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1

Zur Frage der Adäquatheit der Übersetzungsvorschläge in bilingualen Rechtswörterbüchern aus juristischer Sicht

100%
Iluk Ł.
Germanica Wratislaviensia
|
2016
|
vol. 141
225-234
DE
Im vorliegenden Artikel werden Probleme der Adäquatheit der Übersetzungsvorschläge in bilingualen Rechtswörterbüchern erörtert. Mit Hilfe von Legaldefinitionen und Begriffsfeldern werden die intensionale und distributionelle Kongruenz von Rechtstermini verglichen, die in bilingualen Wörterbüchern als äquivalent angegeben werden. Mit der angewandten Methode lassen sich fehlerhafte Äquivalenzangaben ermitteln und korrigieren.
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of terminological equivalents that can be found in bilingual dictionaries. The aim of the analysis is to verify the accuracy of equivalents provided by a dictionary from a legal perspective and to formulate methodological implications that may be useful for lexicographers and translators when searching for the accurate equivalents of a legal character.
2
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Czwarte rozważania nad "Słowami prawnymi w rzeczy sobie podobnymi" Bartłomieja Groickiego

100%
Zajda A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
|
2013
|
issue 15
89-110
EN
Starting with B. Groicki’s Słowa prawne w rzeczy sobie podobne (1567), the paper collects and discusses lexis in the field of legal and judicial procedure. First, the history of the field procedura ‘procedure’ is briefly presented from Old Polish to modern times, and then the history of the field dilatio (‘adjorunment’) is discussed in more detail. In the Old Polish period, the most common names in the field dilatio were odwłoka, fryszt, odkład, and also several deverbal derivatives in -anie, -enie (e.g. odkładanie, odwleczenie, przewleczenie), which were however rarely written down in the sources. In the 16th c., this type becomes relatively popular, but the frequency of specific names is also very low at that time; the names odwłoka, przewłoka and zwłoka are much more common. From the second half of the 16th till the end of the 18th c., the centre of the field is dominated by dilatio, a loan word from Latin. In mid-18th c. the name odroczenie appears as an innovation, rare at first but gradually ousting the foreign dylacja and beginning to reign supreme.
3
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Actors and Actions in Prenups and Capitulaciones Matrimoniales: A Cross-Cultural Study

100%
Denti O., Giordano M.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
147-163
EN
The investigation of a corpus of American prenuptial agreements and Spanish capitulaciones matrimoniales shows how the popularity of premarital contracts is spreading everywhere. The American and the Spanish documents, juridically diverse in many aspects, embedded in two different legal systems, belong to the genre of contracts and are classified as a type of negotiation/mediation. The lexical and semantic analysis focuses on the specialized terminology used to refer to the human actors and their actions within the documents. The aim is to discover whether and how legal, intercultural and sociological divergences emerge from the textual context. Participants play several roles in the various semantic-pragmatic units constituting the contract, being in turn considered as contracting parties, married couple, notary public, parents, esposos, padres, and otorgantes. Their actions are highlighted by a punctual and proper use of verbal constructions and speech acts, such as asserting, signing, stipulating, agreeing. The study demonstrates how actors and actions do not stand autonomously and separately: they perform and fulfil a specific pragmatic function in a precise legal and cultural context.
4
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Po raz piąty wychodząc od Słów prawnych w rzeczy sobie podobnych Bartłomieja Groickiego (1567)

100%
Zajda A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
|
2013
|
issue 16
215-229
EN
Starting with B. Groicki’s Słowa prawne w rzeczy sobie podobne (1567), the paper presents the history of legal terms relating to the court procedure: apelacyja ‘appeal’, mocyja ‘judge reprimand’, odesłanie ‘referral’, dawność ‘non-claim’, zasiedzenie ‘usucaption’. Appeal was first practiced in Poland under the Magdeburg Rights, and only since the first quarter of the 16th century also in the and law. On the other hand, the so-called mocyja, i.e. reprimanding of the judge, had been employed for much longer. Difficult cases were sent to a higher court already in the Middle Ages, if the lower court was deemed incompetent, hence odesłanie, remisyja, remisa ‘remittal’. The 1346–1347 statutes of king Casimir III the Great recognize the institution of prescription, hence dawność, preskrypcja ‘non-claim’. Finally, zasiedzenie is ‘the acquisition of ownership by a long, undisputed use’. The use of the word fields method has made it possible to reveal many, often rare, terms that function in various groups, the mutual competition between the components of fields, the victory of some, and the disappearance of others. The evolution of the fields has limited the number of synonyms in simultaneous use.
5
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Actors and Actions in Prenups and Capitulaciones Matrimoniales: A Cross-Cultural Study

