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EN
The author of this study queries the circumstances surrounding the inclusion of the name of the writer Josef Holeček in the collective cultural memory, particularly in Southern Bohemia. The preconditions for Holeček's inclusion within this cultural memory, e.g. with the naming of the Holečkov estate, are sought in the writer's literary work, with the focus on his prophetic gesture, i.e. his vision of future world development as suggested in the world of Naši with farmer Jan Kojan. This exposition analyses Kojan himself within the constellation of the other characters, their personality traits, patterns of speech and in particular their historical prototypes, and not least, it views his character within the broader historical context of Czech literature. In contrast to the majority of previous interpreters of Naši, the author of this study has focused primarily on the persuasive potential of Holeček's text and on the writer's approach to the discursive formations of "art" and "politics".
EN
The author reconstructs the historical events and circumstances that had eventually led to the establishment of the Polish concordat of 1925. The article presents the outline of the situation of the Polish Catholic Church after Poland’s reappearance among the independent European nations against the backdrop of the most pressing political and social issues, such as the controversy surrounding the projected land reform. One can also find the analysis of the major political, ecclesiastical and scholarly figures involved in drafting and enacting into law of the concordat, as well as its fate until its abolishment by the communist government in 1945.
PL
Issues of land reform and Poland’s post-war borders in the broadcasts of Tadeusz Kościuszko Radio Station According to the Polish-language station operating in the territory of the Soviet Union from August 1941 to August 1942, the land reform should consist in expropriating the owners of large landholdings and distributing their possessions among peasants and farm labourers. First in line were those peasants who fought against the German occupier during the war; second were those farmers, who lost their possessions on account of the occupier’s legislation. The reform would also include broad financial assistance from the state. A rural self-government system was also planned in order to guarantee the proper development of the country.As regards the Poland’s future borders, the broadcasters presented the position of its political superiors, according to whom the eastern voivodeships of the Polish Republic should be transferred to the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian Soviet Republics. Key cultural, scientific and economic centres would therefore be taken over by the Soviet state. The shape of the border was to follow the Curzon Line, at variance with the Polish raison d’état. The losses in the east were to be compensated by the recovered lands in the west. This approach was explained with matters of national security and future economic progress. The Station’s position on both the land reform and Poland’s future borders reflected the opinions of the Polish communists from the Union of Polish Patriots and the Polish Workers’ Party. The broadcasts were addressed mainly to non-educated people (peasants, workers), and for this reason the language used was simple and plain; they were meant to play on emotions, so they were illustrated by distorted and biased historical facts. Вопросы аграрной реформы и послевоенных границ Польши в передачах радиостанции им. Тадеуша Костюшко АннотацияПозиция радиостанции им. Т. Костюшко по аграрной реформе была следующей: изменения должны были заключаться в том, что землю, принадлежавшую т. н. крупной собственности надо парцеллировать и передать крестьянам и батракам. Стоит подчеркнуть, что землю обязаны были получить земледельцы, которые вели национально-освободительную деятельность во время Второй мировой войны. Очередное предложение, высказанное в эфире радиостанции, шло в направлении возвращения земледельческих хозяйств тем крестьянам, которые потеряли их в результате окуппационного законодательства. Неотъемлемым элементом аграрной реформы было оказание им, предоставленной государством, широко понимаемой, материальной помощи. Планировалось образовать сельское самоуправление, которое гарантировало бы развитие деревни.Польскоязычная радиостанция взялась представить в эфире вопрос аграрной реформы, так как этой проблемой занимались польские коммунисты, действовавшие в СПП и ППР. Он был существенен из-за «земельного голода», царствовавшего среди крестянства в период межвоенного двадцатилетия. Несомненно, проявление коммунистами интереса к этому вопросу проистекало из желания привлечь на свою сторону эту часть общества. Польскими левыми создавались тогда разные концепции изменения характера собственности в польской деревне, так как сложно было определить один вариант, который был бы реализован в послевоенных условиях. Оценивая работу польской радиостанции, надо констатировать, что вопрос аграрной реформы, несмотря на большое значение, не преобладал в ее сообщениях.