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XX
The author aims to familiarise the Stanisław Samostrzelnik’s last-known works, which were polychrome decorations in the convent church, walls and vaulting of the monastery cloisters and vaulting of the library hall in the same abbey. In carrying out this commission, the artist focused on the heraldic decorations worked into this interior decoration, which can be read as a symbolic map of this religious house’s contacts within the Church structure of Małopolska, as well as representing the group of potential intimate friends and protectors of abbot Erazm Ciołek, the cannon of Cracow and Laodician bishop; a humanist fascinated by Erasmus of Rotterdam’s writings and closely connected to the royal court as well as Cracow University.
EN
The author of the article has analyzed protocols (files) of the general chapters as well as protocols from visitations to monasteries of the Canons Regular of the Lateran (CRL) in the Kraków Province between 1781 and 1861. The protocols are currently in the archives of the Pauline Fathers in Częstochowa (ms. 253 and ms. 254), where they were placed after the dissolution of monasteries ordered by the Russian authorities following the January Uprising. This article centers on topics related to music which are present in the documents mentioned above. The author identified the following two topics: A) performance of liturgical music; B) people involved in the music culture: Gregorian chant teachers, organists as well as anonymous figures. Several dozen notes in both manuscripts demonstrate concern of the Canons Regular for the quality of music in their monasteries.
Umění (Art)
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue 4
350-364
EN
The relief tympanum in the recently uncovered portal of the basilica of the Cistercian abbey in Plasy in western Bohemia is an important addition to the stock of twelfth century sculpture. This study examines its iconography and its visual sources in the context of the typology of Byzantine and Italian artefacts of the seventh to the twelfth centuries extending into the imperial symbolism of ancient Rome. The motif of the cross with two trees was widespread in the sculpture of the regions on the road north from Rome to Lombardy, to which Czechs travelled in 1158–1162 in the service of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa and from where they carried off various treasures. Relationships between the ruler of Bohemia Vladislav II and the Byzantine emperor Manuel Komnenos enabled the transmission of models from the east, and the association of the motif with staurotheques. The related triumphal and paradise symbolism of the cross was used in the context of the campaign preceding the Third Crusade. An active role was taken in this by the son of the funder of the Plasy monastery, and its patron and builder, Duke Bedřich. The meanings of motifs of the pillar, star, flower and polygram are conceived as an adaptation and actualisation of classical models (and transcultural ‘natural’ symbolism) with the help of biblical metaphors and Christian exegesis, followed in artistic traditions of the early Middle Ages. Attention is also paid to the perception and the decoding of the meanings in an environment with an undeveloped visual culture, with lingering references to paganism, and limited by the regulations of the Cistercian Order. The symbolism of the relief signals to visitors that this is the threshold of a sacred sphere, but also mediates their involvement in the performative connections of the portal and church and an appeal to participation in rituals. The topical references to the ethos of the ongoing Crusades are connected with timeless religious meanings, including the fundamental paradox of Christian art (the portrayal of the unportrayable). The cross without the Crucified and the pillar-Christ avoid the problem of the (non) identifiability of the image and its prototype. More easily than figural images, abstract forms reorient attention to the meaning’s essence - the invisible and unportrayable divinity.
