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EN
The article presents the specificity of early school pedagogy as one of the sub-fields of pedagogy with its decades-long heritage experience. Particular attention was given to the major directions of changes in the perception of a child as the empirical subject and a childhood being constructed in the educational institution, in the meaning of school. The most important problem areas of early school pedagogy were characterized, including those referring to reconstruction of early education culture, contemporary discourses of child/pupil education and preparation of early school teachers for working professional life, both in traditional and alternative models of education. Significant theoretical and empirical trends in study of children and early school teachers (1-3 class of primary school) were determined, supported by the illustration of the list of selected monographs published from 2000-2020. The article highlights, the multiplicity of discourses and diversity of approaches to child education typical for contemporary early school pedagogy, which is considered to be the positive indicator of development in the discussed sub-field.
EN
The system of doctoral education in Poland requires significant reconstruction. Analysis of different models of doctoral education in Europe indicates that the most effective solution can be a system based on the so-called doctoral schools founded by the best universities. Such schools could become an important factor in building the reputation and prestige of the universities. The establishment of doctoral schools should promote the implementation of optimal conditions and will provide the internationally-oriented PhD students with possibilities for performing the research as well as enhancing their comprehensive development. On the one hand, the PhD schools should be equipped with the adequate autonomy system, but on the other hand, they should offer a welldefined and precise scope of responsibilities. The proposed solution is confronted with different models of doctoral education systems in Europe.
PL
System kształcenia doktorantów w Polsce wymaga gruntownej przebudowy. Najbardziej efektywnym rozwiązaniem może być system oparty o tzw. szkoły doktorskie, prowadzone przez najlepsze uniwersytety. Szkoły takie mogłyby przyczynić się do poprawy jakości doktoratów i dzięki temu stać się istotnym elementem budowania reputacji i prestiżu uniwersytetu. Ich powstanie powinno przede wszystkim sprzyjać tworzeniu optymalnych warunków do prowadzenia badań naukowych przez doktorantów oraz ich wszechstronnego rozwoju. Szkoły doktorskie powinny mieć z jednej strony zapewnioną autonomię, z drugiej zaś – dobrze określony zakres odpowiedzialności. Zaproponowane tu rozwiązanie konfrontowane jest z różnymi modelami kształcenia doktorantów w Europie.
Horyzonty Wychowania
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 26
341-362
EN
The considerations of the paper focus on practical teaching of the management in economic universities. Students well-prepared to practice will constitute an important factor in the economic growth of the region and the country. The paper is both methodological and practical and it is built on a of grounded theory. The flexibility of the method applied during research to the theoretical discussion allows for the exploration of the correlation between the different phenomena occurring in the environment. In the first part of the paper, the analysis of some terms and definitions in the context of students’ unemployment has been attempted. The second part presents practical models of the learning process based on the collaboration of students with businesses and governments.
PL
Rozważania autora referatu koncentrują się wokół praktycznego nauczania zarządzania w wyższych szkołach ekonomicznych. Studenci dobrze przygotowani do wykonywania zawodu będą  stanowili ważny czynnik wzrostu gospodarczego regionu i kraju. Referat ma charakter metodologiczno-praktyczny i został skonstruowany na schemacie teorii ugruntowanej. Zastosowana do rozważań teoretycznych metoda przez swoją elastyczność umożliwia już w trakcie badań odkrywanie korelacji między różnymi zjawiskami zachodzącymi w otoczeniu. W pierwszej części referatu podjęto próbę analizy wybranych określeń i definicji w kontekście bezrobocia wśród studentów. W drugiej natomiast przedstawiono modele upraktycznienia procesu dydaktycznego oparte na współpracy studentów z przedsiębiorstwami i samorządami. 
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EN
This text draws current demographic processes and presents how they can influence education at present and in the future. This is divided into four main parts. The first deals with the analysis of total fertility rate and natural increase. Problems associated with immigration are briefly presented in the second part. Part three and four reflects on some results of demographic trends and dominant models of schooling.
EN
A family is a social group which is to carry out an important task in human community. Those tasks are various functions which are meant to well and safely bring up a mature person. However, the educational function has a special significance as in this way a young man is introduced into the world of culture, he creates his first world image, its order, attitude to himself, his life and responsibilities. Every family has their own traditions, customs, habits and atmosphere which form a new social unit. The atmosphere in a family environment has key significance for the formation of child’s personality. It shapes child’s emotional life, his attitudes and motivations. Socialization process takes place in a family and it is related to the phenomenon of inheriting values. The family stores and conveys basic values to next generations. In family culture the moral values which are represented by parents are particularly important; they are the norm code which defines what is allowed and what is prohibited, what is good and what is evil. In this process a natural role of adults includes: communicating clear and understandable criteria, reactions and actions which are consistent with declared values, patient explanations, discussing reasons and gradual leaving more and more space for child’s own attempts to make his own assessment.
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