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Metakognitívny monitoring pri riešení verbálnych a neverbálnych úloh u detí predškolského veku

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Urban K., Zápotočná O.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

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2017

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vol. 61

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issue 6

521-535

EN

Objectives. Metacognitive monitoring in preschool children plays an important role in the further learning process and help seeking. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the preschool children are able to monitor their performance while solving cognitive tasks (1). What is the relationship between the accuracy of metacognitive monitoring and the performance (2). How are these relationships related to the nature of cognitive tasks (3). Sample and setting. The sample consisted of total 97 children from 5 to 6 years old. Children individually solved 4 cognitive tasks and provided item-by-item or global confidence judgments (CJs) using the traffic light with red and green colours. Statistical analysis. Absolute accuracy index and bias index (Schraw, 2009) were calculated. To analyse age differences and bias differences (real and overestimated performance) independent samples t-test was used. To analyse task differences the ANOVA was used. Results. Preschool children are able to monitor their performance retrospectively (using CJs). They are more metacognitively accurate in verbal tasks than in non-verbal (Piagetian) tasks. Moreover, the monitoring accuracy significantly (p < .001) corresponds to the task performance. Study limitation. The finding requires further research concerning analyzing other characteristics of the cognitive task such as difficulty, and using different ways of analyzing and evaluating results, as well as taking into account the factors of social environment, which plays an important role in the development of metacognitive awareness in preschool children.

SK

Ciele. Skúmanie otázok metakognície na úrovni predškolského veku predstavuje významnú a v našich podmienkach relatívne novú oblasť psychologického bádania. Cieľom prezentovanej štúdie je zistiť, či deti predškolského veku dokážu pri riešení kognitívnych úloh monitorovať svoje výkony (1). Aký je vzťah medzi presnosťou metakognitívneho monitoringu a výsledným výkonom (2). Ako tieto vzťahy súvisia s charakterom riešených kognitívnych úloh (3). Výskumná vzorka – postup. Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 97 detí vo veku 5 a 6 rokov, ktorým boli individuálne administrované 4 kognitívne úlohy spolu s posudzovaním správnosti ich riešenia na dvojbodovej škále retrospektívneho monitorovania (tzv. „confidence judgments“, CJs). Štatistická analýza. Pomocou t-testu boli analyzované rozdiely medzi deťmi v závislosti od veku (5 a 6 rokov) a presnosti odhadu (deti s realistickejším odhadom oproti deťom s nadhodnoteným odhadom). ANOVA bola použitá na zisťovanie rozdielov v presnosti monitoringu jednotlivých úloh vyjadrenej dvoma indexmi absolútnej správnosti (podľa Schraw, 2009). Výsledky štúdie dokumentujú, že 5–6 ročné deti sú schopné monitorovať a retrospektívne posudzovať úspešnosť svojich riešení, pričom v úlohách verbálneho charakteru vyžadujúcich porozumenie textu to zvládajú štatisticky významne lepšie. Presnosť metakognitívneho monitoringu korešponduje s výsledným výkonom, čo sa potvrdilo vo všetkých sledovaných úlohách na hladine štatistickej významnosti p < ,001. Limity. Uvedené zistenia budú vyžadovať ďalšie overovanie pri súčasnom sledovaní a kontrole viacerých charakteristík použitých kognitívnych úloh, s využitím rozličných spôsobov analýzy a hodnotenia výsledkov, ako aj zohľadnením faktorov sociálneho prostredia, ktoré – ako sa ukazuje – zohráva významnú úlohu vo vývine metakognitívneho uvedomovania detí predškolského veku.

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Methodological and Contextual Foundations of Metacognitive Monitoring Training Program in Student Self-Regulated Learning

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Balashov E., Pasichnyk I., Kalamazh R.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 1

77-92

EN

Aim. This manuscript aims to present the theoretical and contextual characteristics of the developed training program focused on identifying the components of students’ self-regulated learning activities with the use of metacognitive monitoring as well as improving the effectiveness of the students’ learning activities at the individual-personal, motivational-volitional, cognitive and metacognitive levels. To do this, we sought to analyze these phenomena in scientific literature and develop a training program aimed to develop students’ reflexivity, internal learning motivation, and metacognitive skills; to inform students about the features of metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive control of self-regulated learning activities, their awareness of the characteristics of their own processes of understanding, evaluating and reproducing information; to form comprehension and task analysis skills, as well as understanding of the specifics of performed tasks. Methods. A system of general scientific methods was used: analysis and synthesis of the main characteristics of the concepts of self-regulated learning and metacognitive monitoring as a complex multidimensional formation, comprehension of the psychological foundations of self-regulated learning, systematization and generalization of scientific provisions of metacognitive monitoring in student self-regulated learning. This study focused on the design and development of the training program for increasing the efficiency of metacognitive monitoring in student self-regulated learning. Results. The presented manuscript has analyzed the theoretical aspects of the concepts of metacognitive monitoring and self-regulated learning of HEI students. The theoretical essence of the methodological and contextual characteristics of the above mentioned phenomena has been studied. The role and importance of metacognitive monitoring and its components in the learning efficiency and academic self-regulation of HEI students have been described. It has been determined that metacognitive monitoring as a metacognitive characteristic of personality determines not only the organization of mental and behavioral processes, but also relates to the academic success of the subject of learning activity, namely the student. The training program for increasing the efficiency of metacognitive monitoring in student self-regulated learning has been developed and presented. Conclusions. The program was designed to help students consciously approach the independent planning and setting of learning goals, control intellectual and metacognitive activities, and use cognitive and metacognitive strategies in learning, monitoring, controlling and correcting their learning activities. Since these processes provide students with cognitive understanding of their own cognitive processes, the use of this type of training program will help students optimize their learning outcomes through metacognitive monitoring in the process of self-regulated learning activities.