CS
Nedávno odkrytý západní portál baziliky kláštera cisterciáků v Plasích v západních Čechách s reliéfním tympanonem podstatně obohatil fond sochařství 12. století. Studie zkoumá jeho ikonografii a výtvarné zdroje v souvislostech typologie byzantských a italských artefaktů 7.-12. století s přesahy do imperiální symboliky starověkého Říma. Motiv kříže s dvojicí stromů byl velice rozšířen v sochařství regionů po cestě z Říma na sever do Lombardie, kam Češi dojížděli v letech 1158–1162 ve službách císaře Friedricha Barbarossy a odkud si po vojenských úspěších odváželi různé poklady. Přátelské kontakty českého panovníka Vladislava II. s byzantským císařem Manuelem Komnenem umožnily přenos vzorů z východu a asociace motivu se staurotékami. Související triumfální a rajská symbolika kříže byla využívána v rámci dobové kampaně předcházející třetí křížové výpravě, jíž se aktivně účastnil syn fundátora plaského kláštera a toho času jeho patron a stavebník kníže Bedřich. Významy motivů sloupu, hvězdy, květiny a polygramu jsou pojímány především jako adaptace a aktualizace antických vzorců (zahrnujících i transkulturní „přirozenou“ symboliku) pomocí biblických metafor a křesťanské exegetiky, sledované ve výtvarných tradicích raného středověku. Pozornost je věnována také problémům percepce a dekódování významů v prostředí s nerozvinutou vizuální kulturou, s přetrvávajícími odkazy na pohanství a navíc omezenou předpisy řádu cisterciáků. Reliéfní symboly signalizovaly pro příchozí návštěvníky přechod do sakrální sféry, ale také zprostředkovávaly jejich vtažení do performativních souvislostí portálu a kostela a výzvu k participaci na rituálech. Aktuální odkazy na étos právě probíhajících křížových výprav spojovaly s nadčasovými náboženskými významy, zahrnujícími i základní paradox křesťanského umění, tj. zobrazení nezobrazitelného. Kříže bez Ukřižovaného a sloup- -Kristus se vyhýbají problému (ne)totožnosti obrazu a jeho archetypu. Abstraktní formy zde snáze než figurální obrazy přesměrovávají pozornost k podstatě významu - k nespatřitelnému a nezobrazitelnému božství.
ELPIS
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2013
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vol. 15
165-172
EN
The cult of the saints, especially in the sixteenth century, was an important part of religious literature in the Polish-Lithuanian state, due to the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, but also because of the religious Catholic-Orthodox polemics on the eve of the Union of Brest. Among Serbian and South-Slavonic saints the most famous were: St. Paraskeva-Petka of Tyrnovo, St. Sava Serbian, St. Simon and St. John of Suchava.The presence of South-Slavonic element in the liturgical tradition of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian state is the local specificity that distinguishes Orthodoxy in the Republic and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Orthodox Church in the great Russian state.
EN
Both of the above mentioned 13th century monastery foundations in Podhale -the Cistercian Szczyrzyc as well as the Franciscan Stary Sącz - played important religious, cultural and social role in the development of this region. Their founders were important people, both the voivode of Cracow Teodor Gryfita and the Cracow duchess Kinga of the Arpad family (later a saint) inscribed themselves for the work of monastery foundations in Podhale in the colonization and economic process but above all the religious and cultural life in the then Piast state.
EN
The aim of the research realised within the project was to present the book culture in the Roman Catholic men monasteries existing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the elimination of the urban monastery network and the cassation of its individual outposts. An analysis was made of the literature created and used by these communities. The project assumed a multi-aspect presentation of the phenomena and processes of functioning of the texts in monastic environments. The research included an analysis of the formation and education of monks, the canon of the books created and stored by them, which were used in priesthood, education, but also scientific and readership work and the monastic publishing initiatives in the context of the social interactions of these monasteries
EN
The oldest book which was on the territory of the early Piast in the second half of the tenth century derived, comes from the Benedictine scriptoria from the area of Bavaria, Saxony, Rhineland and Lorraine and contained the biblical texts and established liturgical canon necessary for the celebration of the Mass. Preserved from the twelfth century regulations of Cistercian chapters which decided that in each monastery there should be: missal, epistolary, Gospel Book, gradual, antiphonary, liber hymnarius, psaltery, lectionary and calendar. These regulations made the copywriter’s work particularly important. The importance attributed to their work is attested to, for example, by their release by the General Chapter of the Order from other duties in favor of the monastery, and by the permission in some cases to work at night. In Cistercian scriptoria apart from copying of the liturgical texts, the memorials so-called libri virorum et mortuorum, there were preparing documents for the current administrative and economic work of the monastery; in addition there were writing yearbooks, obituaries, monastery chronicles or epitaphs poem. There were recording notes of daily life outside the walls of the enclosure, names and functions of friars particularly events that took place away from the monastery or notes about elementary disasters happening in the proximate areas, the damages of monastery caused by floods, fires or epidemics. The preserved manuscript codes are an priceless source for learning the minds, interpersonal relationships prevailing in the small communities, their relations with their nearest surrounding and medieval way of seeing the world.
