Search results

1

„Zlaté šesťdesiate“ Politický vývoj na Slovensku v 60. rokoch 20. storočia

100%

Sikora S.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2014

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vol. 17

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issue 1-2

138-181

EN

The study discusses political developments in Slovakia in the so-called "golden sixties" – a period of certain cautious liberalization trends culminating in the 1968 attempt to reform the Soviet-style socialism in the former Czechoslovakia. To understand why there still remains such a lasting intensive remembrance of this time, one must realize it was then that the citizens of Czechoslovakia could briefly feel the whiff of freedom and democracy, after the tragic 50s characterized by brutal political oppression and social engineering, destroying all the previous material and spiritual infrastructure. This paper attempts to assess the causes of this social phenomenon – of the liberalization of Slovak social system in the years 1963 – 1967 (the so-called „Before spring“), the course of the attempt to reform socialism in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and its distinctive features in Slovakia, as well as the onset of "normalization" of social system in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia, first after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact troops in late August 1968, but especially after Mr. G. Husak became first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in mid-April 1969. The above-mentioned Soviet-style normalization of socialism in Czechoslovakia then caused an incredible moral and political marasmus which resulted in a deadlock stagnation of political, economic, social and spiritual life of society. From this lethargy was then Czech and Slovak Society roused only by the time of "Velvet Revolution" in November 1989.

2

Participatory Audiovisual Translation in the Age of Immediacy .

100%

Łabendowicz O.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 3 (123)

159-170

EN

In the age of participatory culture and post-translation, the liberalization of the domain of audiovisual translation (AVT) was only a matter of time. The key four factors which have contributed to this demotic turn include: Linguistic Competence, Availability, Immediacy, and Free-of-Chargeness. Amateur and fan-produced translations increasingly gain in popularity. Meanwhile, the expectations of the industry towards professional translators has become more challenging than ever. The aim of the presented paper is to explore whether these changes call for a more market-driven approach towards AVT in the age of the opening of the industry for other agents.

3

Competition Law in the Quasi-Liberalized Postal Service Market: An Overview

100%

Erdem F. B.

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2021

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vol. 14

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issue 23

123-140

FR

Les services postaux de l’Union européenne ont été libéralisés par trois directives postales, notamment les directives 97/67/CE, 2002/39/CE et 2008/6/CE, conformément au Livre vert, qui souligne la nécessité de la libéralisation des services postaux pour le développement du marché unique et la promotion du développement socio-économique. Toutefois, la réalisation de cette transition est incertaine. Bien que ces directives, visant à supprimer toutes les barrières pour les nouveaux entrants, aient établi le cadre juridique nécessaire, les opérateurs postaux nationaux anciennement monopolisés ont conservé dans une large mesure leur position dominante et ont tenté d’en abuser. Par conséquent, la mise en oeuvre des dispositions du droit de la concurrence joue un rôle important dans le processus de libéralisation. Cet article vise à examiner dans quelle mesure les services postaux ont progressé en termes de libéralisation dans le cadre des récents jugements en matière de droit de la concurrence rendus à l’encontre d’opérateurs postaux nationaux tels que La Poste et Deutsche Post, en examinant les rapports de développement postal de l’Union postale universelle ainsi qu’en argumentant le contre-exemple de la position américaine.

EN

Postal services in the European Union have been liberalized through three postal directives, namely, 97/67/EC, 2002/39/EC and 2008/6/EC as per the Green paper, which emphasises the necessity of the liberalization of postal services for the development of the single market and the promotion of socio-economic development. Nevertheless, the realisation of this transition is questionable. Although these directives, to remove all barriers for new entrants, have established the necessary legal framework, formerly monopolised national postal operators have retained their dominant positions to a large extent and attempted to abuse it. Therefore, the implementation of competition law provisions plays an important role in the liberalization process. This article seeks to discuss how far postal services have advanced in terms of their liberalization under recent competition law judgments issued against national postal operators such as La Poste and Deutsche Post, by considering the Universal Postal Union (UPU)’s postal development reports as well as arguing the counter example of the US position.