100%
Denti O., Giordano M.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
147-163
EN
The investigation of a corpus of American prenuptial agreements and Spanish capitulaciones matrimoniales shows how the popularity of premarital contracts is spreading everywhere. The American and the Spanish documents, juridically diverse in many aspects, embedded in two different legal systems, belong to the genre of contracts and are classified as a type of negotiation/mediation. The lexical and semantic analysis focuses on the specialized terminology used to refer to the human actors and their actions within the documents. The aim is to discover whether and how legal, intercultural and sociological divergences emerge from the textual context. Participants play several roles in the various semantic-pragmatic units constituting the contract, being in turn considered as contracting parties, married couple, notary public, parents, esposos, padres, and otorgantes. Their actions are highlighted by a punctual and proper use of verbal constructions and speech acts, such as asserting, signing, stipulating, agreeing. The study demonstrates how actors and actions do not stand autonomously and separately: they perform and fulfil a specific pragmatic function in a precise legal and cultural context.
6

Mediation in Different Areas of Chinese Legal Reality – Parametrisation of Selected Terminology

100%
Nowak-Michalska J.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
|
2016
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
175-186
EN
The paper deals with terminological issues in legal translation. The author has researched the process of establishing equivalents for partially equivalent terminology, using the parametrical approach to legal translation. The research consists of the terminological analysis of the texts of mediation regulations formulated in Chinese and Polish. The objective was to establish translational equivalents in the case of significant differences between the legal systems of the above mentioned linguistic area. The research was financed from the research grant no. 2012/07/E/HS2/00678, titled: Parameterisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure awarded by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program). Determining the acceptability of functional equivalents in the selected linguistic area is possible by comparison of their semantics with the legal structure in different legal systems and cultures. The author investigates if attributing properties from dimensions relevant in translation to mediation law terms can be helpful in the process of translation.
7

Terminologia prawna i prawnicza z perspektywy interlingwalnej

100%
Iluk J.
Studia Linguistica
|
2012
|
issue 31
7-21
EN
Interlinguistic relations between two-word German names and Polish equivalents in legislative and legal language are the subject of these analyses. The relation of equivalency plays an important part in the interlinguistic research. In the case of names that can be found in legislative and legal texts, the basic indicator of equivalence is the denotative and prescriptive equivalency. From the interlingual point of view, the important issue is the category and number of the name components, the way of combining them and also the semantic motivation. Taking these factors into consideration, one can generate nine types of interlinguistic equivalency. The established differences are usually of irregular character. While strongly inferring, they influence the quality of translation task.
8
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Legal Terminology and Lesser Used Languages: The Case of Mòcheno

88%
Chiocchetti E., Ralli N.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
135-146
EN
The article aims at outlining the specific problems connected with the elaboration of legal and administrative terminology in a lesser used language and illustrating the methods and tools proposed considering the knowledge and competences to be conveyed.Since 2003 the Institute for Specialised Communication and Multilingualism of the European Academy of Bolzano (EURAC) offers education courses in legal terminology work, coupled with introductions in related/complementary disciplines, e.g. documentation, specialised translation and technical writing. Next to professional trainings, the Institute held also ad-hoc courses, such as a two-day course organised in 2008 for the Mòcheni, a Germanic minority living in the Italian Province of Trento. Since the passing of provincial law no. 6/2008, which foresees specific measures for the protection and promotion of local language minorities, the Mòcheno-speaking community has the right to use their language in all situations of social, economic and administrative life in both oral and written communications. Notwithstanding the recent compilation of a standard grammar, the Mòcheno language is not yet developed for the use in technical and specialised contexts. Indeed, the most urgent needs seem to exist in the translation of administrative terminology.
9
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Synonymy and Polysemy in Legal Terminology and Their Applications to Bilingual and Bijural Translation

88%
Chromá M.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
31-50
EN
The paper focuses on synonymy and polysemy in the language of law in English-speaking countries. The introductory part briefly outlines the process of legal translation and tackle the specificity of bijural translation. Then, traditional understanding of what a term is and its application to legal terminology is considered; three different levels of vocabulary used in legal texts are outlined and their relevance to bijural translation explained. Next, synonyms in the language of law are considered with respect to their intension and distribution, and examples are given to show that most expressions or phrases which are interchangeable synonyms in the general language should be treated carefully in legal translation. Finally, polysemes in legal terminology are discussed and examples given to illustrate problems potentially encountered by translators.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Legal Terminology and Lesser Used Languages: The Case of Mòcheno