EN
The first historically confirmed records of the library of Szczyrzyc monastery are from the time of abbot Joahim I Cieniawski (1592-1607). Among the 40 titles of books recorded during the visitation in 1597 was: six antiphonals, eight missals, five psalters, four graduals, two copies of the Bible, homiliarz, kolektarz, the life of St. Stanislaus bishop and martyr, the St. Benedict’s rule and also Liber Definitorum, which is the book of the resolution of the General Chapters of the Cistercian. The first catalogue of books was made in 1755 and was entitled Cathalogus librorum Monasterij Ciricensis iuxta alphabetum authorum mense Augusto Anno Domini 1755. Conscriptus. It is a pity that only two initials cards including a list of books within the letter “A” were preserved until modern times. Three nineteenth century inventories provide full knowledge about this collection of books taking into account the title of a book, the author’s name, the description of a book (place and year of publication) and format of a book. The person who wrote the book made their thematic segregation. Undoubtedly the number of books, titles and in particular the authors demonstrate the need and the importance which the Szczyrzyc monastery given to the books which reading had to help the monk in his pilgrimage to God.
SR
-
EN
The author analyzes the images of Paisii Hilendarski, printed on Bulgarian postage stamps. It is shown that in Bulgaria for a period of 92 years (1920–2012) a total of 10 postage stamps have been validated. They reflect the memory of the Bulgarians: both for Paisii and for Slavo-Bulgarian History. It is suggested that every Bulgarian cultural and historical age imposes its own rules on how to display the monk from Hilendar. The article follows the program of the project: ‘From one man’s lips to another’s ear’ … and all the way to the Internet’ (Project № FP-17 FlF-004/16.05.2017, Department for Scientific Research, Plovdiv University ‘Paisii Hilendarski’).
EN
 Eastern rite churches in the northern areas of the Kingdom of Hungary – historical outline The article provides an overview of the history of Eastern rites in the northern areas of the Kingdom of Hungary, focusing chiefly on the historical-graphic position of Karpatho-Rusyn The lands belonging today to Slovakia and Carpathian Ukraine from the Middle Ages, and the division of Christianity into two branches, were populated by a large group of believers who did not recognize the supremacy of the Roman Church. It was only in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that the power of the popes was recognized in exchange for the preservation of their traditional, religious rites. The text reconstructs the specific societal fate of the region. The article discusses the issues of the colonization of the territory, the history of the local church institutions, the fate of this area of Europe during the times of the Reformation, the establishment of the union between the Orthodox Church and Rome, and finally the era of the emergence of modern nationalisms. This study clarifies the discourse of today’s social and national activists. It reconstructs contemporary narratives and myths and proposes an overview of the creation of the cultural and political amalgam on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains while asking questions concerning the origins of religious syncretism.
EN
Between 1772 and 1864, the Bernardines ran in total 46 schools in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ten of them, at least in certain periods, were high schools (sub-departmental, district, secondary schools). A majority of the schools (24) were managed by monasteries in the Lithuanian Province. The successful development of Bernardine education in this territory should be attributed to the monks’ understanding of the need of spreading educationas well as to the relative political freedom in post-partition Lithuania. For that reason, educational activities could freely develop under the supervision of Adam Czartoryski, the Vilnius district superintendent and in the care of the Vilnius University. The well-developing education system of the Bernardines was destroyed by repressive measures applied by Nikolay Novosiltsev who replaced Czartoryski in 1823, and finally the tragic end of the November Uprising. Education in Podolia and Volhynia could be successfully developed owing to Tadeusz Czacki. The situation was different in the Kingdom of Poland where schooling was subjected to the Commission of National Education and the subsequent education authorities. Despite the hostile attitude towards monasteries, the Bernardines managed to run several schools. The most difficult situation was in Galicia which was incorporated by Austria after the Partitions of Poland and not under the beneficial influence of the Commission of National Education. A majority of Bernardine schools in Lithuania, just like in the Russian Province, survived the November Uprising. However, the subsequent restrictions imposed on political freedom had negative consequences for the standard of teaching. The dissolution of the monasteries put an end to the educational activity of the Bernardines in the five provinces in question. Most of the schools closed down as the monasteries were dissolved.
