-297
EN
The aim of the article is to present a breakthrough time for iron metallurgy, which was the beginning of the Late Period, in particular the reign of the XXVI Dynasty. Presentation of this issue will be possible through the analysis of preserved artifacts from this period It shows the variety of used forms of objects and the methods of iron processing. The key to this article is the presence of iron processing workshops in the Greco-Egyptian centers, which are the oldest – discovered evidence of the processing of this metal in Egypt. The analysis of the workshops themselves, the tools used there and the remnants of metalworking preserved will be helpful in studying the development of iron metallurgy in the discussed period. An important part of the work is also an attempt to answer the questions: where did the impulse that introduced workshop iron processing in Egypt come from, and whether the Nubians or maybe foreigners, e.g. the Greeks appearing at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the Late Period in the country on the Nile? The analysis of the above points will emphasize the groundbreaking nature of the discussed topic.
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Żelazne zapinki kuszowate z podwiniętą nóżką w europejskim Barbaricum

86%
Nowakowski W.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LIV
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issue 54
129-146
EN
In the Przeworsk culture territory were produced of iron, while on other territories they were usually made of copper alloy or silver. Distribution of the iron fibulae of that type could be seen as a trace of the Przeworsk culture influences. The cross-bow tendril fibulae made of iron can be divided into three distinct groups: a.Prototypes with widened foot and triangular bow (Fig. 1) b.“Classic cross-bow brooches, mostly of type Almgren 161-162, and their richly ornamented variants (Fig. 4) c.Late brooches with short 4-coil spring and band-shaped bow (Fig. 5) The earliest “prototype form of iron cross-bow tendril brooches are, just as specimens made of bronze or silver, brooches with short 4-coil spring and slightly widened foot. Brooches of that type, not numerous, are known exclusively from the Przeworsk Culture assemblages of phase C1a. Similar brooches with a long many-coil spring (Fig. 2:1), dated to the same time, are their later stylistic forms. These brooches are also almost exclusively known from the Przeworsk Culture area. Three such fibulae found on Bornholm build an exception; they also came from the phase C1a. Two brooches with a bow made of triangular band which is widening towards head (Fig. 2:2) form a unique version of the “prototype fibulae. It is probably a result of local experiments in attempt to reconcile traditional version of the early Roman Period way of making brooches with new construction typical to the late Roman Period. Lack of the next specimens of that kind indicates that the experiment was hardly seen as a success. A vast majority of the “classic brooches are specimens of type Almgren 161-162 with many-coil spring, straight cord and strongly bent, almost knee-shaped bow. They are more widespread than the previous group (Fig. 4). The greatest concentration is, however, still on the Przeworsk Culture territory (Fig. 2:3–6), where they were in common use in the phase C1a, not so often in phase C1b and, very rarely in phase C2 (List 1). Finds from outside the Przeworsk Culture are dated to the same chronological period. Only a few finds of iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 were found on the Marcomanian or Quadian cemeteries (List 2; Fig 2:7). They were also rare on the Sarmatian sites (List 3) and in the basin of middle and lower Elbe (List 4a & 4b). Iron brooches of type 161-162 lack almost completely in Scandinavia. Quite astonishing is a concentration of such brooches on Bornholm (List 5), where nearly 20 specimens were found, and 3 more on Gotland (List 6; fig. 2:8). In the Baltic Sea zone clear concentration of that brooches was in the southern part of the territories of Western Balts, that is on Samland and in Masurian Lakeland, where 40–50 specimens were discovered (W. Nowakowski 1994). More than 20 iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 were registered in the area of the Wielbark Culture (List 7; fig. 2:9–11, 3:1, 2), what is rather surprising, because iron was almost totally excluded from a production of personal ornaments of the Wielbark Culture. The brooches mentioned above come almost exclusively from the zones E and F of the Wielbark Culture (i.e. Mazovia, Podlasie, Lublin Upland and Volhynia), that is from areas occupied in the early Roman Period by the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 4). The brooches are dated there from the phase C1a to the phase C2. About 10 specimens were registered in the comparably not very large area of so-called Masłomęcz Group (List 8a, fig. 3:3), more then 10 came from the southern and western peripheries of the Chernyakhov Culture (List 8b), from the Sîntana de Mureş Culture (List 8c) and from the Culture of Carpathian Barrows on the middle Dniester (List 9). The substantial concentration of iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 in the Eastern Europe form nearly 30 specimens known from the Kiev Culture area (List 10; fig. 3:4–7). That number is really significant, concerning the state of investigations and publications of finds from Ukraine and southern Belarus. Quite exceptional finds are iron cross-bow tendril brooches ornamented with knobs and rings, similar to the types Almgren 163-164 and Almgren 167-168. Brooches with knobs on head come from the territory of the Masłomęcz Group (Fig. 3:9) and from the Przeworsk Culture area; specimens decorated with rings of notched bronze or silver wire (Fig. 3:10), or with a lyre-shaped chord are known exclusively from the area of Western Balts. Only very few richly ornamented variants of iron brooches clearly indicate that iron wasn’t the right stuff to produce them. The iron cross-bow tendril brooches of late version are less numerous than prototype specimens. Brooches with short, 4-coil spring or band shaped bow (Fig. 3:11, 12) are known only from few finds of phase C1b–D (Fig. 5). It seems that the Przeworsk Culture people invented use of iron to produce cross-bow tendril brooches. The distribution of finds, also late variants, indicates their links with the Przeworsk Culture, or other cultures being under strong “Przeworsk influences. There could be two ways of a diffusion of those brooches. First, traditionally accepted in archaeology, is the way of mutual exchange of goods and experience in direct contacts based mainly on economic grounds. In that way iron brooches of that type came to the Danube area, the Elbe basin, and, by much more intensive contacts to the territories of Western Balts, and through this area to Bornholm and Gotland. The other model, still under discussion, could be a co-existence of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures in Mazovia and Podlasie, maybe also at the time of their further expansion. The result of it could be the “Przeworsk type brooches in the Kiev culture.
6
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Early Makuria Research Project. Metal artifacts from the Tanqasi cemetery

