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1
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Prawno-administracyjne aspekty bezpieczeństwa żywności i żywienia w Polsce

100%
Jabłoński M.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 2
131-137
EN
Food Safety and Nutrition includes the accumulation of concepts aimed at enforcing standards of hygiene and healthcare. In accordance with Polish and EU law, these very important issues lead to the functioning of the food market. From the ground up, compliance with environmental standards is assured at every stage.
2

European Union and United Nations Legal Framework for Tracing of Weapons

100%
Suchanek P.
Internal Security
|
2010
|
vol. 2(1)
75-90
EN
The article focuses on the countermeasures that could be taken by international community and countries in order to tackle with the problem of illicit weapons trafficking and manufacturing. One of the most efficient tools in the field of preventing and combating the above phenomena is implementing the tracing of weapons. Tracing means systematic tracking the history of firearms and in certain cases also its parts and ammunition; checking the background of the weapon and its users in order to perceive the moment of shifting the weapon from legal into illegal market and detect the perpetrators operating in this shady business. Tracing concept is deeply rooted both in European Union and United Nations legal heritage and derives respectively from the so called EU Firearms Directives as well as UN Vienna Firearms Protocol and UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects. Tracing is based on three linked pillars: marking of weapons and ammunition, exchange of information and record – keeping understood as registering all weapons and keeping track of production, import, sale, transfer from government stockpiles, deactivation, destruction. The exchange of information can be executed both domestically and internationally, including the intermediation with international institutions such as Interpol. Article also explains in detail the characteristics of weapon tracing instruments or manuals worked out both by European Union and United Nations, their inter-dependence and main differences as well as reasons behind applied approaches of both stakeholders.
3

Ograniczenie swobody wypowiedzi komercyjnej w odniesieniu do oznakowania napojów alkoholowych

75%
Pietrzyk M.
Studia Iuridica
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2016
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vol. 66
313-327
PL
The article regards restriction on commercial speech concerning labelling of the alcoholic beverages. The commercial speech arising from both domestic law and international law is not absolute and may be subject of the significant restrictions. In the light of the European Convention on Human Rights, such restrictions must be prescribed by law and be necessary in a democratic society, in the certain interest. The protection of the commercial speech is also present in the American law, however the protection is not absolute and may be restricted. With regard to the alcoholic beverages as an important restriction on commercial speech may be perceived the health warning labels obligation. The introduction of such obligation is justified by the protection of the public health. Introduction of such obligation requires consideration whether this obligation is proportionate. It seems that other means including educational activities may achieve the same results as health warning labels.
4
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Ograniczenie swobody wypowiedzi komercyjnej w odniesieniu do oznakowania napojów alkoholowych

75%
Pietrzyk M.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 66
313-327
PL
The article regards restriction on commercial speech concerning labelling of the alcoholic beverages. The commercial speech arising from both domestic law and international law is not absolute and may be subject of the significant restrictions. In the light of the European Convention on Human Rights, such restrictions must be prescribed by law and be necessary in a democratic society, in the certain interest. The protection of the commercial speech is also present in the American law, however the protection is not absolute and may be restricted. With regard to the alcoholic beverages as an important restriction on commercial speech may be perceived the health warning labels obligation. The introduction of such obligation is justified by the protection of the public health. Introduction of such obligation requires consideration whether this obligation is proportionate. It seems that other means including educational activities may achieve the same results as health warning labels.
5

Nano-trace: A Marking Tool for Movable Objects of Cultural or Industrial Value

63%
Schvoerer M., Ney C., de Kock N., Speeckaert P., Enza C., Massue J.-P., Dubernet S., Selva P., Ollagnier C., Aubert E.
Internal Security
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2011
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vol. 3(1)
29-48
EN
The Patient is a modern society. Material objects of cultural or industrial value are the threatened Organs. The Threat is theft, robbery, piracy, counterfeit and their unavoidable consequences – import, export and other illegal transfer of property. Is this really serious, Doctor? Unfortunately, the answer is “Yes”! In relation to the illegal trade in cultural assets, ICOM (International Council of Museums), an international institution engaged in various preventive activities, ascertains that: „Illicit traffic in cultural goods ranks third in the listing of criminal activities worldwide, following drug and arms trafficking”. This paper is deliberately insufficient: although it is focused on the protection of cultural assets, but it also relates directly to the assets of industrial value. In essence, it proposes a preventive measure based on the physical properties of materials and nanotechnology. The method is called nano-trace and is used to support activities of various international institutions – UN, UNESCO, Council of Europe, EU, European Commission, Interpol, and we would add PACT Association – that, like ICOM, are constantly seeking the best response to the above presented key problem. Like all new scientific methods and technologies it can be improved. Our deliberations in this paper, however, are aimed primarily at broadening the agenda.
6
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Dobrowolny system znakowania „wolne od GMO” – doświadczenia systemu niemieckiego w kontekście projektu polskiej ustawy