PL
The re-establishment of the autocephality of the Serbian Church in 1557 instigated a considerable degree of activity in the field of cultural restoration. The see of the Patriarchate was revived in its former location – in the monastery Peć. Restoration of the structures of the church organization was accompanied by reparation of the old (abandoned or neglected) churches and monasteries, as well as by building of new objects. A number of new churches and monasteries arouse in the regions of the Balkans which were colonized by Serbs intensively and systematically. The new churches required liturgical books necessary for non-hindered performance of the rite. The result was that old scriptoria were restoring and intensifing their activity, but at the same time new scriptoria started to fill the libraries of numerous churches and monasteries. The short supply of liturgical books towards the end of the 15th century motivated Djurdje Crnoević to establish the first printing shop in the South Slavonic lands at Cetinje. During the first half of the 16th century there were several printing shops at Goražde, in the monastery of Rujan and in the monasteries Gračanica and Mileševa. An analysis of the production of all those printing shops show that exclusively books necessary for normal performance of the rite were printed.
13
75%
EN
Representations of Makurian Kings and Queens (Mothers of the King), dated from the end of the 8th through the 13th centuries, have been preserved inside several churches of Makuria, but mostly inside the cathedrals of Pachoras. The representation of the king inside the monastery church NB.2.2 in Dongola is the latest one and the most fully preserved with the regalia and late dress.
EN
Each order has its own history of creation, and new rules or regulations are introduced. Most religious are perceived as clergy who, by joining a given congregation through their lives and activities, try to be closer to God and want to go towards it. The Cistercian Order helps by strict adherence to the rules of Saint Benedict, simplicity, poverty, work, and constant approach to Christ through asceticism, chastity, obedience, silence, community of life anddevotion to the Mother of God. Through their lives and missionary activities, they contributedto the development of education, music and architecture. In their actions, they emphasized in particular the integration and development of the human person. It should be mentioned that the motto that has accompanied and is still very important in the life of monks is: Ora et labora, which is translated as: „Pray and work”. The slogan is argumentation in terms of work and prayer is extremely important and should be kept between these prices. In addition, by fulfilling their duties, the monks helped the community that was outside the walls of the monastery. Realizing their ministry, the Cistercians met people who were „unfaithful”. By their actions in currencies with quotas, they often became the guardians of recently established knight orders, but also attempts were made to convert them. The Cistercian archiopathy in Jędrzejów in its history struggled with events that were unfavorable for development, for example: famine, Mongol invasion, Swedish deluge, partition of Poland, fires, or even the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. These circumstances caused: many people died, documents were destroyed, valuables of the abbey were robbed, the number of monks decreased, the property of monks was sold and economic development collapsed. However, the Cistercians take action every time. The aim of the paper is to present the genesis of bringing the Cistercians to Polish lands and their settlement in Jędrzejów. Moreover, when discussing the aforementioned order, one cannot ignore the historic organs and the activities they conduct. For this purpose, the author analyzes, first of all, the history and activities of the Cistercian Order in Jędrzejów.