88%
Chiocchetti E., Ralli N.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
135-146
EN
The article aims at outlining the specific problems connected with the elaboration of legal and administrative terminology in a lesser used language and illustrating the methods and tools proposed considering the knowledge and competences to be conveyed. Since 2003 the Institute for Specialised Communication and Multilingualism of the European Academy of Bolzano (EURAC) offers education courses in legal terminology work, coupled with introductions in related/complementary disciplines, e.g. documentation, specialised translation and technical writing. Next to professional trainings, the Institute held also ad-hoc courses, such as a two-day course organised in 2008 for the Mòcheni, a Germanic minority living in the Italian Province of Trento. Since the passing of provincial law no. 6/2008, which foresees specific measures for the protection and promotion of local language minorities, the Mòcheno-speaking community has the right to use their language in all situations of social, economic and administrative life in both oral and written communications. Notwithstanding the recent compilation of a standard grammar, the Mòcheno language is not yet developed for the use in technical and specialised contexts. Indeed, the most urgent needs seem to exist in the translation of administrative terminology.
11
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Synonymy and Polysemy in Legal Terminology and Their Applications to Bilingual and Bijural Translation

88%
Chromá M.
Research in Language
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
31-50
EN
The paper focuses on synonymy and polysemy in the language of law in English-speaking countries. The introductory part briefly outlines the process of legal translation and tackle the specificity of bijural translation. Then, traditional understanding of what a term is and its application to legal terminology is considered; three different levels of vocabulary used in legal texts are outlined and their relevance to bijural translation explained. Next, synonyms in the language of law are considered with respect to their intension and distribution, and examples are given to show that most expressions or phrases which are interchangeable synonyms in the general language should be treated carefully in legal translation. Finally, polysemes in legal terminology are discussed and examples given to illustrate problems potentially encountered by translators.
12

Andocides on ΑΤΙΜΙΑ and the Term ΠΡΟΣΤΑΞΙΣ

88%
Novotný M.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
|
2014
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1-2
61-88
EN
The article challenges the standard interpretation of the term prostaxis which we find in connection with partial disfranchisement (atimia) in the speech On the Mysteries by the Attic orator Andocides. According to the standard interpretation, prostaxis was a technical term for partial limitation of citizen rights in classical Athens. Developing critical remarks and ideas expressed by some previous scholars, the article argues that in using this word Andocides is referring exclusively to specific prohibitions imposed by special decrees. The occurrence of the term prostaxis in the decree of Patrocleides that is inserted in Andocides’ speech is irrelevant, since the whole document is a forgery.
13
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Acercamiento a la (no)equivalencia de los términos jurídicos en los diccionarios bilingües polaco-español/español-polaco

87%
Jaskot M. P., Wiltos A.
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
|
2016
|
vol. 43
|
issue 3
37-51
EN
The new European legal context prompted the creation of an original terminology within the existing Polish and Spanish legal language. As far as legal translation and the methods used in the specialized translation are concerned, it is crucial to remember that the law as science and a culture element of each nation has its own language. One of the most effective and essential tools in the work of each legal translator are bilingual dictionaries. Notwithstanding, lexicographical resources, which should support the translator, often lack adequate equivalent. That is why, conducting studies based on the Polish-Spanish and Spanish-Polish bilingual dictionaries in the context of linguistic analysis of lexical equivalents seems reasonable. The article approaches the phenomenon of equivalence or the lack of equivalence of selected lexical units in the legal field in order to demonstrate existing tools within general or specialized dictionaries available to – in our particular case – Polish translators whose working language is Spanish.
14
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Legal Russian in Legal - Linguistic Research