4

Visa liberalisation and economic implication for the Western Balkans

88%

Sela Y.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2011

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issue 04

118-129

EN

When in April, 2007, western Balkan countries started the facilitation of the visa agreement that will allow them extremely simplified procedures for visa application in order to enter EU countries, many of the citizens of this region that historically has been isolated were skeptical this will really happen. This article analyses in detail the process of visa liberalization for the western Balkan countries and argues that visa facilitation is shown to be very useful despite the fact that only one country – known as “ghettoized” – the Republic of Kosovo. This state that is recognized internationally by 75 nations, of which 22 are EU, has remained the last Balkan country whose citizens still cannot travel freely in the EU. An important role in visa liberalization are the agreements of re-acceptance which are signed between the countries of the region and the European Commission that asks said countries to turn back all their citizens which are found illegally in the EU. Among others, this article provides an objective analysis in terms of the political implications of visa liberalization and free movement inside the European Union. The authors argue that traveling facilitations have become useful for citizens of particular countries whose aims are for positive achievements and growth along with the EU.

5

European Economic Area: European Free Trade Association and European Union

88%

Kondratenko I.

International Economics Letters

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2013

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vol. 2

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issue 1

36-44

EN

This paper is focused on the two biggest European institutions – European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and the European Union. Paper is in the first part focused on the development of their relationship, the history of participation on common market. It finds out that in the beginning these two organisations were mainly competing rivals and after years began to cooperate and in the 1990’s established the single common market by European Economic Area. In the second part the economic analysis of benefits of membership in EFTA is provided.

6

Determinants of market transformation from monopoly to competition in the sectors of infrastructure, using the example of the postal industry

88%

Buko J., Czaplewski R.

Informatyka Ekonomiczna

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2012

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issue 4(26)

9-19

EN

The public post office has important public and economic functions. Its history of universal service confirms that the post office is reliable and directed by public interests, with unique networks and offering successful delivery services. In the last twenty years the world’s postal sector was characterized by a significant transformation which created the conditions for the abolition of monopolies in the postal market. Many postal operators who were previously a state service converted to transnational corporations through privatization. The development of postal and telecommunication technology has helped to create a competitive postal market. This paper puts forward an attempt to answer two basic questions:why can basic necessities, which are more important than the postal service, be sold in a competitive market, why was this solution for the postal service not available for a long time?

7

The Areas of Competition and Planes of Cooperation in The Polish Passenger Services Market (Sea, Rail and Air Transport)

88%

Mańkowska M.

Logistics and Transport

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2013

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vol. 20

89-98

EN

The modern, global passenger services market operates in the circumstances of constantly evolving occurrences of competition and cooperation. In the interbranch transport relationships it is characterized by a variety of economic relations connecting market entities. The pace and direction of these transformations drive processes of globalization as well as liberalization and deregulation of this sector of services. Liberalization drives interbranch competition, whereas cost and political pressure stimulates development of various forms of cooperation. The article aims at demonstrating areas of competition and planes of interbranch cooperation in the Polish passenger services market with an example of sea, air and rail transport.

8

Comparing Nordic media systems: North between West and East?

88%

Nord L.

Central European Journal of Communication

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2008

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vol. 1

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issue 1

95-110

EN

The objective of this article is to further examine Nordic media systems beyond the tenta- tive Democratic Corporativist Model introduced by media scholars Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Man- cini in their important work Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Further- more, the article discusses distinct features of media and politics-relations in the Nordic countries and attempts to identify key factors constraining or promoting a possible liberalization or hybridization of the media systems in Nordic countries. The empirical data is based on a secondary analysis of avail- able media statistics in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. A comparative approach is used to analyze whether the Nordic countries actually meet the standards of the Democratic Corporativist Model or if they are drifting towards a more liberal media model. The main conclusion of this article is that the Nordic media systems are becoming more liberal due to diminished influences from gov- ernments and political parties. However, traditional Nordic media institutions remain strong and have been successful in adapting to new conditions thus creating new hybrids of the Nordic and the Lib- eral media models.

9

Struktury rynkowe w polskim sektorze pocztowym

75%

Błaszkowski W.

