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EN
Every specialist text carries traces of the institutionalized context in which it is created. The context is based on the socially sanctioned communicative relationship, on the strength of which discourse partners enter into a so-called communicative contract. A text is then a verbal realization of contractual obligations, strictly standardized at the level of genre. Hence, information about the status of the discourse partners and the nature of their contractual (communicative) obligations is essential for accurate interpretation of a text. This, in turn, places double responsibility on the translator, who is obliged not only to transfer the discourse object into the target language, but also to “present” the sender of the original to the recipient of the translate in such a way as to render their status and discourse characteristics. Failing that, the translator will not succeed in reconstructing the original discourse contract, and hence attaining functional coherence of the translation. The aim of this article is to examine whether, and to what extent, translators have managed to present communicating subjects of Polish hospital discharge summary to the French recipient.
EN
This paper aims at discussing the aetiology, etymology, characteristics and phraseology of pain feeling, infliction and healing in ancient Egyptian religious, magical and literary texts. It examines the roles of the inflictors of pain and their effect on those who were vulnerable to their infliction. It also discusses the roles of the pain healers. Furthermore, it explains the notion of pain infliction and analyses the types of pain, revealing its experience in ancient Egypt. It discusses how it felt, was conceptualised, generated, assessed, how deities, demons, dead and living individuals inflicted and healed it. In relevant contexts, it discusses the places where pain was inflicted and the consequences of such infliction.
PL
Przekład tekstów medycznych obejmuje cały szereg różnego typu tekstów, takich jak wypisy szpitalne, epikryzy, artykuły naukowe w czasopismach medycznych, ulotki informacyjne dla pacjenta (PILs) czy też wskazówki dotyczące stosowania leku (IFU). Wkracza również w sferę zainteresowania zawodowego tłumaczy przysięgłych z racji takich czynników jak np. migracja obywateli lub członkostwo Polski w UE i wynikające z tego procedury implementacji prawa unijnego do polskiego oraz wprowadzania wyrobów medycznych na rynek. Tłumacze przysięgli z konieczności więc mają do czynienia z całym szeregiem tekstów z różnych dziedzin medycyny (oraz dziedzin pokrewnych, takich jak np. farmakologia czy biologia). Trudnością i jednocześnie wyzwaniem dla tłumacza w takiej sytuacji stają się: brak wiedzy medycznej, problemy ze znajomością terminologii medycznej (oraz wszechobecnych skrótów i skrótowców) czy ogólnie pojętego dyskursu medycznego. Pociąga to za sobą rozwój nowego profesjonalnego podejścia do tłumaczenia takich tekstów jak również specyficznych kompetencji (dlatego w artykule pokrótce wyjaśnione zostaną pojęcia takie jak profesjonalizm i kompetencja). Podejście zaprezentowane w artykule będzie podejściem zorientowanym na tłumacza.
EN
Medical translation has been an area of an increased growth in the demand for translation services. It is considered to cover an extensive variety of genres, starting from hospital discharge reports, epicrises, specialist articles in medical journals, patient information leaflets (PILs) or instructions for use (IFU). It also has entered the area of activity of court translators due to e.g. migration or Poland’s membership in the EU and resultant EU-law implementation procedures (i.e., implementation of the Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC) and commercialisation of medical devices, thus generating the need to deal with an array of texts from the entire realm of various fields of medicine, and related disciplines (pharmacy, pharmacology, biology, etc.). Court translators are therefore facing difficulties and at the same time challenges, among which most important are the lack of medical knowledge, medical terminology (including acronyms and abbreviations) or medical phraseology in general. This entails the development of a new professional approach towards proceeding with such tasks, and requires constant improvement of skills and knowledge as well as special competencies that might be of help for translators (for this reason the notions of professionalism and translation competence shall be briefly elucidated). The focus of the article is placed on translation of medical texts seen from the point of view of translators and the purpose of translation, and not from the perspective of users, thus the approach is translator-centred.
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