86%
Zieliński Ł.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
317-337
EN
The article documents and discusses metal artifacts discovered in tombs explored by a joint Polish–Sudanese project from the PCMA UW and the NCAM in the tumuli field at Tanqasi in Sudan (Fourth Nile Cataract region). Metal finds from the first season in 2018 were in various states of preservation, allowing however the identification and interpretation of most of the objects through a thorough analysis that involves also metallographic studies and complex conservation. The results contribute to how the site is perceived from a social and cultural point of view.
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Żelazo meteorytowe w starożytnym Egipcie przed okresem późnym

86%
Napierała M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2021
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vol. 26
241-279
EN
The aim of the article is to present an unusual raw material, which is the meteorite iron and its specific status in the culture of ancient Egypt. The presentation of this extraordinary material, highlighting the features allowing to recognize it, the interpretation of the artifacts made of it (taking into account the physicochemical analyzes), and the development of the results of experimental works recreating the methods of its processing allow us to obtain the necessary information about the delineation of meteorite iron metallurgy in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. An important source for achieving the article’s goal are also texts. Text analysis highlights the ambiguity of the terminology used to describe meteorite iron. By reviewing the contexts of its use, they allow us to enrich knowledge about its metallurgy and help to characterize the status of this metal in the consciousness of the Egyptians.
8
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Hepcydyna w zaburzeniach metabolicznych