Przestrzeń, Ekonomia, Społeczeństwo

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2020

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issue 17/I

129-148

EN

The article is devoted to the analysis of the postal market in Poland, divided into its segments, and as a whole. The purpose of this article is to try to identify the two basic service segments (courier and letter), as well as the entire postal area, with appropriate market models (structures) Even before 2002, in the period preceding the launch of liberalization processes on the Polish postal market, this market was quite commonly regarded as a monopoly. In the period 2003–2012, when laws and other regulations were adopted that released competition mechanisms in the postal area, it was customary to say that the public operator Poczta Polska was losing its monopoly position. At the beginning of 2013 – the moment of entry into force of the EU directive liberalizing the postal services sector in Poland, by definition we are dealing with a fully competitive market. The analysis presented in this article is an attempt to define more precisely what real market mechanisms operate today in the area of postal services and what, therefore, real market structures have developed within this sector. Statistical analysis made it possible to examine the market shares and positions of postal operators as well as trends in this respect. On the other hand, the case study method was used to examine the structural changes taking place in the studied areas and to determine the characteristic features of individual segments in order to identify them with the relevant market models. The conducted research allows us to conclude that currently on the postal services market we are dealing with structures resembling an oligopoly in the field of courier services and parcels, while the monopoly – in the area of letter items. The analysis of the Polish postal market in a holistic approach seems to justify the claim that it shows some similarities to the monopolistic competition model.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony został analizie rynku pocztowego w Polsce, w rozbiciu na jego segmenty, jak i w ujęciu całościowym. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba identyfikacji dwóch podstawowych segmentów usług (kurierskich i listowych), a także całego obszaru pocztowego, z odpowiednimi modelami (strukturami) rynkowymi. Jeszcze przed rokiem 2002, a więc w okresie poprzedzającym uruchomienie proce- sów liberalizacyjnych na polskim rynku pocztowym, dość powszechnie rynek ten uznawany był za monopol. W okresie 2003–2012, kiedy wprowadzane były ustawy i inne regulacje uwalniające mechanizmy konkurencji w obszarze poczty, zwyczajowo mówiło się, iż publiczny operator Poczta Polska traci swoją monopolistyczną pozycję. Wraz z początkiem roku 2013 – momentem wejście w życie dyrektywy unijnej liberalizującej sektor usług pocztowych w Polsce, z założenia mamy do czynienia z rynkiem w pełni konkurencyjnym. Przedstawiona w artykule analiza służy próbie ściślejszego określenia, jakie rzeczywiste mechanizmy rynkowe funkcjonują dziś w obszarze usług pocztowych i jakie w związku z tym realne struktury rynkowe wykształciły się w ramach tego sektora. Analiza statystyczna pozwoliła zbadać udziały i pozycje rynkowe operatorów pocztowych oraz tendencje występujące w tym zakresie. Metodę analizy przypadku wykorzystano natomiast do oceny zmian strukturalnych zachodzących w badanych obszarach oraz do określenia charakterystycznych cech poszczególnych segmentów, w celu ich identyfikacji z właściwymi modelami rynkowymi. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają stwierdzić, że obecnie na rynku usług pocztowych mamy do czynienia ze strukturami przypominającymi oligopol w zakresie usług kurierskich i paczek, zaś monopol – w obszarze przesyłek listowych. Analiza polskiego rynku pocztowego w ujęciu holistycznym zdaje się natomiast upoważniać do twierdzenia, iż wykazuje on pewne podobieństwa do modelu konkurencji monopolistycznej.

10

The Specifics of Post-War Canadian Immigration Policy (1945–1957)

75%

Burtseva M.

Historia i Polityka

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2017

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issue 22(29)

69-86

EN

Immigration plays a significant role in various areas of the society’s life and the international policy. Investigating the Canadian experience of immigration is one of the major elements for understanding different aspects of actual mass relocation. The principal objective of this study is to investigate the specifics of Canadian immigration policy following the Second World War. The research is based on analyzing legislation regulations that established Canadian immigration policy from 1945 to 1957. The findings indicated that there were multilateral causes for the after-war immigration changes. And that in reality, Canadian immigration policy in the post-war decade was quite ambiguous because of enacting liberal and discriminatory legislation at the same time.

11

Globalne zarządzanie w perspektywie transnarodowego materializmu historycznego

75%

Rewizorski M.

Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne

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2016

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vol. 21

24-34

EN

The main purpose of this article is to systematize various positions held by transnational historical materialists in relation to global governance. They believe that the aforementioned phenomenon is a concept whose purpose is to conceal the class character of control practices taking place in the contemporary capitalist economy. The common denominator is the historical relationship between globalization, commodification and liberalization, as processes which became particularly evident in the late 1970s and 80s. Hence, the first part of this article shows criticism of the UN vision of global governanceIn the second part, the issue analyzed is embedded in a theoretical outlook, based mainly on the works of Immanuel Wallerstein, Henk Overbeek, Robert Cox, Mark Duffield and Stephen Gill. The article ends with conclusions containing generalizations resulting from the analysis.