В соответствии с мнением политических руководителей радиостанции им. Тадеуша Костюшко, ее позиция на тему будущих границ Польши, была такова, что восточные воеводства Речи Посполитой должны войти в состав Украинской, Белорусской и Литовской ССР. Советское государство должно было перенять важные для Польши культурные, научные и экономические центры. Продвигаемая линия польско-советской границы, должна была проходить по этническим критериям вдоль линии Керзона, вопреки польским национальным интересам. Компенсацией за потерянное на Востоке имущество должны были стать территориальные приобретения на Западе. Это объяснялось соображениями национальной безопасности и будущего экономического развития. Можно согласиться с аргументами, представленными в передачах, касающимися польско-немецкого размежевания. Доступ к Балтийскому морю был для Польши шансом на экономическое развитие, а также шансом обезопаситься от очередного нападения со стороны Германии. Тезисы, касающиеся границ послевоенной Польши, были тождественны программе Союза Польских Патриотов – польской общественно-культурной организации, действовавшей на территории Советского Союза. Идея польской границы вдоль линии Одры, определяемая польскими коммунистами как “возвращение на пястовские рубежи”, была в принципе концепцией передвижения границы максимально на запад с целью увеличения площади зоны влияния Советского Союза. Военные действия, а также политические решения, которые принимались в их ходе, указывали на такой оборот дел. Передачи были обращены, главным образом, к необразованным людям (крестьянам, рабочим), поэтому язык, который в них употреблялся, был прост и понятен. Они должны были влиять на человеческие эмоции и поэтому содержащиеся в них аргументы иллюстрировались историческими фактами, которые зачастую односторонне представляли нпр. польско-немецкие отношения. Естественно, содержание передач было результатом текущей политики в глобальном масштабе. Позиция властей СССР по вопросу послевоенных границ Польши обязывала работников радиостанции освещать эту проблему согласно интересам Советского государства.
EN
Land reform was one of the most important acts of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It formally completed the democratic state system, in which all citizens were equal and all had the same opportunities, thus helping to ease social extremes. On the other hand, this particular act had an impact on one whole social group of the population, no matter the justifications that were made for it using historical or socio-political arguments. Although political declarations regarding land reform made no mention of former members of the aristocracy, but rather landowners, the idea of owners of large areas of land being former aristocrats resonated strongly within public opinion, with these members of the nobility representing one of the linchpins of the old system, and also being German, thus representing a natural enemy of the new republic.
DE
Die Bodenreform war eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen der ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik. Formal vollendete sie die demokratische Staatsordnung, in der alle Bürger gleich sind und die gleichen Gelegenheiten haben, und trug damit zur Milderung der sozialen Extreme bei. Andererseits traf die Republik mit diesem Akt eine ganze soziale Bevölkerungsgruppe, auch wenn sie sich bemühte, dies durch historische oder gesellschaftlich-politische Argumente zu rechtfertigen. Obwohl in den politischen Erklärungen in Zusammenhang mit der Bodenreform nicht von Angehörigen des ehemaligen Adels gesprochen wird, sondern nur von Großgrundbesitzern, bestand in der öffentlichen Meinung die starke Vorstellung von den Eigentümern großer Landgüter als ehemaligen Aristokraten, Vertretern einer der Stützen der alten Staatsordnung, Deutschen und somit ganz natürlich Feinden der neuen Republik. Ich habe versucht, diese Hypothese mit einigen Ausschnitten aus zeitgenössischen Dokumenten zu beweisen, ob nun ihre Verfasser zu den Sympathisanten der Bodenreform gehörten oder im Gegenteil die gewählte Form der Veränderung des Grundstücksbesitzes in der Tschechoslowakei kritisierten. Es ist interessant, dass sich nach Ablauf der Zeit der größten revolutionären Stimmungen, in der ein stark adelsfeindlicher Zug der öffentlichen Meinung zu erkennen war, die Situation soweit konsolidierte, dass in der Gesellschaft erneut Hochachtung vor den Vertretern der ehemaligen adeligen Schicht erwachte. In ihren Folgen war auch die Bodenreform nicht so weitreichend und streng, wie es in ihren Anfängen erschien. Der Großteil der konfiszierten Grundstücke ging im Lauf der 30iger Jahre an die ursprünglichen Eigentümer zurück. Bei einigen Großgrundbesitzern hinterließ wahrscheinlich der Prozess der Bodenreform trotzdem das Gefühl einer großen Verbitterung. Es ist die Frage, in welchem Maß diese Erfahrung zu ihrer eventuellen späteren Neigung zur Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus führte. Auch dies ist ein Studiengebiet, das noch detaillierter erforscht werden sollte.
