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EN
The absence of a party to a case is a frequent situation in a marriage nullity process. This applies to both the petitioning and the responding party, who, for various reasons, remain passive in relation to the pending process. The presented considerations aim to show norms and provisions of the Code of Canon Law of 1983 and Instruction Dignitas Connubii that regulate the conduct of a judge and the parties when either party fails to appear. Showing differences in judicial conduct and possible reasons for a party’s non-appearance is crucial for the understanding of the legal consequences for the parties and the course of the process. The following issues will have a significant impact on decisions made by a judge: reliance on the justice of the tribunal, refusal to receive a summons, hindering a petition from reaching the summoned party, or impossibility to determine the domicile of a party. The description of other possible reasons for absence of a party is followed by an enumeration of legal consequences in order to pinpoint the various steps that a judge can take as well as ways of providing protection for the parties.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2019
|
vol. 30
|
issue 1
17-37
EN
The Canon Law of Process and in particular the process praxis of Apostolic Tribunals, including judicature of the Roman Rota, as well as other courts of the Church, continuously draws attention to the role and meaning of the expert’s opinion in the process of adjudicating the nullity of marriage. Extensive professional expertise and honesty in performing a task entrusted to him constitute a guarantee of appropriate use of the process proof from the opinion of an expert that, at the same time, may provide a great input for the prestige of administering justice by the Church courts. Participation of an expert in the modern marriage process should help it to be fair and substantive. In other words, it should specifically help in an efficient and fast recognition of truth concerning the litigated marriage. Among other facts the Pope Francis’s process reform indicates the fact that states that the reformed marriage process requires that the highest level of protection of the truth concerning the holy marriage bond must be guaranteed. All of this causes that nowadays there appear new challenges for the meaning and role of an expert, namely for the value of his opinion for the marriage process needs, primarily, in regards of determination of the mental nature anomalies, i.e. the term introduced formally into the Code of Canon Law by the reform of Pope Francis. Due to this, it should be noted that the amendment made by Pope Francis remains in full concordance with teaching of his predecessors holding office of the Holy See Bishop. It is only a transfer of an important teaching of John Paul II and Benedict XVI into a formalized new process reform. Hence, it must be underlined in the conclusion that this is an important evolution that we are dealing with and development of the Church doctrine and law, at the same time. They are always concentrated on human wellbeing. By this, the Canon Law gives response to the complicated challenges of modern reality without losing its foundation in the natural law.
PL
Kanoniczne prawo procesowe, w szczególności zaś praktyka procesowa tak Trybunałów Apostolskich, w tym orzecznictwo Trybunału Roty Rzymskiej, jak i pozostałych sądów Kościoła, ciągle kieruje uwagę na rolę i znaczenie opinii biegłego w procesie orzekania nieważności małżeństwa. Duża kompetencja zawodowa oraz uczciwość wykonywanego przez biegłego powierzonego mu zadania, są gwarancją właściwego wykorzystania procesowego dowodu z opinii biegłego, który równocześnie może dać duży wkład dla prestiżu administrowania sprawiedliwości przez sądownictwo Kościoła. We współczesnym procesie małżeńskim, udział biegłego winien pomóc, aby był on sprawiedliwy i merytoryczny, czyli konkretnie ma pomóc w sprawnym oraz szybkim poznaniu prawdy na temat zaskarżonego małżeństwa. Między innymi na ten fakt zwraca uwagę reforma procesowa papieża Franciszka, która stanowi, że zreformowany proces małżeński wymaga zagwarantowania w najwyższym stopniu ochrony prawdy na temat świętego węzła małżeńskiego. To wszystko sprawia, że pojawiają się dzisiaj nowe wyzwania dla znaczenia oraz roli biegłego, czyli dla waloru jego opinii na potrzeby procesu małżeńskiego, przede wszystkim, w przedmiocie określenia anomalii natury psychicznej, czyli terminu wprowadzonego formalnie przez reformę papieża Franciszka do Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego. Dlatego też wypada zaznaczyć, że dokonana nowelizacja przez papieża Franciszka pozostaje w całkowitej zgodzie z nauczaniem jego poprzedników na urzędzie Biskupa Rzymskiego; jest to jedynie przeniesienie do sformalizowanej nowej normy procesowej ważnego nauczania Jana Pawła II i Benedykta XVI. Stąd też w konkluzji trzeba podkreślić, że mamy do czynienia z ważną ewolucją a jednocześnie rozwojem doktryny i prawa Kościoła, które mają na uwadze zawsze dobro człowieka. W ten sposób prawo kanoniczne, nie tracąc swojego fundamentu w prawie naturalnym, odpowiada na skomplikowane wyzwanie współczesnej rzeczywistości.
EN
La riflessione sull’interpretazione corretta delle norme processuali nelle cause matrimoniali e sul mancato consenso all’esclusione dell’istruzione DC dalle leggi generali e dalle regole interpretative è ben illustrata da una situazione concreta ossia dalla contesa interpretativa tra due tribunali diocesani relativa alle divergenze nell’interpretazione corretta del divieto del cumulo degli uffici giudiziari (art. 36 par. 3 Istruzione „Dignitas Connubii”). La discussione verteva sulla possibilità per un giudice di un tribunale di poter essere, in modo costante, rappresentate processuale davanti ad un altro tribunale, nel caso in cui tra questi tribunali, non collegati per ragione di appello, fosse esistita da tanto tempo una collaborazione rogatoriale. La questione è stata sottoposta all’esame del Supremo Tribunale della Segnatura Apostolica, che dopo l’analisi dello stato di fatto e dopo aver esaminato il parere di entrambi i tribunali ha emanato il „Votum Periti” . Il Supremo Tribunale ha dichiarato che la regola del codice relativa al divieto del cumulo degli uffici del giudice e del rappresentante/avvocato richiede un’applicazione dell’interpretazione teologica che prende in considerazione lo “spirito” della legge stabilita e non soltanto una comprensione letterale della norma. Per il caso sopradescritto questo significava che il divieto del cumulo dell’ufficio di giudice ecclesiastico e di rappresentante della parte processuale avrebbe dovuto essere esteso al caso analizzato se tra i tribunali fosse esistito effettivamente un sistema di aiuto giudiziario, anche se i tribunali fossero stati di paesi diversi. La decisione del Supremo Tribunale della Segnatura Apostolica ha risolto il problema di un caso concreto, ma la sua argomentazione può essere un indizio prezioso per un procedimento corretto in situazioni analoghe, che ogni tanto si verificano in tribunali locali. L’istruzione processuale nelle cause matrimoniali, „Dignitas Conubii”, costituisce un vero vademecum per un legale ecclesiastico. Bisogna però ricordare che le norme dell’istruzione non sono un „algoritmo di comportamento” che può essere applicato direttamente, senza prendere in considerazione le norme del Codice di Diritto Canonico, l’intenzione del legislatore ed il fine della creazione della norma (non soltanto il fine supremo, come il bene delle anime: salus animarum, ma anche quello riguardante la tutela di un valore concreto descritto nella norma). Inoltre, occorre ricordare che le norme dell’istruzione „Dignitas Connubii” non esauriscono tutti i casi che possono verificarsi nel corso del procedimento giudiziario. Infine, l’istruzione DC non è una guida per i tribunali diocesani, nella quale vengono spiegate tutte le questioni processuali.
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