12

Uwarunkowania rozwoju energetyki atomowej

75%

Szablewski A. T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2009

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vol. 236

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issue 11-12

1-24

EN

The paper deals with renewed interest in nuclear power engineering in Poland and elsewhere. The author looks at the issue of nuclear power development, paying special attention to the nature and significance of the challenges involved. Szablewski focuses on the extent to which power sector liberalization could hinder investment in new nuclear power plants andsuggests ways ofovercoming this problem. In this context, the paper analyzes the competitive position of nuclear power against coal and gas-based energy and assesses various risks related to nuclear power investment in liberalized markets and the ways in which these risks can be mitigated. Special measures are needed for the energy sector as it undergoes liberalization, Szablewski says. This especially applies to the sector’s structure, the market position of energy companies, the overall regulatory framework, and the approach of government institutions. Energy sector companies need to be able to share risk with other market players, according to the writer.

13

Practical Aspects of Aviation Law: Challenges of the Globalization of the World Air Transportation Market

75%

Bugayko D.

Logistics and Transport

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2020

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vol. 47-48

17-26

EN

The paper consists of globalization and liberalization impact on air transportation market. The article presents trends towards the privatization of international airline companies in the meaning of the development of worldwide alliances as also the liberalization. The challenges of the globalization are considered in the context of how appropriate policies and civil aviation activities should be developed.

14

The Transnationalization of Railways in the Czech Republic: an institutional travel from formal to informal oligopoly?

75%

Šitera D.

Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME)

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2013

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vol. 1

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issue 1

69-92

EN

This paper focuses on the unobviousness of railway liberalization in the Czech Republic. In its obvious form, the liberalization process, once set into motion, would assume a path-dependent trajectory and result in a liberalized railway market. The liberalization of Czech railway has however resulted in what this paper calls a compensatory monopoly. Compensatory monopoly depicts an informal practice which has allowed the Czech state to compensate the České dráhy (Czech Railways) with a de facto monopoly, while depriving the public rail operator of a de iure monopoly. As the paper claims, the railway liberalization has been a product of the transnationalization of Czech state through its absorption into the global economy and European Union above all. As an accession candidate and later member state of the European Union, the Czech state was obliged to internalize the railway acquis communautaire produced by the European Commission which has consequently transnationalized the Czech national railway. Due to its transnationalizing and simultaneously marketizing character, the railway acquis has also completely restructured the formal institutional setting of the Czech railway, including the social purpose of České dráhy which is no longer to serve the public interest, but rather abide by the market-based logic of business interest. Nonetheless, the acquis internalization has not remained uncontested. On the contrary, the old institutional setting has been further represented by the informal network of České dráhy-state nexus which attempted to reshape the liberalization in a way that would provide České dráhy with a patient capital and enough time to prepare for the competition on the liberalized railway market. The effect of informal practices embodied in the compensatory monopoly has thus proven the railway liberalization in the Czech Republic to be an institutional change with uneven, open-ended and seemingly contradictory outcomes.

15

Przekazanie sądowi powszechnemu sprawowania kontroli administracji publicznej jako odstępstwo od kognicji sądów administracyjnych na przykładzie Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów

75%

Frey R., Małecka E.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 2

77-102

EN

The goal of the article is to present the historical development of the exception from the rule of the court administration review by administrative courts, which is the transference of its conducting to the Antitrust Court (currently the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection). The additional goal is to answer the question of the grounds of the transference to a popular court the jurisdiction in antitrust cases, and then in regulatory cases. Two theses were formulated by the authors. The first thesis states that the Polish antitrust court model were based on the liberalization processes. The second thesis assumes that, despite faulty solutions in the procedural area, the functioning of the jurisdiction of the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection contributed to the development of competitive economy in Poland. The authors begin their consideration with the Act from 17th March 1921. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (the so-called March Constitution) and the Act of 3rd August 1922 on the Supreme Administrative Tribunal. In addition, they analyze the liberalization processes that took place in Poland after the changes of 1989. The second part covers the genesis of the Competition and Consumer Protection Court, the evolution of the jurisdiction of the Antimonopoly Court from 1990 to 2017 and the analysis of the issue of hybrid appeal proceedings. In this part, the authors refer to draft laws, transcripts of the sittings of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland and analyze the statistics of the case law of the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection from 1992 to 2020. The deliberation shall be based on legal regulations and scientific papers. The analysis shall focus on the proposed bills and on the related legislative process. The following methods were applied in the article: dogmatic-legal and analytic-synthetic.