EN
This paper looks at the First Czechoslovak Land Reform and focuses on its international negotiation with the League of Nations. It first looks in general at the institute of the mixed tribunals set up on the basis of the peace agreements, and in specific chapters refers to the working of the Czechoslovak-German and Czechoslovak-Hungarian mixed arbitration tribunals. It investigates the State Representative Office and its personnel. It then outlines the strategy of the German minority in Czechoslovakia organised within the Völkerbundliga led by Wilhelm von Medinger.
PL
This thesis is a study of the role of Andrei Šeptytsky, the Metropolitan of the Ukrainian GreekCatholic Church, in discussions on articles of the Concordat between the Apostolic See and Poland. The archival documents proved a particular involvement of Šeptytsky in preparation of the concordat’s articles dealing with the Church’s property and financial independence. In those endeavors, Šeptytsky was concerned not only with the interests of his Greek-catholic clergy, but with the welfare of Catholic clergy in all Polish eparchies, advocating further independency of the Church from state authorities.
XX
The article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.
EN
The study focuses on the issue of the land reform in the Eastern part of Germany, which was occupied by the Soviet army after 1945. The land reform was a key part of future collectivization in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Many causes of the future failure of the collectivization can be found in the events after 1945. After 1045, the areas of East Germany became an area with a number of test runs of the socialist economic experiment. Agriculture was one of the main areas in which the KPD interest group tried to enforce its ideas about collective ownership and thereby gain a dominant position by creating a type of “inclusive” society that excluded big landowners who were the targets of the first stage of the “socialist revolution” in rural areas – the land reform.
EN
The author discusses the socioeconomic views of onetime Polish economist and military leader Józef Maria Poniatowski (1897-1995) and his ties to Gospodarka Narodowa (National Economy) magazine, which was published every two weeks in the 1930s. Although Poniatowski was considered to be one of the leading economic policy makers of his time, no attempts were made to discuss his economic views in Polish scientific literature up to now, according to Jarosz-Nojszewska. She analyzes Poniatowski’s publications and presents his views about the most important economic problems of interwar Poland, on the basis of documents from the Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN) in Warsaw as well as the archives of the Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) and Warsaw Agricultural University (SGGW). The author highlights some of the key facts from Poniatowski’s life as well as his family ties, which had a huge impact on his views, especially in issues related to agricultural policy. Józef Poniatowski came from a family of landowners. He graduated in economics from the Warsaw School of Economics, and also had a degree in agriculture from Warsaw Agricultural University and a degree in law from the University of Paris. In the 1920s and 1930s, Poniatowski worked as a researcher and also dealt with politics. He was one of the co-founders and most active members of a business association known as the National Economy Club. He published dozens of articles in Gospodarka Narodowa, most of them focusing on the problems of the countryside and agricultural issues as well as government economic policies. For example, he frequently criticized stopgap measures and short-term arrangements in the government’s agrarian policy. He called for an increased role of the state and government intervention in the agriculture sector and the economy as a whole, and advocated more decisive and far-reaching steps in various areas. He argued that an agrarian reform and related changes in the agrarian structure of the country were critical to reducing the Polish economy’s vulnerability to fluctuations in economic trends. Poniatowski pointed out that a land reform could alleviate the country’s economic problems by expanding the internal market. He highlighted the dramatic debt problem of Polish agriculture. He also wrote about cartels, a topic that was directly related to his work as a Cartel Court judge. However, his best known works were dedicated to the issue of agrarian overpopulation. A few years before World War II, he was appointed director of a government economic bureau, a position of key importance to the Polish economic policy of the time and one that enabled Poniatowski to take part in government economic policy making. World War II interrupted his career. After the war Poniatowski did not return to the country from exile, and continued his scientific and political pursuits while living abroad.