63%
Żuchowska-Grzywacz M.
Studia Iuridica
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2018
|
vol. 78
550-563
PL
The article is an attempt to present the draft of the act on the labeling of products made without the use of genetically modified organisms designed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and on the amendment of some other acts, based on the experience of the “Ohne Gentechnikˮ system in Germany. The article also presents issues directly related to the indicated issues, namely GM food issues and legal regulations regulating it. The aim of the study is to analyze legal assumptions in the indicated scope, with particular emphasis on the German practice and to determine the significance, benefits and problems resulting from the introduction of such a system for consumers and entrepreneurs. The study uses the method of content analysis and analysis of documents, which makes it possible to highlight the multi-aspect nature of the discussed issue and its significance. References were made to legal acts, periodicals and monographs. The information provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, german Association “Food without genetic engineeringˮ (VLOG), organizations associating entrepreneurs, consumers, social organizations and data on the official websites of these organizations were used. The critical interpretation of texts, in particular legal ones, allowed to determine current trends. Methods of comparative law were also used in the field of methods, comparing two systems of marking: German and designed Polish, which helped to broaden the cognitive perspective and indicate the directions of legislative solutions.
7
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The Present Participle Mark-ing in East Midland Middle English: A Corpus Study

63%
Budna A.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
|
2014
|
issue 23/2
42-51
EN
The present paper contains a description of the distribution of the typical forms of the present participle marker in the East Midland dialect, one which also incorporates the relatively autonomous dialectal areas of East Anglia and London. The major contrasting characteristic of the conservative and the advanced types was materialised in the opposition between the old nd-forms and the new ng-forms. The evidence for the present study comes from the prose and poetic texts of the 13th–15th centuries compiled in the electronic versions of the Innsbruck computer archive of machine-readable English texts (ICAMET), Penn-Helsinki parsed corpus of Middle English (PPCME2), Chadwyck-Healey’s English poetry full-text database, The Auchinleck manuscript, and the Michigan Corpus of Middle English prose and verse. The selected texts are those from localized manuscripts, established on the basis of the Catalogue of sources for a linguistic atlas of Early Medieval English (LAEME) and A linguistic atlas of Late Mediaeval English (LALME). The present contribution is another instalment in a series of papers devoted to the rise and spread of the present participle form -ing(e) in Middle English.
8

Opakowanie jako narzędzie wpływania na wybory konsumentów i czytelność przekazywanych przez nie komunikatów na przykładzie ekskluzywnych wód mineralnych

63%
Kozik N.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2019
|
issue 4(982)
19-38
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka opakowania jako czynnika wpływającego na wybór konsumentów i czytelność przekazywanych komunikatów oraz prezentacja wyników badań pozwalających na ocenę czytelności na przykładzie 19 opakowań ekskluzywnych wód mineralnych występujących na rynku krajowym. Metodyka badań: Do oceny czytelności opakowań jednostkowych ekskluzywnych wód mineralnych wykorzystana została opracowana przez M. Metz metoda TVScore, która polega na punktowej ocenie 15 typograficznych parametrów tekstu umieszczonego na opakowaniu, takich jak: styl druku, rozmiar czcionki, odstęp między wierszami, pogrubienia i kursywa, czcionka, długość linii tekstu, wyrównanie tekstu, organizacja tekstu, kontrast, rewers druku, powierzchnia opakowania, jakość wydruku, tło druku, dzielenie wyrazów, występowanie skrótów. Wyniki badań: Poddane ocenie opakowania charakteryzują się zróżnicowanym poziomem informacyjności (niezależnym od ich pojemności i wymiarów). Czytelność ich znakowania została oceniona w zakresie 65–142 pkt TVScore, co znacznie przekracza próg zaproponowany przez M. Metz, która przyjmuje, że czytelna etykieta ma nie więcej niż 4 pkt TVScore. Wnioski: Badane opakowania charakteryzują się bardzo niską czytelnością i nieodpowiednią organizacją informacji tekstowych, dlatego powinny zostać przeprojektowane. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Zastosowana metoda badawcza nie była do tej pory wykorzystywana do oceny opakowań produktów spożywczych premium w kształcie butelek i puszek, które są integralnym elementem produktu i wpływają na postrzeganie jego jakości przez konsumentów. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że metoda TVScore jest przydatna do oceny zróżnicowania opakowań w formie konstrukcyjnej butelek i puszek ze względu na czytelność i organizację umieszczonego na nich znakowania.
EN
Objective: The paper characterizes packaging as a factor influencing consumer choice and the legibility of the messages transmitted. It presents the results of research allowing message readability to be evaluated on the example of 19 packages of exclusive mineral waters sold on the Polish market. Research Design & Methods: A typographical scoring system called TVScore, developed by M. Metz, was used to assess the readability of unit packages of exclusive mineral waters. It scores fifteen typographic parameters of the text on packaging (print style, print size, leading, boldface or italic, case, line length, print justification, print organization, contrast level, reverse print, shiny/light reflecting, print reproduction, print background, hyphenation, abbreviation). Findings: The packaging evaluated had varying amounts of information (which did not depend to a great deal on the capacity and dimensions of the individual packaging). Text legibility was rated from 65 to142 TVScore points, significantly exceeding the threshold proposed by Metz, who assumes that a legible label has no more than 4 TVScore points. Implications / Recommendations: The packaging evaluated in this study was characterized by very low readability and inappropriately organised text. This is a cause for concern and reason to redesign the packaging. Contribution: The TVScore method has not been widely used until now and has never been used to evaluate packaging for premium food products packaged in bottles or cans, which are an integral part of the product and affect consumer perception of its quality. The research shows that the TVScore method is useful for assessing the diversity of bottle and can packaging and the readability and organisation of the information placed on them.
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