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EN
The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the content of two parts of two different quaestiones quodlibetales of Thomas Aquinas. What they have in common is that they both treat the status of Christ (and in particular: of his body) after his death. Although they concern explicitely only the status of Christ, they can also be referred to the status of every human being post mortem. This article shows how Aquinas applies theses derived from his general metaphysical system to defend few statements that he considers necessary to adopt if one wishes to remain within the borders of christian orthodoxy. These statements are: that the death of Christ was a real one; that his divinity was not separated from him during his death; from this second statement a third one is derived: if this is the case, then the body of Christ during his death was the same one as his body before his death. By the way of some extrapolation, we can see what importance these theses and the way of justifying them bear on the more general question of a posthmous condition of human beings, especially their bodies.
PL
Metamorfozy Owidiusza stanowią doskonały materiał do badań nad figurami retorycznymi, a w szczególności nad hipotypozą (euidentia). Występująca bowiem często w towarzystwie innych figur (enumeratio, accumulare res, comparatio, gradatio) hipotypoza, odgrywa wyjątkową rolę w owidiańskiej narracji, a zwłaszcza w momencie kluczowym dla każdej przemiany, jakim jest płynne przejście jednego bytu w drugi. W niniejszej pracy zostały prześledzone głównie fragmenty, które zarówno w sposób dokładny (perspicuitas), jak i przekonujący (persuasio) ukazują zmieniające się ludzkie ciało z punktu widzenia fizjonomii i anatomii. Historie Dafne, Myrry, Ocyrhoé, Aglauros czy Niobe, to tylko niektóre przykłady, które posłużyły do analiz w celu zbadania, na czym polegała istota hypotypozy w momencie przemiany. Celem artykułu było również ukazanie, w jaki sposób łaciński poeta korzystał z tej silnej pod względem natury figury retorycznej (figura ad delectandum), aby wzbudzić u czytelnika jak najgłębsze przeżycia (mouere).
EN
Ovid’s Metamorphoses are an excellent text for the study of figures of speech, and in particular over hypotyposis (euidentia). Often hypotyposis, occurring in the company of other figures (enumeratio, accumulare res, comparatio, gradatio), plays a unique role in ovidian narrative form, especially at the key time of change – metamorphosis, which is the passage of one being to another. This article has traced mainly fragments that accurately (perspicuitas) and convincingly (persuasio) show the change of the human body, from the point of view of physiognomy and anatomy. Stories of Daphne, Myrrh, Ocyrhoé, Aglaulus or Niobe, are just some examples that were used for analysis to investigate what is the essence of hypotyposis at the time of change. The main aim of this article was to show the way, which was used by Ovid, the Latin poet, to stir in the reader the strongest of feelings (mouere).
Teologia w Polsce
|
2015
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2
95-114
PL
Męka Jezusa na krzyżu ujawnia wszystkie poziomy mądrości ludzkiego ciała: potrzebę obecności innych, a przede wszystkim Boga, oraz zasadę dialogiczności. Jednocześnie Ukrzyżowany Zbawiciel przełamuje pokusę efektywności, gdyż moc krzyża nie polega na tym, że Chrystus zszedł z Niego, ale właśnie na tym, że na nim umarł. W taki sposób Chrystus dopełnił swoją wierność Ojcu i objawił Go jako swego Ojca, jako źródło swego życia. Oczywiście, wielu naocznych świadków domagało się od Jezusa innej formy uwierzytelnienia Jego posłannictwa i Synostwa Bożego.
EN
The inspiration to write this article is to a large extent the text of the not given conference no of late Fr. Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC (†2002), one of the precursors of the hospice movement in Poland. The article consists of four points. The fi rst point shows that the suffering person can go the way of liberation from himself and rely on God. The human body has a dialogical structure, and thus the man by the conscious act of devotion can become a victim. Christ’s sacrifi ce should be understood that way. He offers a sacrifi ce from himself to the Father. It is a sacrifi ce of love, obedience and boundless devotion to the Father. The Father’s adoption of the Son’s sacrifi ce is testifi ed by the fact that “God raised him from the dead” (Rm 10: 9). For his friends, and through them to the whole world, the Risen Jesus is a revealer of love of the Triune God, Source, Redeemer and Giver of life.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2015
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2
95-114
EN
The inspiration to write this article is to a large extent the text of the not given conference no of late Fr. Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC (†2002), one of the precursors of the hospice movement in Poland. The article consists of four points. The first point shows that the suffering person can go the way of liberation from himself and rely on God. The human body has a dialogical structure, and thus the man by the conscious act of devotion can become a victim. Christ’s sacrifice should be understood that way. He offers a sacrifice from himself to the Father. It is a sacrifice of love, obedience and boundless devotion to the Father. The Father’s adoption of the Son’s sacrifice is testified by the fact that “God raised him from the dead” (Rm 10: 9). For his friends, and through them to the whole world, the Risen Jesus is a revealer of love of the Triune God, Source, Redeemer and Giver of life.
PL
Męka Jezusa na krzyżu ujawnia wszystkie poziomy mądrości ludzkiego ciała: potrzebę obecności innych, a przede wszystkim Boga, oraz zasadę dialogiczności. Jednocześnie Ukrzyżowany Zbawiciel przełamuje pokusę efektywności, gdyż moc krzyża nie polega na tym, że Chrystus zszedł z Niego, ale właśnie na tym, że na nim umarł. W taki sposób Chrystus dopełnił swoją wierność Ojcu i objawił Go jako swego Ojca, jako źródło swego życia. Oczywiście, wielu naocznych świadków domagało się od Jezusa innej formy uwierzytelnienia Jego posłannictwa i Synostwa Bożego.
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EN
This article is an attempt at analysis of the catholic Church’s position on sport activity. The starting point is a brief discussion of the relation between theology and sport. Next, there are given reasons why Church of first centuries was reluctant to sport activity. But already St. Paul referred to sport competition in order to show what is the meaning of christians’ life. In the next part, there are presented examples of how truly interested in sport were both laity and clergy catholics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Since the beginning of twentieth century sport activity has been mentioning in the statements of the Church authorities. This paper is also showing an attitude of Popes of twentieth century to sport activity. In conclusion, there is pointed out how sport can be useful for man and what kind of sport can be an effective tool for evangelization.
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