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie historycznego rozwoju wyjątku od zasady kontroli administracji sądowej przez sądy administracyjne, jaki stanowi powierzenie jej sprawowania przez Sąd Antymonopolowy – obecnie Sąd Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów (SOKiK). Celem dodatkowym jest odpowiedź na pytanie o zasadność przekazania sądowi powszechnemu orzecznictwa w sprawach antymonopolowych, a później regulacyjnych. Autorzy sformułowali dwie tezy. Teza pierwsza, że źródłem takiego ukształtowania polskiego modelu sądownictwa antymonopolowego były procesy liberalizacyjne. Teza druga, że pomimo wadliwych rozwiązań w obszarze proceduralnym, jego funkcjonowanie i orzecznictwo SOKiK przyczyniło się do rozwoju konkurencyjnej gospodarki w Polsce. Artykuł dzieli się na dwie części. W pierwszej kolejności zostanie przedstawiony rys historyczny kontroli administracji publicznej przez sądy administracyjne w Polsce, następnie stan obecny kontroli administracji publicznej przez sądy administracyjne i powszechne. Autorzy rozpoczynają swoje rozważania od ustawy z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (tzw. Konstytucja marcowa) oraz ustawy z dnia 3 sierpnia 1922 r. o Najwyższym Trybunale Administracyjnym (NTA). Ponadto, analizują procesy liberalizacyjne, które następowały w Polsce po zmianach 1989 r. Druga cześć obejmuje genezę Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, ewolucję właściwości Sądu Antymonopolowego w latach 1990–2017 oraz analizę problematyki hybrydowego postępowania odwoławczego. W tej części Autorzy odwołują się do projektów ustaw, stenogramów posiedzeń Sejmu RP oraz poddają analizie statystykę orzecznictwa Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów w latach 1992–2020. Rozważania będą prowadzone w oparciu o przepisy prawa oraz opracowania naukowe. Analizie zostaną poddane projekty ustaw oraz związany z nimi proces legislacyjny. W artykule zostały zastosowane metody: dogmatyczno-prawna oraz analityczno-syntetyczna.

16

Zasady wykonywania działalności gospodarczej w zakresie przewozów lotniczych w prawie UE

75%

Maziarz A.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2015

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vol. 7

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issue 1

309-329

EN

The article focuses on the rules for the operation of air services in the EU. It presents the process of liberalisation of the air services sector and analyses the particular requirements associated with the undertaking of such activities. Firstly, the author focuses on the conditions for obtaining an operating license for air transport services which are common in all Member States. Then, legal acts designed to ensure equal access to airports for all air carriers are analysed. In the conclusion, the author evaluates the introduced solutions.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest wprowadzonym przez unijnego prawodawcę zasadom prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w zakresie przewozów lotniczych. Przedstawia on proces liberalizacji sektora przewozów lotniczych oraz analizuje poszczególne wymogi związane z podjęciem przez przedsiębiorców takiej działalności. W pierwszej kolejności autor skupił się na warunkach uzyskania koncesji na przewozy lotnicze. Następnie zostały przeanalizowane akty prawne mające na celu zagwarantowanie każdemu z przewoźników lotniczych równego dostępu do portów lotniczych. W zakończeniu autor dokonuje oceny wprowadzonych rozwiązań.

