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Some Remarks on the Significance of Gold Based on Byzantine Ekphraseis of Works of Art

100%

Garnczarska M.

Studia Ceranea

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2020

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vol. 10

83-121

EN

The abundance of gilding is considered to be a particularly characteristic feature of Byzantine art. This attribute can be confirmed by even a cursory analysis of works of art. In short, Byzantine artists used gold on a large scale, showing great technical skill. It is therefore quite surprising that this issue has not yet received a separate, comprehensive study. Admittedly, researchers recognize the presence of gold but unfortunately, they almost do not go beyond general observations. On the one hand, they emphasize the primary role of the symbolic meanings of gold, and, on the other, they indicate the high material value of this precious metal. These comments are usually very general and their authors rarely refer to specific primary sources. Their observations, however, speak more about present-day ideas about Byzantine culture than about it itself. The indicated problem is an important and extensive task to be done, hence this paper is only an outline of the most important questions, each of which requires a separate and in-depth study. Therefore, this synthetic article introduces the most basic points associated with the understanding of gold in Byzantium. For this purpose, selected examples of Byzantine texts in which their authors referred to gold in a strictly artistic context are analysed. Thus, the main thesis is as follows: in Byzantine painting, gold, one of the most important devices of artistic expression, was used on a large scale primarily for aesthetic reasons.

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Marmur. Dwie wersje artykułu hasłowego do „Słownika ludowych stereotypów językowych”

86%

Mazurkiewicz M.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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1990

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vol. 3

71–75

PL

Autorka przedstawiła dwie wersje artykułu hasłowego marmur. Pierwsza – silnie uschematyzowana, adresowana raczej do odbiorców z kręgu badaczy folkloru i języka, druga – ujęta swobodniej, przeznaczona do szerszego odbioru (także dla nieprofesjonalistów). Zasadnicze kategorie, stanowiące o strukturze kognitywnej hasła, są w obu wersjach eksplikacji takie same: (1) usytuowanie w nadrzędnej klasie wraz z etymologią słowa; (2) wygląd; (3) cechy nie związane z wyglądem; (4) kolekcje (współwystępowanie); (5) zastosowanie jako materiału. Wersja pierwsza jest pozbawiona odniesienia do języka ogólnego, wersja druga – jako bardziej popularna – zawiera takie odniesienie. Inne jest w obu wersjach miejsce odnotowania liczby potwierdzeń wystąpienia wyrazu: w wersji pierwszej – łącznie z dokumentacją, w wersji drugiej – w ramach eseistycznej eksplikacji. Poza tym dokumentacja dla obu ujęć jest jednakowa.

EN

The author presents two versions of an entry for the word marble. The first, highly schematized version is addressed to a rather specialized audience, i.e. folklore researchers and linguists. The second definition – treated more freely – is addressed to a wider audience (also to non-professionals). The underlying categories that constitute the cognitive structure of both entries are the same: (1) they are placed within the superordinate class along with the etymology of the word; (2) its appearance; (3) its characteristics unrelated to the appearance; (4) sets (co-occurrence); (5) the application as the material. The first version does not include a reference to general language, while the second version does include such a reference. The location of the record confirming the number of occurrences of the word is different in the two definitions; in the first version – included in the examples; in the second – as a part of an essayistic explication. Apart from this difference, the examples provided are the same.

3

Reimpiego e spolia nella tarda Antichità alla luce del materiale litico proveniente dal complesso archeologico di San Severo a Classe

72%

Tůmová H., Cirelli E.

Studia Hercynia

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2019

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vol. 23

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issue 1

55-78

EN

The article aims to present results of the analysis of stone artefacts (fragments of architectural decoration, sarcophagi, opus sectile) from the late antique basilica and adjacent medieval monastery of San Severo in Classe (Ravenna, Italy). The research is focused on the qualitative and quantitative study of stone artefacts with regards on signs of their reuse. A hypothesis of the application of late antique materials in medieval reconstructions of San Severo monastic complex is discussed on the basis of lithotype and provenance study of stone artefacts and the late antique marble trade in the Mediterranean.

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1 Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

1 Studia Ceranea

1 Studia Hercynia

1 Cirelli E.

1 Garnczarska M.

1 Mazurkiewicz M.

1 Tůmová H.

1 2020

1 2019

1 1990

Some Remarks on the Significance of Gold Based on Byzantine Ekphraseis of Works of Art

Marmur. Dwie wersje artykułu hasłowego do „Słownika ludowych stereotypów językowych”

Reimpiego e spolia nella tarda Antichità alla luce del materiale litico proveniente dal complesso archeologico di San Severo a Classe