72%
Paulina Giemza-Kucharska P., Artur Słomka A., Justyna Kwapisz J., Ewa Żekanowska E.
Medical Review
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2012
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issue 3
351–355
PL
Hepcydyna jest niewielkim białkiem zaangażowanym w metabolizm żelaza. Poprzez internalizację i degradację ferroportyny, jedynego transportera żelaza z cytoplazmy komórek do krwiobiegu, hepcydyna odpowiedzialna jest za zmniejszenie stężenia tego pierwiastka w surowicy krwi. Wcześniejsze badania dokładnie scharakteryzowały mechanizmy odpowiedzialne za regulację syntezy hepcydyny i jej znaczenie biologiczne. Odkrycie tego białka rzuciło nowe światło na patogenezę takich jednostek chorobowych jak hemochromatoza, niedokrwistość z niedoboru żelaza czy niedokrwistość chorób przewlekłych. Ostatnie badania pokazują, że hepcydyna może pełnić także istotne funkcje w zaburzeniach metabolicznych, takich jak osteoporoza, czy też zespół policystycznych jajników. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono fijologiczną rolę hepcydyny, jej znaczenie kliniczne oraz potencjalny związek tego białka z remodelingiem kostnym, osteoporozą oraz zespołem policystycznych jajników.
EN
Hepcidin is a small protein involved in iron metabolism. This protein bounds to ferroportin, the sole cellular iron exporter, causing its internalization and degradation, which causes decrease in serum iron concentration. Previous studies have characterized mechanisms of hepcidin synthesis as well as its biological activity. The discovery of hepcidin has shed new light on the pathogenesis of many disease such as hemochromatosis, iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Recent researches have shown, that hepcidin can play vital role in metabolic disorders, such as osteoporosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. The physiological role of hepcidin, its clinical signifiance and potential link with bone remodeling, osteoporosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are described in this review.
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Tradycyjny okręg przemysłowy z perspektywy 25-lecia funkcjonowania w gospodarce rynkowej w Polsce. Przykład Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego

58%
Tkocz M.
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
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2015
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vol. 29
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issue 4
112-126
PL
Głębokie zmiany strukturalne w gospodarce, a szczególnie w przemyśle krajów wysoko rozwiniętych, wywołane przez innowacje technologiczne, organizacyjne oraz globalizację gospodarki, pozostawiły na marginesie światowej ekspansji tradycyjne regiony przemysłowe. Wymagały one całkowitej restrukturyzacji, ponieważ cechowała je monofunkcyjność gospodarki. Do takich regionów zalicza się Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy (GOP), którego proces restrukturyzacji rozpoczął się dopiero w okresie transformacji gospodarczej Polski, czyli po roku 1989. W artykule podjęto problematykę funkcjonowania tego największego okręgu przemysłowego w Polsce w okresie 25-lecia gospodarki rynkowej, od roku 1988 do 2013, przy czym analizie poddano najbardziej uprzemysłowioną, centralną część GOP, pretendującą aktualnie do roli metropolii Silesia, a obejmującą 14 miast: Bytom, Chorzów, Dąbrowę Górniczą, Gliwice, Jaworzno, Katowice, Mysłowice, Piekary Śląskie, Rudę Śląską, Siemianowice Śląskie, Sosnowiec, Świętochłowice, Tychy i Zabrze. W artykule skoncentrowano się na zmianach liczby pracujących, zwłaszcza w przemyśle, i określeniu przyczyn tych zmian. Szczegółowej analizie poddano funkcjonowanie tradycyjnych sektorów gospodarki GOP, jak górnictwo węgla kamiennego i hutnictwo żelaza. W kontekście zmniejszającej się roli wymienionych branż w gospodarce regionu podjęto próbę określenia, jakie nowe dziedziny wytwórczości pojawiły się w regionie i czy petryfikują one dotychczasową strukturę, czy też wpływają na jej dywersyfikację.
XX
Profound structural changes in the economy, and especially in the industry of highly developed countries, triggered by technological organisational innovation, as well as globalization of the economy, have left traditional industrial regions on the margin of global expansion. They had required deep restructuring because it was characterized by mono-functionality of the economy. These regions include the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, the restructuring process of which began in the period of the Polish economic transformation after 1989. The article discusses the functioning of the largest industrial district in Poland during the 25 years of the market economy, from 1988 to 2013, the analysis was conducted on the most industrialized central part of the GOP, currently pretending to the role of the metropolis Silesia, and covering 14 cities: Bytom, Chorzów, Dąbrowę Górniczą, Gliwice, Jaworzno, Katowice, Mysłowice, Piekary Śląskie,, Rudę Śląską, Siemianowice Śląskie, Sosnowiec, Świętochłowice, Tychy and Zabrze. The article is focused on the changes in the number of employees, especially in the industry, and identify the causes of these changes. GOP traditional industries such as mining and iron were analysed in detail. In the context of decreasing role of these sectors in the regional economy, an attempt was made to identify new areas of production which occurred in the region and whether they petrify the previous structure or affect its diversification.
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