EN
The article – by probing / pipetting method – presents the Polish peasants’ applications for former German land in the Łazisko commune from the period of land reform (1944). It opens a problem area and shows that the ethnographic / anthropological reading of documents, which are peasant applications for land, attempts to illuminate an old problems with a new light. The article is a contribution to the Alternative History of land reform, the axis of which is to examine the peasant experience of land reform in the context of relations with German settlers who disappeared from the common local cultural landscape. The alternativity or anthropology of the approach used is based on: shifting the perspective from a macro historic to a micro historic one, focusing on documents located on the border of formality and informality (objectivity and subjectivity, facts and sphere of emotions), deriving history from national borders (for the purpose of focusing on universal suffering), the discourse of counter-history.
EN
After World War II museums in Poland were bound to serve political purposes. The aim of new government was to shape citizens’ awareness according to the Stalinist ideology. 21 July 1944, the Polish Committee of National Liberation (further PKWN) was created in Moscow under the patronage of Joseph Stalin. From 1 August 1944, it was located in Lublin together with its Arts and Culture Department. The period from 21 July 1944 to the end of December 1944 on the so-called liberated territories is discussed herein in the context of museums’ formation. It was the time when new institutions were created (e.g. Museum of Majdanek Concentration Camp) and those existing prior to WWII were re-established, such as the Lublin Museum or the National Museum of Przemyśl. In 1944, museums were facing many problems, inter alia, war damages, plunder by the People’s Army that quartered here, financial difficulties, personnel shortage. The lack of professionals in museums was the result of the PKWN strategy at the time, which first of all required propaganda specialists in culture institutions. The land reform initiated in 1944 affected museums to some extent; they were receiving works of art which had been confiscated from parcelled out landed properties. The only reason for it was the ideological one, however – from the historical point of view – they are regarded as unjust and immoral persecution and harassment against groups of society held by the communists in contempt, i.e. landowners. Sources on which the article has been based: reports of the PKWN and Culture Divisions of Regional Offices (Lublin, Rzeszów, Białystok, and Warsaw), which are in the possession of the Archives of Modern History Records (Archiwum Akt Nowych) in Warsaw.
EN
Forests constituted in the First Czechoslovak Republic a major part of the natural resources available in the new state. It was therefore desirable to make the care of their healthy development and their balanced exploitation a matter of public interest. Forestry was mostly in the hands of the aristocratic owners of large estates. As there was no devastation of forest cultures, there was actually no danger in delay, and thus there was no reason for the state to take any immediate action. In spite of this, forests became immediately after the revolution one of the hottest topics of that time as they were an integral part of the first land reform, a major challenge to the state policy for a number of years after 1918. When all property transfers had been completed, a number of properties were excluded from confiscation and remained part of the original private estates, while some were not expropriated because the land reform had already finished in 1935 without having achieved the initial goals. A positive fact was that most of the confiscated property remained in the hands of the state. A company named State Forests and Estates with good management was established and entrusted with its care.
PL
Based on historical facts, published and unpublished archival materials, this work provides concise analysis of relations between the Church and the state in Croatia between 1945 and 1952, that is from the period when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia became the ruling party until the break-up of diplomatic relations with the Holy See. Since this was a quite dynamic period in terms of socio-political changes, as well as Church-state relations, the article emphasizes only those aspects that constitute the foundation of the conflict between the Catholic Church and the communist regime such as religious education in schools and catholic clergy’s class associations. Moreover, in the introductory part of the work ideological and political causes of the conflict are briefly explained, as well as relations of the Church and the state in the post-war period with a view to better understanding of the position of the Catholic Church and the overall context of the catholic religious life in time to come.