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Comprehension and metacomprehension in preschoolers from low- and middle- socioeconomic status families:

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Zápotočná O., Urban K., Urban M.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

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2020

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vol. 64

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issue 6

625-638

EN

Objectives. The aim of the study is to investigate reading comprehension and metacomprehension as they occur in preschool age in relation to sociocultural environment of the family, in comparison with traditional predictors of beginning reading acquisition represented by several indicators of phonological awareness. Participants and setting. A group of 327 preschool- age children from middle-SES families and 55 children from low-SES families were compared. Hypotheses. It was assumed that children from low-SES families would perform worse than children from middle-SES families namely in literacy tasks requiring specific social experience with reading, i.e. text comprehension and metacognitive monitoring. Statistical analysis. The differences between the groups were tested using independent samples t-tests, monitoring accuracy on the correct and incorrect answers using the chi-squared test and the relationship between monitoring accuracy and performance in the two text comprehension tasks using 2-way ANO VA. Results. Results showed that children from low- SES families demonstrated significantly lower overall performance in all literacy tasks, however, the group differences in text comprehension varied in relation to the task difficulty (complexity and the level of comprehension). Moreover, in metacognitive monitoring, children from low-SES families showed significantly higher tendency to underestimate their correct performance, indicating lower self-esteem. Study limitations. The main limitation of the study was the lack of information about everyday reading behaviour in children’s family environment.

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The illusion of knowing from perspective of metacognitive monitoring accuracy of educational activity of university students

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Пасічник І. Д., Каламаж Р. В., Августюк М. М.

Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe

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2017

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issue 1

89-104

EN

The study analyses the results of the empirically established connections between the features of the singled out personal, cognitive and metacognitive characteristics of students. In particular, it is established that the illusion of knowing regarded as an overconfidence and an error of metacognitive monitoring occurs in all types of metacognitive judgments, but is more evident in prospective judgments. We found the correlation between the indicators of the illusion of knowing and metacognitive activity, metacognitive awareness and self-confidence. Reflexivity, educational motivation, self-efficacy and student’s introspection of fixed or changeable intellect are conneted with the illusion of knowing from across the spectrum of the system of relations with metacognitive characteristics and general self-confidence. Gender and age differences in the manifestation of the illusion of knowing are not observed, although it is found that women tend to overconfidence. The illusion of knowing is more typical for younger students, especially for those with low levels of educational achievements.

PL

W artykule zostały przeanalizowane wyniki badań empirycznych iluzji wiedzy w zakresie systemu wspόłczynnikόw niezawodności monitoringu działań edukacyjnych studentόw. Szczegόlnie stwierdzono, że iluzja wiedzy jako nadmierna pewność i błąd metakognitywnego monitorowania występuje we wszystkich rodzajach sądów o przebadanym, jednak bardziej przejawia się w sądach prospektywnych. Empirycznie ustalono korelacyjne wspόłzależności pomiędzy wskaźnikami iluzji wiedzy a aktywnością metakognitywną, metakognitywnym zaangażowaniem w działania, ogόlną pewnością siebie. Refleksyjność, motywacja nauczania, samoskuteczność oraz wyobraźnia studenta o „ustaloną albo wzrastającą” inteligencję są powiązane z iluzją wiedzy pośrednio poprzez system łączności z cechami charakterystycznymi i ogόlną pewnością siebie. Pod względem rόżnic płciowych, u kobiet ustalono tendencję do przewagi nadmiarnej pewności siebie. Ponadto okazało się, że iluzjia wiedzy jest bardziej typowa dla studentόw młodszej grupy wiekowej, zwłaszcza tych, ktόrzy cechują się niskim poziomem osiągnięć edukacyjnych.

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2 Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

1 Journal of Education Culture and Society

1 Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe

2 Urban K.

2 Zápotočná O.

1 Balashov E.

1 Kalamazh R.

1 Pasichnyk I.

1 Urban M.

1 Августюк М. М.

1 Каламаж Р. В.

1 Пасічник І. Д.

1 2022

1 2020

2 2017

Metakognitívny monitoring pri riešení verbálnych a neverbálnych úloh u detí predškolského veku

Methodological and Contextual Foundations of Metacognitive Monitoring Training Program in Student Self-Regulated Learning

Comprehension and metacomprehension in preschoolers from low- and middle- socioeconomic status families:

The illusion of knowing from perspective of metacognitive monitoring accuracy of educational activity of university students