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EN
The author claims that using the newly (2008) introduced instrument of electricity transmission easements by a joint‑stock company being the legal successor of state‑owned enterprise in the case in question is permissible, provided that the company has had the status of owner‑like possessor for 20 years if the possession was acquired in good faith, or for 30 years if the possession was acquired in bad faith.
PL
Przedstawiona w artykule ocena racjonalności ekonomicznej sprzedaży na własność gruntów Skarbu Państwa dotychczasowym użytkownikom wieczystym wykorzystuje metodę symulacji –rozpatrywana jako prognozowanie skutków podejmowanych przez administrację publiczną działań. Ocena ta dotyczy specyficznego zjawiska alokacji zasobów, a ekonomiczne przesłanki decyzyjne rozwiązania dylematu: pozostawić użytkowanie wieczyste czy sprzedać nieruchomość gruntową jej dotychczasowemu użytkownikowi wieczystemu wynikają z porównania wyników dwóch – niżej przedstawionych rachunków symulujących: • przyszłą wartość uzyskiwanego z wieczystego użytkowania nieruchomości gruntowej ciągu płatności rocznych oraz • przyszłej wartość lokaty kapitałowej, środków uzyskanych ze sprzedaży nieruchomości gruntowej. Zaprezentowane w artykule rachunki symulacyjne wykazują generalną prawidłowość mówiącą, że: oddawanie nieruchomości gruntowej w użytkowanie wieczyste na obecnie obowiązujących zasadach (tj. przy stawce procentowej opłat rocznych równej lub niższej od 3%) jest - w sensie ekonomicznym – nieopłacalne dla Skarbu Państwa. Wynika to z rachunków mówiących, że: przyszła wartość sumy płatności rocznych, określona dla 40 lat ich wnoszenia, jest prawie dwa razy niższa od przyszłej wartości kapitału uzyskanego ze sprzedaży tej nieruchomości, ulokowanej w instytucji finansowej (np. w banku) na 40 lat. Prawidłowość tą należy uwzględnić w toku rozpatrywania wniosków dotyczących sprzedaży gruntów Skarbu Państwa dotychczasowym użytkownikom wieczystym. Należy jednak pamiętać, że istota instytucji użytkowania wieczystego ma sens logistyczny, umożliwiając wykorzystanie gruntów Skarbu Państwa dla realizacji ważnych dla kraju lub społeczności lokalnej przedsięwzięć inwestycyjnych (np. mieszkalnictwa, infrastruktury technicznej, sportu i rekreacji, działalności charytatywnej).
EN
The paper presents appraisal of the economic rationale for sales of the Treasury lands to their lessees. Appraisal has been conducted using the method of simulation, applied here to elaborate prognoses of effects onsequences of actions undertaken by public administration bodies. The appraisal refers to particular case of resources’ allocation and the economic conditions of making the decision whether to keep the land under perpetual land lease contract or to sale it to its hitherto lessee. The conditions of such decision are the result of comparison between two simulated calculations: - future value of annual cash flows from the perpetual land lease contract - future value of capital gained from the sale contract of the same land. Simulation of calculations, presented in the paper, confirm the general rule that perpetual land lease under current legal conditions i.e. lease rents amounting to maximum 3% of land price, is not effective for the Treasury in economic terms. This conclusion has been the result of comparisons and simulations stating that future value of annual cash flows lasting for 40 years amounts to half of the future value of capital allocated in bank account for 40 years. This conclusion should be taken into account while assessing the requests for land sales issued by their lessees. Though, it should be added that institution of perpetual land leases has additional logistic rationale, enabling utilization of the Treasury land for strategic local investments such as housing, technical infrastructure, sports and recreational infrastructure, charity purposes.
EN
This draft position of the Sejm concerns the constitutional complaint of 7 July 2015. In the proposed draft position the author claims that the contested Article 136 paras. 3 and 4 of the Act on Real Property Management insofar as it does not provide for the right of the previous owner to demand the return of the property acquired by the State Treasury or a municipality by way of a civil contract, concluded into in the course of the negotiations preceding the initiation of the expropriation, if the property has become unnecessary for a public use, is incompatible with Article 21(2) and Article 64(1) and (2) in conjunction with Article 32 (1) of the Constitution. The procedure for the remainder should be discontinued pursuant to Article 40(1)(1) of the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 2015 due to the inadmissibility of the judgment.
