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EN
The aim of this paper is to present the linguistic view of woman in English and Polish proverbs. According to philosophers and linguists whose ideas shaped the concept of the linguistic worldview and cognitive definition, the language we use provides us with a specific interpretation of the world. Cognitive definitions should account for the way language users perceive particular phenomena. This article looks at connotative features encoded in English and Polish proverbs about women, which are sets of implicit judgments that build the linguistic stereotype of woman. The analysis of the material shows that the linguistic stereotypes of woman in English and Polish proverbs are to a great extent similar and predominantly negative. Yet, there are language specific differences concerning the overall attitude towards women, as well as relative salience of particular features.
EN
The main purpose of this article is to reconstruct the linguistic stereotype of the macho in the Mexican Spanish. The applied methodology is a qualitative analysis of various corpora: Corpus del Proyecto para el estudio sociolingüístico del español de España y de América PRESEEA, Corpus de las Sexualidades de México, Corpus Histórico del Español en México, Corpus del Español Mexicano Contemporáneo CEMC, Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual de la Real Academia Española CREA and Corpus de Español del Siglo XXI CORPES XXI. As a result, we have a description of how the macho should look like, behave, treat women and other men. However, the results prove also that the word “macho” is rarely used by the Mexicans and this conclusion requires further investigation.
PL
Autorka omawia zastosowanie pojęcia stereotypu językowego w glottodydaktyce. Próbując uzupełnić definicje obecne w literaturze przedmiotu, bada stereotyp użytkownika języka polskiego jako języka dziedziczonego („heritage speaker of Polish”) wśród amerykańskich studentów. Przed¬stawia listę stereotypowych cech użytkownika języka polskiego jako dziedziczonego, która ma być podstawą do utworzenia kwestionariusza zamkniętego i dalszych badań.
EN
The author discusses a way to apply the notion of the linguistic stereotype in foreign language teaching. In attempt to supplement the existing definitions, she researches the linguistic stereotype of the heritage speaker of Polish among American students. She presents a list of features of a stereotypical heritage speaker of Polish. The list will serve as the basis for a closed questionnaire and further research.
EN
The article attempts to show how the proverb Gdzie diabeł nie może, tam babę pośle, lit. ‘Where the devil does not dare, he’ll send a woman’ [When the going gets tough, the tough get going], functions in the intertextual space of contemporary Polish public discourse. The history of the proverb is presented, along with its explanations and the stereotypes of the devil and the woman. It is then shown what modal formulae and genological qualifiers are used with the proverb in order to increase its persuasive potential, what position it holds when it is used in argumentation, in implication or in opposition. Conclusions are more general: the functioning of the proverb in discourse illustrates the distancing of paremic derivatives from their bases, as a result of which they lose their constitutive paremic features and turn into examples. The case on hand also involves axiological conversion: the woman in the proverb was first evaluated negatively (she is worse than the devil in her harmful actions), now her image is positive (she does something good against the devil). The proverb functions as praise of someone who has defeated the devil in overcoming difficulties.
PL
Autor rozpoczyna od omówienia historii przysłowia Gdzie diabeł nie może, tam babę pośle, jego definicji oraz obecnych w nim stereotypów diabła i baby. Następnie pokazuje, że o ile początkowo przysłowie to wartościuje babę negatywnie (jest gorsza od diabła, bo bardziej skuteczna w szkodzeniu ludziom), o tyle współcześnie akcentuje się, że baba wbrew diabłu robi coś dobrego. Przysłowie to staje się pochwałą pod adresem kogoś, kto zwyciężył diabła, czyli przezwyciężył trudności.
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