EN
Based on historical facts, published and unpublished archival materials, this work provides concise analysis of relations between the Church and the state in Croatia between 1945 and 1952, that is from the period when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia became the ruling party until the break-up of diplomatic relations with the Holy See. Since this was a quite dynamic period in terms of socio-political changes, as well as Church-state relations, the article emphasizes only those aspects that constitute the foundation of the conflict between the Catholic Church and the communist regime such as religious education in schools and catholic clergy’s class associations. Moreover, in the introductory part of the work ideological and political causes of the conflict are briefly explained, as well as relations of the Church and the state in the post-war period with a view to better understanding of the position of the Catholic Church and the overall context of the catholic religious life in time to come.  
EN
The authors analyze the course of the Czechoslovak land reform carried out in the interwar period and affecting farmsteads owned by citizens of the Austrian Republic. Based mainly on documents from Czech and Austrian archives, the study proves that the land reform had, for many reasons, a potential to have an adverse impact on relations between Czechoslovakia and Austria. First and foremost, Austrians, in particular noble families, owned vast land holdings in Czechoslovakia, the total area of which was approximately 200,000 hectares, and the Austrian government was not in a position to ignore potential losses. The owners were facing a substantial reduction of their land holdings and hefty financial losses. The compensation which the Czechoslovak state paid for the expropriated land was below the market price and, at the same time, large farmsteads were suffering from high property duties. Attempts of the Austrian owners to force the government in Vienna to decisively defend their interests were ultimately unsuccessful. As a matter of fact, problems associated with the land reform, their unquestionable gravity notwithstanding, were of minor importance for it. The interest of the governments in Vienna and Prague was focusing mainly on huge economic, trade and financial problems of Austria which had to rely on the assistance of the victorious powers. The Austrian diplomacy was therefore evading any land reform-related conflict with Prague and was attempting to influence its course by peaceful means. However, the authors have presented concrete examples showing that the accommodating attitude of Vienna did not result in any tangible benefits for the landowners; compared to landowners in other countries, including Germany, they received less in financial compensations and tax reliefs in the interwar Czechoslovakia.
CS
Autoři věnují analýze průběhu československé pozemkové reformy, která byla prováděna v meziválečném období, na statcích vlastněných občany Rakouské republiky. Studie, založená především na materiálech z českých a rakouských archivů, prokazuje, že reforma měla z více důvodů potenciál negativně ovlivnit československo-rakouské vzájemné vztahy. V prvé řadě Rakušané, zejména příslušníci aristokracie, v Československu vlastnili velký pozemkový majetek o celkovém rozsahu zhruba dvě stě tisíc hektarů, takže eventuální ztráty na něm nemohla rakouská vláda ignorovat. Majitelům hrozilo nejen podstatné zmenšení rozlohy velkostatků, ale i nezanedbatelná finanční újma. Státem vyplácená náhrada za vyvlastněnou půdu nedosahovala tržní ceny a současně byly na velkostatky uvaleny citelné majetkové dávky. Pokusy rakouských vlastníků přimět vládu ve Vídni k rozhodné obraně jejich zájmů však nakonec nebyly úspěšné. Problémy spojené s pozemkovou reformou totiž pro ni byly přes svou nespornou závažnost přece jen vedlejší záležitostí. V centru zájmu vlád ve Vídni i v Praze ležely především obrovské hospodářské, obchodní a finanční problémy Rakouska, které bylo odkázáno na pomoc vítězných mocností. Rakouská diplomacie se tak v zásadě vyhýbala střetu s Prahou kvůli pozemkové reformě a snažila se její průběh ovlivnit smírnými prostředky. Jak ale autoři doložili na konkrétních příkladech, vstřícné vystupování Vídně nepřineslo postiženým velkostatkářům hmatatelné výhody, když ve srovnání s pozemkovými vlastníky jiných států včetně Německa v meziválečném Československu získali za vyvlastněný majetek nižší finanční náhrady a daňové úlevy.