EN
The paper analyses the occupation process of agricultural land with social origin and urban uses in the metropolitan area of the city of Toluca (ZMCT), and the barriers that the population and authorities have to face in order to regularize the settlements. A mixed research method was applied, which included the use of quantitative and qualitative methods, on the basis of a theoretical analysis, to build a methodological research model, which was applied to an empirical case in municipal and metropolitan areas. The analysis of the 14 municipalities that constitute ZMCT shows that the barriers for regularizing settlements in land of social origin are the result of legal/administrative inefficiencies due to the incapability of local city halls to address the collective needs of society.
EN
In assessing the constitutionality of the contested Article 215, para. 2 of the Real Estate Management Act, it was stated that it is important to ascertain whether the differentiation of former owners, based on the criterion of deprivation of physical possession of the plot after 5 April 1958, was justified, and therefore whether it has such essential nature that justifies different treatment of similar entities. Pointing to the special status of the right to compensation, as stressed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, the author claims, however, that claiming the right to compensation cannot be limited by an incidental and historical time criterion, which is the date of entry into force of the Act of 1958, even if the economic reasons argue for that approach. Given the above, it was found that Article 215 para. 2 of the Act, to the extent of the above interpretation, is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.
EN
The sea is certainly not one of the favourite research topics of sociology and despite a recent and new popularity among historians and geographers, the sea remains generally a stranger to contemporary sociologists. Conversely, I think that to frame and shed light on the wider theoretical implications of maritime sociology would be beneficial to all possible approaches within sociological research. In this article I intend to give my contribution to the fulfillment of the expectation of above by discussing the ways sociology can understand the sea as a truly social space, beyond any abstract dichotomies separating “grounded” societies and offshore voids. Also, I try to suggest some concrete moves to relocate maritime sociology within the wider sociological debate and to develop the heuristic potential of the sea.
EN
A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible prop-erty. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residen-tial, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhance-ment called a “benefit” for its justification
EN
Real estate investment is an emerging business in many countries of the world. Real estate investment was thoroughly investigated to come up with solution faced by the transaction of land and building. Real estate investment is strictly related to the housing price. It has been pointed out by many researchers that the housing price is affected by many factors, such as interest rate, land supply, government policies and inflation rate. The research highlighted most important aspects of the outcomes. An increase in international real estate capital flows could foster increasing demand for stronger institutions across a global real estate market. The method adopted in this research was quantitative through which 100 questionnaires were developed and distributed within the study area (Bauchi, Gombe, Adamawa and Yobe States). The simple percentage was used to analyzed the data collected. The research is exploratory in nature; hence, a non-probability purposive sampling technique was used for the study. The finding of the research vindicated that real estate investment has a significant role in sharpening the economy of the region, and also the findings revealed that real estate investment opportunity is huge. And again for suggested that housing provision cannot be realized only by private individual excerpts through government intervention. The study concludes that real estate investment, if explore it will create a reliable return to the investment owners, the benefits that can be derived from real estate investment, has been revealed by this study. The study also highlighted that private developers are key important for real estate investment in Nigeria. The conclusion drawn by this research shows that real estate investment has a capacity of transforming economic hardship in the country.
EN
The paper provides an updated and annotated list of Latin and bilingual Latin-Greek papyri from the first century bc to the early third century ad – including very recently published and still unpublished – that refer to the lives and businesses of Roman citizens in Egypt. It also covers documents connected with the Roman army, that is produced in military officia to be specifically used by soldiers (acknowledgments of debt, receipts of money etc.). They are connected not with the army life, but with the life outside the barracks, among tradesmen, merchants, and (from the second century ad onwards) in the milieu of veterans.