87%
GALDIA M.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2017
|
vol. 32
67-90
PL
Artykuł traktuje o kształtowaniu i rozwoju języka rosyjskiego prawa oraz o metodologii stosowanej w studiach legilingwistycznych w Rosji i za granicą. Autor ilustruje tendencje dominujące w badaniach legilingwistycznych i badaniach zbliżonych do nich koncentrując się na problemach dotyczących identyfikacji materiałów zródłowych oraz metod stworzonych w Rosji dla potrzeb analiz legilingwistycznych. Autor charakteryzuje również kontynuację i dyskontynuację w metodyce badań legilingwistycznych mającą w Rosji znaczny dorobek historyczny. Poniższy przegląd problemów i metod badań legilingwistycznych w Rosji wykazuje cechy charakterystyczne dla europejskiej tradycji legilingwistycznej, szczególnie transformację zainteresowań badaczy począwszy od analizy terminologii w izolacji od innych implikacji lingwistycznych do dyskursywnych aspektów prawa.   
EN
The article focuses upon the emergence and the development of the legal Russian language and the methodology used for its scrutiny in the legal-linguistic research in Russia and abroad. It shows some of the dominant tendencies in the legal-linguistic and related research in a perspective that combines material issues concerning the work on textual sources and their identification as well as methods developed in Russia to deal with legal- linguistic problems. The author aims to portray methodological continuity and discontinuity in a research area with a relatively long history. The overview of topics and methods demonstrates that the development in the area of the legal-linguistic research in Russia displays all characteristic features of the European legal-linguistic tradition, and especially the shift in the attention of scholars from isolated terminological issues to discursive aspects of law. 
15
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Czwarte rozważania nad Słowami prawnymi w rzeczy sobie podobnymi Bartłomieja Groickiego

75%
Zajda A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
|
2013
|
issue 1(15)
89-110
EN
Starting with B. Groicki’s Słowa prawne w rzeczy sobie podobne (1567), the paper collects and discusses lexis in the field of legal and judicial procedure. First, the history of the field procedura ‘procedure’ is briefly presented from Old Polish to modern times, and then the history of the field dilatio (‘adjorunment’) is discussed in more detail. In the Old Polish period, the most common names in the field dilatio were odwłoka, fryszt, odkład, and also several deverbal derivatives in -anie, -enie (e.g. odkładanie, odwleczenie, przewleczenie), which were however rarely written down in the sources. In the 16th c., this type becomes relatively popular, but the frequency of specific names is also very low at that time; the names odwłoka, przewłoka and zwłoka are much more common. From the second half of the 16th till the end of the 18th c., the centre of the field is dominated by dilatio, a loan word from Latin. In mid-18th c. the name odroczenie appears as an innovation, rare at first but gradually ousting the foreign dylacja and beginning to reign supreme.
16
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ЛИНГВОДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПЕРЕВОДА ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ

75%
LEVITAN K.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2011
|
vol. 7
9-22
PL
Praca przedstawia lingwistyczno-dydaktyczne podejście do nauczania przekładu prawniczego oparte na analizie porównawczej pojęć zakorzenionych kulturowo i typowych dla danego krajowego systemu prawa. Autor szczegółowo omawia cechy charakterystyczne języka prawa i komunikacji prawniczej, przekładu prawniczego, w tym trudności związanych z tłumaczeniem terminologii prawnej i prawniczej, kompetencji tłumacza prawniczego oraz metodologii nauczania przekładu prawniczego. W artykule zostały omówione metody i techniki stosowane do poszerzania kompetencji translatorskich studentów w celu nauczenia ich metod konceptualizacji świata języka prawa i i stymulowania przyszłego rozwoju kompetencji zawodowych i kreatywności.
EN
The paper presents a linguodidactic approach to teaching legal translation based on the comparative analysis of national and cultural concept spheres, contacting in the learning process. Peculiarities of legal language and professional communication in the sphere of law, specific features of legal translation, components of legal translation competence, difficulties connected with the translation of legal terms, and strategic and methodological issues of teaching law terminology translation including phraseological units are analyzed in detail. The author describes the methods and techniques which extend the students conceptions of sociocultural context, in which the target language is used by native speakers. To provide the equivalent translation of legal texts, the students must take into consideration the specific character of national law systems, use the right translation transformations, and find relevant legal terms. The main purpose of the translation is to bring together two conceptual pictures of the world. It is supposed that such an approach can help students to learn the new ways of world conceptualization and will stimulate the self-devolopment of future translators, fostering their professional skills and creativity.
RU
В статье излагается лингводидактическая концепция обучения юридическому переводу, основанная на использовании сопоставительного анализа национально-культурных концептосфер, контактирующих в учебном процессе. Анализируются особенности языка права и профессиональной коммуникации в сфере права, специфика юридического перевода, составные элементы профессиональной компетентности юриста-переводчика, трудности перевода юридических терминов, стратегические и методические вопросы обучении студентов переводу юридической терминологии, включая фразеологические единицы. Предлагаемая методика обучения юридическому переводу расширяет представления студентов о социально-культурном контексте использования иностранного юридического языка его носителями. Чтобы обеспечить эквивалентный перевод юридических текстов, студенты должны учитывать специфику национальных правовых систем, использовать необходимые переводческие трансформации и находить релевантные юридические термины. Главная цель перевода: сблизить две концептуальные картины мира. Предполагается, что такой подход поможет студентам овладеть новыми способами концептуализации юридической действительности и будет способствовать развитию переводческой компетентности, профессиональных умений, лингвокреативных способностей будущих переводчиков.
17
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TRANSLATION AS A CATALYST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CHINESE LEGAL LANGUAGE