EN
The subject of the article is the relationship between modernity and peasantry in peasant diaries of the Polish People’s Republic, and interpreted from the perspective of transdisciplinary cultural analysis; it focuses on diaries published in 1969 under the title This Land is Ours [Ta ziemia jest nasza]. Following contemporary historians, the author assumes that the period of 1944–1956, which the diaries cover, was a time of accelerated modernisation and social revolution, and one of the key elements of these processes was the land reform announced by the manifesto of the Polish Committee of National Liberation in 1944. The period covered by the diaries is therefore the time of the socialist “leap into modernity”. In striving to ascertain how the changes related to the fundamental elements of socialist modernisation were perceived by diarists, the author analyses the narratives in three dimensions: literacy, modernisation of the countryside, and changes in the rules of citizenship. By doing so, she shows that the said diaries may contribute to a better understanding of this period.
PL
Tematem artykułu są związki między nowoczesnością i chłopskością w kontekście socjalistycznej modernizacji w świetle chłopskich pamiętników wydanych w 1969 roku pod tytułem Ta ziemia jest nasza. Autorka za współczesnymi historykami przyjmuje założenie, że okres lat 1944–1956, który obejmują pamiętniki, był czasem modernizacyjnego przyspieszenia i rewolucji społecznej, a jednym z kluczowych elementów tych procesów była reforma rolna zapowiedziana manifestem PKWN w 1944 roku. Okres, którego dotyczą wspomnienia, jest więc czasem socjalistycznego „skoku w nowoczesność”. Szukając odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak kształtowały się w odbiorze pamiętnikarzy i pamiętnikarek przemiany związane z fundamentalnymi elementami socjalistycznej modernizacji, autorka analizuje narracje na temat trzech jej wymiarów: alfabetyzacji, modernizacji wsi i zmiany reguł obywatelstwa, co pozwala jej pokazać, że pamiętniki zawarte w tomie zawierały istotną diagnozę „skoku w nowoczesność”.
PL
Reforma rolna na Wileńszczyźnie przebiegała zgodnie z prawem obowiązującym w II Rzeczypospolitej i była procesem obejmującym stopniową parcelację majątków ziemskich oraz komasację ziemi chłopskiej ze zmianami przestrzennymi na wsi. Po drugiej wojnie światowej kolektywizacja rolnictwa na Wileńszczyźnie przekreśliła wszystkie osiągnięcia reformy rolnej okresu międzywojennego.
EN
The land reform in the Vilnius Region was introduced in accordance with the laws of the Second Republic and was a gradual process, involving the breaking up of estates, the assemblage of land belonging to peasants, and spatial changes in the country. After the Second World War, the collectivisation of agriculture in the Vilnius Region undid all the achievements of the land reform of the interwar period.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono syntetyczny obraz najważniejszych, społecznych ekonomicznych i politycznych konsekwencji I wojny światowej dla Rumunii. Mimo atmosfery sprzyjającej przystąpieniu do wojny Rumunia weszła do wielkiego konfliktu nieprzygotowana militarnie, z gospodarczą infrastrukturą niezdolną do poniesienia trudów wojny, polegając jedynie na obietnicach pomocy ze strony Francji i Wielkiej Brytanii. Pod koniec wielkiej wojny Rumunia znacznie zwiększyła swoje terytorium dzięki przyłączeniu prowincji Besarabii, Bukowiny i Siedmiogrodu. Zrealizowano tym samym narodowy projekt „Wielkiej Rumunii”. Nowe granice państwa zostały zaakceptowane podczas konferencji pokojowej w Paryżu. Wielkie Zjednoczenie połączyło w ramach jednego państwa zróżnicowaną ludność, o różnym poziomie edukacji, statusie społecznym i mentalności. Mniejszości etniczne stanowiły około 30 proc. społeczeństwa, a zróżnicowanie religijne stało się nową codziennością w kraju, który był dotychczas w przeważającej części prawosławny. W latach powojennych największym wyzwaniem dla państwa i polityków stała się integracja nowych prowincji pod względem ustawodawczym, instytucjonalnym, administracyjnym, kulturowym i ekonomicznym. Proces ten był długotrwały i towarzyszyły mu dyskusje wśród polityków i elit kulturalnych Starego Królestwa oraz przyłączanych prowincji. Kolejną ważną konsekwencją wojny było przeprowadzenie reform: agrarnej i wyborczej. Podział majątków w sposób zasadniczy zmienił status społeczny chłopów, którzy dzięki powszechnym prawom wyborczym z wasali przekształcili się w obywateli. Nowa polityka oświatowa państwa położyła szczególny nacisk na latynizację i kształtowanie „obywateli Wielkiej Rumunii”, jednocześnie umożliwiając chłopom dostęp do edukacji. W Rumunii, podobnie jak w innych państwach, niezwykle trudno jest ocenić ekonomiczne konsekwencje I wojny światowej. Sytuacja jest tu tym bardziej skomplikowana, że Wielkie Zjednoczenie połączyło Stare Królestwo z prowincjami, które poprzednio rozwijały się pod wpływem różnych systemów ekonomicznych. Wiadomo więc, że zniszczeniom oraz stratom w ludziach towarzyszyły restrukturyzacja i transformacja spowodowane przyłączeniem do rumuńskiego państwa unitarnego nowych prowincji. W tym czasie również kształtowały się i rozwijały nowe prądy ideologiczne (neoliberalizm i doktryna chłopska), które determinowały politykę ekonomiczną oraz strategię rozwoju.