EN
This work is the first attempt to present the history of the manor and estate in Mościbrody. The chronological range is the years 1848-1944. It opens with the year of building a brick manor house, and ends with the end of the German occupation, which initially seemed to be an episode in the functioning of the estate, and was the end of the old reality.
PL
Praca ta jest pierwszą próbą zaprezentowania dziejów dworu i majątku w Mościbrodach. Zakres chronologiczny stanowią lata 1848-1944. Otwiera ją rok budowy murowanego dworu, a zamyka kres okupacji niemieckiej, która początkowo wydawała się epizodem, w funkcjonowaniu majątku, a była kresem dawnej rzeczywistości.
11
61%
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyczerpującej definicji zbliżonych do siebie pojęciowo terminów ziemia, nieruchomość i grunt w języku prawniczym i ekonomicznym. Nawet w obrębie tych samych dziedzin nauki napotkać można czasem na sprzeczności terminologiczne w tym zakresie. W artykule szczególnie uwzględniono specyficzne, najczęściej występujące w języku prawniczym pojęcie nieruchomości i gruntów rolnych.
EN
The aim of the article is introduction to exhaustive definitione of notions like the ground, immobility and soil in law and economy language. Even in the same scopes of science there are sometimes terminological discrepanncies. In the article especially were taken into account termins of agricultural -soil and agricultural – immobility.
EN
This paper analyzes the rights to water resources and their concessions for the benefit of different social groups in New Spain. Through a review of the laws of the time, we discuss the domain, common use, and the particular usufruct of water. We will analyze the way in which the transfer of ownership to the property of the vassals was carried out, first free of charge and then by means of payments to the Royal Treasury. Changes in the mechanisms of land and water concession occurred during the implementation of land regularization carried out at the end of the sixteenth century and the first decades of the seventeenth century. Among the various difficulties to implement the regularizations, the oidores of the Real Audiencia de México discussed whether the Crown was entitled to the collection of grants of public goods, as originally the waters were. Numerous adjudications were granted to Spaniards with the collective composiciones that had as main stage the most important wheat producing area of Mexico in 1643. The Indians defended their rights to the immemorial possession of the waters before the procedure of the Spaniards to legalize their properties.
ES
El artículo tiene como propósito abordar los derechos a los recursos hídricos y sus concesiones para beneficio de los distintos grupos sociales en la Nueva España. A través de la revisión de las leyes de la época, se discute acerca del dominio, uso común y el usufructo particular del agua. Analizaremos la manera en que se efectuaron los traslados de dominio hacia la propiedad de los vasallos: primero de forma gratuita y, luego, por medio de pagos a la Real Hacienda. Los cambios en los mecanismos de concesión de tierras y aguas se dieron durante la implementación de la regularización agraria realizada a finales del siglo XVI y en las primeras décadas del XVII. Entre las diversas dificultades para instrumentar las regularizaciones, los oidores de la Real Audiencia de México discutieron sobre si la Corona tenía derecho al cobro de otorgamientos de bienes públicos, como originalmente lo eran las aguas. Numerosas adjudicaciones fueron concedidas a españoles con las composiciones colectivas que tuvieron como principal escenario la zona productora de trigo más importante de México en 1643. Los indígenas defendieron sus derechos a la posesión inmemorial de las aguas ante la tramitología de los españoles por legalizar sus propiedades.
EN
The margins of the oases of the Mendoza province have acquired in the last two decades special relevance as a focus of investment of the so-called “agribusiness model.”  The latter has been the protagonist of a real conquest in peripheral areas of the oasis, expanding the agricultural frontier based on the acquisition of land selected for its edaphic characteristics, the exploitation of groundwater, and the application of modern irrigation systems. Starting with the so-called new vitiviniculture –characterized by the production of high-quality wine destined for export–this dynamic was also evident in other fruit or horticultural sectors. In this article, from a vertical and multidimensional perspective, we analyze the processes that enable control over certain rural spaces and their water resources by agribusiness corporations located on the margins of the Uco Valley oasis. We argue that a singular logic of production-consumption underlies these grabbing processes. Firstly, we argue that this logic works in several practices of precision agriculture, and we will give an account of the relationship between the expanding of peripheral lands for agro-productive purposes, the implementation of technologies to irrigate and put them into production, and the targeted markets. We will focus more specifically on vitivinicultural projects and agro-industrial potatoes production. Secondly, we argue that this logic also operates in relation to the growing conversion of new productive rural spaces into enclaves of tourist and real estate consumption, related to viticulture.