75%
Cao D.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2021
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
39-60
EN
This paper focuses translation of legal language and the development of modern Chinese legal language as a translated legal language. It first describes the historical contexts in which China underwent enormous and unprecedented social and political changes including changes to law in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It then discusses how translation played an important catalyst role in introducing Western law, legal practices, legal concepts and terminology in the emerging modern Chinese legal language as we know it today, and in the process, lent a helping hand in negotiating China’s transition to modernity through translation and creating a new legal language and legal system. It also considers the issues in translingual and cross-cultural communication and understanding translated Chinese legal language.  
18
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Direction-asymmetric Equivalence in Legal Translation

75%
Duběda T.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2021
|
vol. 47
57-72
EN
The concept of equivalence, despite the criticism it has received in the past decades, remains a useful framework for the study of correspondence between legal terms. In the present article, I address the question of direction-asymmetric equivalence in legal translation, i.e. equivalence that does not obey the “one-to-one” principle, and which usually implies that the translator’s decision-making is more difficult in one direction than in the other. This asymmetry may be triggered by intrinsic semantic characteristics of legal terms (synonymy and polysemy), by differences between legal systems (system-specific terms, the procedures used for their translation and their handling in lexicographic sources, competing legal systems, tension between cultural boundedness and neutrality), or by social factors (L1 vs. L2 translation). The instances of directional asymmetry discussed are illustrated with examples from French and Czech.
19

Semantic Relations between Legal Terms. A Case Study of the Intralingual Relation of Synonymy

75%
Matulewska A.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
|
2016
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
161-174
EN
The author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels. The scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems: Polish, British, American and European Union. The research methods used include: (i) the analysis of comparable texts, (ii) the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality, (iii) the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community. The research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation. First the relation of synonymy binding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre-related relations is discussed. The proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in English and Polish. The conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations.
20
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THE CIVIL LAW TERM 机关 JĪGUĀN IN TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH, GERMAN AND POLISH

63%
GRZYBEK J.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2014
|
vol. 20
53-66
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano ekwiwalenty terminu 机关 jīguān użytego w tekstach Ustawy o ogólnych regułach prawa cywilnego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z 12 kwietnia 1986 roku (中华人民共和国民法通则 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínfă tōngzé) oraz w Ustawie o prawie postępowania cywilnego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z 9 kwietnia 1991 roku  (中华人民共和国诉讼法 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínshì sùsòng fă). Autorka dokonała analizy potencjalnych ekwiwalentów terminu 机关 w języku niemieckim i polskim. Dobierając ekwiwalenty odniosła się nie tylko do terminów z tekstu źródłowego, ale także do ich ekwiwalentów w anglojęzycznej wersji wspomnianych ustaw, przygotowanej przez Centrum regulacji prawnych w Wydawnictwie prawniczym (法规中心，法律出版社 Făguī zhōngxīn, Fălǜ chūbănshè). Język angielski i język niemiecki stanowi często język pośredni w procesie tłumaczenia polsko-chińskiego. Wykazano, że odpowiedni dobór ekwiwalentów polisemu 机关 jest możliwy tylko przy znajomości kontekstu jego użycia.
EN
The paper presents the options available when selecting equivalents of the Chinese term 机关  jīguān in legal context. The author undertook the conceptual analysis of the potential German and Polish equivalents of 机关 applied in the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China of April 12, 1986  (中华人民共和国民法通则 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínfă tōngzé) and Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China of April 9, 1991  (中华人民共和国诉讼法 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínshì sùsòng fă). The corpus under study included the translation of the mentioned statutes into English proposed by Centre of Laws and Regulations in Law Press China (法规中心，法律出版社 Făguī zhōngxīn, Fălǜ chūbănshè). English and German are often intermediary languages in the process of finding equivalents in Polish-Chinese translation. The term 机关 used in a legal and/or administrative context is translated into English, German and Polish differently depending on the context.
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