EN
The paper aims at presenting the legal and financial position of the Latin Rite Catholic Church in Poland after the restoration of independence. Moreover, the study describes the path of legal changes that occurred as a result of the Concordat and land  reform. As evidenced by numerous publications, due to the concordat agreement signed on February 10th, 1925, an increase in the significance of the Catholic Church in Poland has been observed. The legal-dogmatic method has been applied  in the study. The results presented in the article might provide guidance for those interested in the issue of relations between the State and the Church, both on a legal and historical level.
PL
Celem głównym niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie pozycji finansowej i prawnej Kościoła katolickiego obrządku łacińskiego w Polsce po odzyskaniu niepodległości oraz opisanie drogi zmian prawnych, jakie dokonały się w wyniku zawarcia Konkordatu i przeprowadzenia reformy rolnej. Za sprawą umowy konkordatowej podpisanej w dniu 10 lutego 1925 r. zaobserwować można wzrost znaczenia Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, co poświadczają liczne publikacje. W opracowaniu posłużono się metodą dogmatyczno-prawną, zaś przedstawione w niniejszym artykule rezultaty mogą stanowić istotną wskazówkę dla osób interesujących się zagadnieniem relacji na linii państwo–Kościół, zarówno na płaszczyźnie prawnej, jak i historycznej.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu obrotu ziemią rolną na Ukrainie. Autorzy przedstawili problematykę z perspektywy współczesnego prawa rolnego, ale głównym celem opracowania uczynili prezentację tendencji w zakresie legislacji oraz wymogów wynikających ze zobowiązań międzynarodowych. Zarysowali też wizję rozwoju prawa rolnego na Ukrainie. Artykuł ma charakter przede wszystkim informacyjny.
EN
The article is dedicated to the one of the most urgent problems of the land reform: implementation of regulations concerning the agricultural land market. Authors analyze stages and the current state of land reform in Ukraine.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad procesem parcelacji majątków folwarcznych, zlokalizowanych w rejonie Uniejowa, w okresie międzywojennym. Szczegółowe analizy objęły trzy jednostki osadnicze położone w dawnej gminie Kościelnica: Orzeszków, Wielenin i Zieleń. W pierwszej części artykułu zobrazowano niektóre aspekty prawne procesów parcelacji, związane z implementacją reformy rolnej. W dalszej części opracowania, przedstawiono wyniki badań nad przebiegiem parcelacji wsi w gminie Kościelnica, z uwzględnieniem kwestii prawnych oraz przemian struktur przestrzennych osadnictwa.
EN
The article presents the results of research on the process of parcelling out the land of big farms in Uniejów region in the interwar period. The analysis covered three settlement units in located in the former commune of Kościelnica: Orzeszków, Wielenin and Zieleń. The first part of the article explains some legal aspects of the parcellation process connected with the implementation of the land reform. The next part presents the results of research on the parcellation of villages in the commune of Kościelnica, including legal questions and changes in the spatial structures of settlement.
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