ES
Los márgenes de los oasis de la provincia de Mendoza adquirieron estas últimas décadas especial relevancia como focos de inversiones del modelo de agronegocios. Éste se destacó como el protagonista de una verdadera conquista en zonas periféricas de los oasis, expandiendo la frontera agrícola en base la adquisición de terrenos seleccionados por sus características edáficas, la explotación de aguas subterráneas y la aplicación de modernos sistemas de riego. Protagonizada por la llamada nueva vitivinicultura -caracterizada por la producción de vinos de alta calidad enológica y orientada al mercado internacional- esta dinámica se evidenció también en otros sectores frutícolas u hortícolas. En este artículo indagamos, desde una mirada vertical y pluridimensional, acerca de los procesos que rigen el control sobre determinados espacios rurales y sus recursos hídricos por parte de organizaciones empresariales, ubicadas en los márgenes del oasis del Valle de Uco. Argumentamos que una singular lógica de producción-consumo subyace en estos procesos de acaparamiento. Por un lado, defendemos que esta lógica opera en varias prácticas de agricultura de precisión y buscaremos dar cuenta de la relación que se establece entre los acaparamientos de tierras periféricas con fines agro-productivos, la implementación de tecnologías para irrigarlas y ponerlas en producción, y los mercados de destino. Nos centraremos más específicamente sobre proyectos vitivinícolas y paperos agroindustriales. Por otro lado, defendemos que esta lógica opera también en relación a la creciente conversión de nuevos espacios rurales productivos en enclaves de consumo turístico e inmobiliario, relacionados a la vitivinicultura.
EN
The subject of this paper is a short presentation of opinions of the Czech authors expressed in the monograph “Introduction to the land law”. By the land law the authors of this monograph mean an interdisciplinary area of law which deals with the sources, methods, principles and tools of private and public law concerning legal relations which subject is land. The land law reveals strict and direct relation with the environmental law. After each of 17 chapters of this monograph resemblances and differences with the Polish law are presented.
RU
Целью данной статьи является изложение мнений, выраженных чешскими авторами в монографии «Введение в земельное право». Под земельном правом в этой монографии понимается междисциплинарную область права, которая занимается источниками, методами, принципами и инструментами публичного и частного права, касающимися соотношений, предметом которых являются земельные участки. Земельное право тесно и непосредственно связано с экологическим правом. После каждой из 17 глав монографии указывается на сходства и различия между чешским и польским правом.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2016
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vol. 26
|
issue 1
125-138
PL
Błogosławieństwo pól (ziemi) zawiera w sobie szczególne uwielbienie Boga za udzielone łaski i prośbę o urodzaj ziemi. Błogosławieństwo jest wzywaniem opieki nad osobami, rzeczami, miejscami i jest działaniem Boga, przez które wyświadcza On swoją specjalną pomoc – łaskę. W szerszym zaś znaczeniu oznacza pomyślność, powodzenie, dobro, o które uprasza się Boga. Aktualny obrzęd błogosławieństwa pól znajduje się w księdze liturgicznej Obrzędy błogosławieństw dostosowane do zwyczajów diecezji polskich. W artykule autor szuka odpowiedzi na pytanie: Jaki jest sens tego obrzędu w dzisiejszych warunkach duszpasterskich? Należy zaznaczyć, że jest to bardzo ważny obrzęd w Kościele. Kościół od samego początku podkreślał ważność błogosławieństw w życiu wiernych. W artykule omówiono następujące zagadnienia szczegółowe dotyczące obrzędu błogosławieństwa pól w Kościele łacińskim: geneza obrzędu błogosławieństwa pól, podstawy dogmatyczno-prawne obrzędu błogosławieństwa pól i struktura obrzędów błogosławieństwa pól. Obrzęd ten dobrze przygotowany od strony duszpasterskiej może przynieść piękne owoce duchowe.