17

Challenges of liberalization. The case of Polish electricity and gas sectors

75%

Nowak B.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2009

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vol. 2(2)

141-168

EN

This paper applies the general insights of liberalization of the electricity and gas market to the market conditions of a particularly important new Member State in the EU, Poland. To this end the aim of this paper is to explain the Polish experience of liberalizing its energy market by reviewing those developments that produced its current shape. In fact there are two possible scenarios Polish policy makers can follow in liberalizing its energy sector. One would involve the UK approach that encompasses: ownership unbundling, less market concentration, less public ownership and more private capital in the industry. The second scenario follows the continental model: more concentration and vertical integration and more State or public ownership in the energy field (for instance, the French model). These two widely diverging approaches reflect different energy consumption patterns, energy mixes, sources of supply and natural resources of various countries. Having these differences in mind this research reviews developments that have produced the current state of liberalization of the electricity and gas sectors in Poland and discusses the prospects for further progress towards an integrated, competitive and liberalized European electricity and gas market in the light of the challenges that remain. These challenges include uneven unbundling, discriminatory third party access, insufficient independency of national regulator, consolidation and anti-competitive behaviour of incumbents or abuse of one’s dominant position on the market.

18

Niemcy w procesie liberalizacji rynku energii Unii Europejskiej na przykładzie sektora elektroenergetycznego

71%

MOLO B.

Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej

|

2017

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issue 11

179-198

EN

The subject matter of the paper is focused on selected aspects of the German electric power market liberalization in the context of the EU’s electric power (and natural gas) market liberalization initiated in the 1990s. The shape of electric power industry in Germany before liberalization along with cases of abuse of dominant position in the sector by German energy concerns RWE and E.ON have been presented in the article. Furthermore, the article describes an impact of liberalization on German electric power market through the prism of change in the market structure.

PL

Problematyka artykułu koncentruje się na wybranych aspektach procesu liberalizacji rynku energii elektrycznej w Niemczech w kontekście zainicjowanej w latach 90. XX wieku liberalizacji rynku energii elektrycznej (i gazu ziemnego) w Unii Europejskiej. W artykule przedstawiono kształt sektora energii elektrycznej w Niemczech przed liberalizacją, jak również przykłady nadużywania przez niemieckie przedsiębiorstwa energetyczne RWE i E.ON pozycji dominującej w tym sektorze. Ponadto artykuł prezentuje wpływ liberalizacji na rynek energii elektrycznej w Niemczech przez pryzmat zmiany struktury tego rynku.

19

Unia Europejska na rzecz demokratyzacji państw Azji Centralnej – działania i efekty

71%

Fiedler R.

Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej

|

2016

|

issue 10

371-379

EN

European Union after years of relatively small activity, in 2007 offered a strategy to Central Asia. In that strategy were addressed many issues, including democratic deficit or human rights violations. EU in its activity is overshadowed by the US and has small capacity for pursuing its own policy to the Central Asia. Another problem is a fact that after accomplishing EU strategy to Central Asia there are no new initiatives which will contribute for more visible European activity in that region.

PL

Unia Europejska dopiero w 2007 r. zaproponowała wobec regionu Azji Centralnej strategię, w której odniesiono się do różnych problemów, w tym deficytu demokracji i łamania praw człowieka. Istotnym ograniczeniem działań UE jest występowanie w cieniu USA oraz brak ambicji by także rozwijać współpracę w innych obszarach jak bezpieczeństwo czy zwiększenie europejskich inwestycji. Kolejnym problemem jest po zakończeniu jedynej strategii brak nakreślenia priorytetów, które umożliwiłoby UE na odgrywanie większej roli w Azji Centralnej.

20

Pasażerski transport lotniczy Polski w dobie liberalizacji (2004–2012)

63%

Jemioło J., Trzepacz P.

Prace Geograficzne

|

2012

|

issue 131

7-34

EN

As a result of socio-economic changes in the early 1990s, the inhabitants of Poland gained the opportunity of unrestricted movement beyond the country’s borders. However, only with the liberalization of air transportation, brought about by Poland’s entry into the European Union, were Poles given a real option of using an airplane as a feasible means of travel. This was in large part attributed to the introduction of low-fare airlines, which utilize mainly regional airports. The large wave of migration stemming from the opening up of labor markets to the inhabitants of new E U member states served as an additional factor creating additional demand. Owing to the above, since 2004, passenger air transportation in Poland has reached new levels. I n 2013 the number of passengers checked in at Polish airports should exceed 25 million. Although the global economic crisis has hampered all air transportation markets in Europe, Polish airports have exceptionally quickly returned to the path of dynamic growth. I n the immediate future, the direction and dynamics of air transportation growth in Poland will be in large part bound to the fate of Poland’s national air carrier – P L L L O T.

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