EN
The blessing of the fields (land) combines in itself a particular praising of God for graces granted, with a petition for the harvest of the fields. A blessing is a calling of protection on persons, things, places, and is the action of God, by which He testifies his own special help-grace. In a broader sense of the term it signifies prosperity, good fortune, the good, which is asked from God. The current rite of blessing of the fields is found in liturgical book, Rites of Blessings adapted to customs of Polish dioceses. In this article the author seeks an answer to the question, „What is the meaning of this rite in the ministry of today?” It is necessary to point out that it is a very important ritual in the Church. The Church from the very beginning has emphasized the importance of blessings in the life of the Faithful. In the present article will be discussed the following specific questions concerning the blessing of fields in the Latin rite Church: the origins of the blessing of fields; the dogmatic-canonical foundations of the rite of blessing of the fields; and the structure of rites of blessing the fields. This ritual, when well-prepared pastorally, can bear beautiful spiritual fruit.
PL
W Polsce działalność deweloperska jest prężnie rozwijającą się formą realizacji inwestycji o charakterze mieszkaniowym i komercyjnym. Rozwinięte rynki nieruchomości wyróżniają też deweloperów zajmujących się przystosowywaniem gruntów pod zabudowę czyli tzw. land deweloperów. Ze względu na małą ilość publikacji i badań w tym obszarze autorka postanowiła przedstawić ogólny zarys działalności land deweloperskiej na przykładzie firm działających na krakowskim rynku mieszkaniowym. Badania pozwoliły na wstępną ocenę podejścia deweloperów do szeroko rozumianej problematyki gruntu traktując ją jako część procesu deweloperskiego.
EN
In Poland the activity of developers is way of doing real estate investment which is still developing. On developed real estate markets there are developers who engage with the adaptation land for buildings known as land developer. Because of small quantity of publications and research in this field the author represents the general outline of land developers' activity using the examples of developers who realize apartment projects. The research shows the preliminary analysis of developers' appro-ach to land problem as a part of development process.
The Biblical Annals
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2013
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vol. 3
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issue 1
29-46
PL
The Book of Ezekiel proposes a new look at the land of Israel from the perspective of its subjecthood. The theological novelty of this approach lies in the process of the anthropomorphization of the land, which can be seen especially in the oracles addressed to the land. The analysis of these oracles tries to shed some light on three aspects of the land of Israel, namely its subjecthood, its relativity and the role it plays in, and for, the world.
EN
In this work, I identify clues for possible answers to the question about the theoretical and social conditions that enable the understanding and treatment of socio-territorial conflicts in the West of Bahia. The region is considered a part of the current agricultural frontier and stands out as the scene of agrarian conflicts in the context of Brazilian and Latin American space formation and, above all, as an area of expansion of rural capitalism with a high concentration of land and a high incidence of rural workers reduced to the condition similar to that of a slave. I try to understand what is meant by space and what place this key concept occupies in the history of geographic thought. In addition, I wonder how the concept of space can contribute to the study of the agrarian issue and the socio-territorial conflicts and how the production of the agrarian space takes place, how these imbrications occur and in what way the movement of history is necessary for the understanding of space. Without any pretensions to being exhaustive, I identify points of contact between the geographic, economic, and political-legal rationalities.
ES
Neste artigo identifico pistas para a construção de possíveis respostas à questão acerca de condições teóricas e sociais que possibilitam a tradução e tratamento dos conflitos socioterritoriais no Oeste da Bahia, região considerada como parte da atual fronteira agrícola e que se destaca no cenário de conflitualidade agrária como marca da formação espacial brasileiro e latino-americana e, sobretudo, pela expansão do capitalismo rural, exibindo alta concentração fundiária e com maior incidência de trabalhadores rurais reduzidos a condição análoga à de escravo no Estado. Busco compreender o que se entende por espaço e qual o lugar que este conceito-chave ocupa na história do pensamento geográfico, assim como indago como o conceito de espaço pode contribuir para o estudo da questão agrária, dos conflitos socioterritoriais, como se dá a produção do espaço agrário, como se dão as imbricações e em que consiste o movimento da história como necessário à compreensão do espaço. Sem pretensões de esgotamento, identifico pontos de contato entre as racionalidades geográfica, econômica e político-jurídica.
EN
In spatial planning and real estate management, there is a lack of conceptual order and which, without the legislator's involvement, cannot be arranged either through interpretation or jurisprudence. Therefore, work on the codification of the construction process should start with issues related to the unification of the nomenclature used in the land register (real estate cadastre) with the nomenclature from other legal acts. Today, we are dealing with an incomprehensible situation, when the law is the source of inability to conduct rational spatial management, because they are based on the principle of construction freedom, which only serves the private interests of investors and landowners, at the expense of the common interest and the cost of protecting property neighbouring public investments.
PL
W planowaniu przestrzennym i gospodarce nieruchomościami mamy do czynienia z brakiem ładu pojęciowego, którego bez udziału ustawodawcy nie można uporządkować ani w drodze wykładni, ani orzecz-nictwa. W związku z tym prace nad kodyfikacją procesu budowlanego powinny rozpocząć się od spraw związanych ujednoliceniem nomenklatury stosowanej w ewidencji gruntów (katastrze nieruchomości) z nomenklaturą z innych aktów prawnych. Dzisiaj mamy do czynienia z sytuacją wręcz niezrozumiałą, gdy przepisy prawa są źródłem braku możliwości prowadzenia racjonalnej gospodarki przestrzennej, gdyż zostały one oparte ozasadę wolności budowlanej, która służy jedynie realizacji prywatnych interesów inwestorów i właścicieli gruntów,kosztem interesu wspólnego oraz kosztem ochrony własności osób sąsiadujących z inwestycjami publicznymi.
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Content available remote

Typologia działalności land deweloperskiej w Polsce

51%
PL
Wkrajach zachodnich rozwój rynku nieruchomości wymusił specjalizację działalności deweloperskiej w obrębie prowadzonych działań. I tak wyróżnia się land dewelopera, koncentrującego się na działaniach podnoszących wartość gruntu poprzez przygotowanie go do zainwestowania. W Polsce działalność land deweloperska nie jest powszechnie rozpoznawalna. Celem artykułu jest podjęcie próby zestawienia różnych podmiotów podejmujących działania inwestycyjne na gruntach uwzględniając odmienne intencje inwestorów, uwarunkowania nieruchomości a przede wszystkim oczekiwane efekty, które przekładają się na wzrost wartości gruntów. Proponowana typologia land deweloperów ma charakter otwarty i w konsekwencji niewyczerpujący, przeprowadzona została w celu usystematyzowania podmiotów aktywnych na rynku nieruchomości traktujących grunt jako inwestycje. Wzwiązku z tym stawiana hipoteza brzmi, iż podmioty realizujące czynności inwestycyjne, mające doprowadzić do przygotowania gruntów pod zabudowę, są zróżnicowane ze względu na sposób i zakres działania a także jako land deweloperzy są ważnym dostawcą gruntów do dalszego zagospodarowywania.
EN
Developed real estate markets distinguish developers working both in the residential and commercial segment (office, retail, warehouse, etc.) as well as land developers. Land developers are focused on activities which increase the value of land by preparing it for investment (the purchase of land, transforming it into building land, merging or division of land into smaller parcels, utilities, and the final sale to other developers). In Poland the current market factors have not forced such a far-reaching specialization of development activity but it exists. The aim of this study is to attempt to correlate the various players undertaking investment activities on land, taking into account the differ intentions of investors, real estate determinants and, above all, expected effects which translate into an increase in land value. The proposed typology of land developers is open and, therefore, not exhaustive, it was carried out in order to systematise the players active on the real estate market treating land as an investment. Therefore, the hypothesis put forward is that actors carrying out investment activities designed to lead to the preparation of development land are varied due to the manner and scope of activities, and that land developers are an important supplier of land to further development.
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