15
75%
EN
Wanda Mamertyna Jasieńska from Tudorów (poviat Równe in Volhynia) died of cancer 22 January 1935 in Warsaw. Three months before her death she bequeathed her landed estate of over 200 hectares in Tudorów to the Salesians of St Jacek Province, whose provincial superior was the Rev. Tomasz Kopa. In return, the Salesians were supposed to organise an educational institution which could run gardening courses for young people. Wanda lived with her mother in Żytomierz. When she was 16 - in 1886, she married Władysław Konstanty Wincenty Jasieński, the landowner from Tudorów, whose land estate she inherited after his death and after paying off the incurred debts. They had no children. After the death of her mother Alina in 1914 in Żytomierz, Wanda did not divide her mother’s inheritance to give one part of it to her sister Wieńczysława Regina, who repeatedly claimed her part of the property. At that time Józef Bronikowski from Równe started visiting Wanda. He became her and her husband’s confidant. In 1926 Wanda endowed his family with a land of about 20 hectares along with a house and outbuildings, and when her husband Władysław died in 1929, Bronikowski took control of Wanda’s landed estate in Tudorów. During Wanda’s incurable disease, Bronikowski isolated her on purpose and he not only managed the property, but also decided about Wanda’s treatment excluding her family or anybody whom she knew. Finally, a few months before she died, he influenced sick Wanda, whose sanity was doubtful, to make a will. According to Wanda’s family, Bronikowski terrorised the sick woman in the last months of her life. He did not let anyone visit her and he controlled her private correspondence for his own purposes. The departed Wanda Jesieńska was buried in her land in Tudorów, where according to her wish, a chapel for Salesian pastoral work was to have been built. The Salesians could take over the land that was given to them by Wanda only after the death of the land agent, Józef Bronikowski, who was to manage it at his own discretion without any intervention from both the family and the Salesians who were inheritors. He was not even obliged to submit any reports and accounts of the property management It is interesting that the departed Wanda did not bequeath anything to her only sister, Wieńczysława. She made a small bequest to her sister’s children, servants in the manor house, charitable purposes and the National Museum in Krakow. A privileged position of Bronikowski and humiliating position of the inheritors who did not have the right to make use of the property bequeathed to them during Bronikowski’s life indicates that the will was made to bring advantages to Bronikowski whose property management made a substantial contribution to his income. When Wanda’s will became legally binding, the family took measures to invalidate it. The case was first examined in Równem, then in the Court Appeal in Lublin and finally in the Supreme Court in Warsaw. The Salesians in the person of provincial superior from Krakow, who were endowed with a doubtful bequest, did not support the family’s endeavours. The Second World War prevented Wanda’s family from pursuing further claims concerning the inheritance. Also, Brokikowski was deprived of the right to the property income when Volhynia became a part of the Soviet Union after the Second World War.
EN
The article presents the convent book collection of the Norbertine Sisters in Ibramowice. Its beginnings date back to the first half of the 18th century. The convent was rebuilt after the fi re in 1710. Then its greatest benefactor, the Rev. Dominik Lochman, made an effort to found a library to which he himself gave a lot of books. The library established by the Rev. Lochman grew bigger throughout the following years. The books mainly came from donors, but some of them were brought by sisters who entered the convent, including those nuns who were resettled from dissolved convents, for example from Busko. The present–day book collection is divided into five categories: manuscripts, antique books, nineteenth-century books, modern books and magazines. The size of the book collection is not exactly known. So far it has been possible to confirm the existence of about 30 music manuscripts, which were written from the 18th to the 19th century, over 800 antique books and over 300 titles of magazines. The most valuable books are the thirteenth-century antiphonaries of Płock, the fifteenthcentury gradual and a few extremely rare antique books.
EN
„Our Past” is a periodical with plenty of interesting monographs, treatises, articles and reviews covering a wide range of issues and problems, which for years had an influence on the culture-forming development of the history of the Church in Poland. Analyzing the thematic content of “Our Past”, it can be noticed that in its pages there are a great number of articles on the religious orders and monastic life. The texts often focus on the organizational structure of the monastery, monastic and everyday life. The issue of books and monastic libraries is touched on only marginally. However, the analysed documents reveal that each monastery had at least one small library. Larger monasteries boasted rich collections of books. “Our Past” presents the libraries of the Basilians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Capuchins, Missionary Priests, Benedictines, Cistercians, Canons Regular. It also contains the material on convent libraries, among others, the ones of Bridgettines and female monastic schools. It should be emphasized that the studied articles are characterized by extremely broad scientific apparatus based on archive material and source documentation. Plenty of texts include a rich set of illustrations and photographs, which contributes to the vivid presentation of the mentioned issues.
EN
The author of the article has analyzed protocols (files) of the general chapters as well as protocols from visitations to monasteries of the Canons Regular of the Lateran (CRL) in the Kraków Province between 1781 and 1861. The protocols are currently in the archives of the Pauline Fathers in Częstochowa (ms. 253 and ms. 254), where they were placed after the dissolution of monasteries ordered by the Russian authorities following the January Uprising. This article centers on topics related to music which are present in the documents mentioned above. The author identified the following four topics: A) music books serving in the liturgy, B) music instruments, especially organs and bells. Several dozen notes in both manuscripts demonstrate concern of the Canons Regular for the quality of music in their monasteries.
PL
Autor zanalizował protokoły (akta) kapituł generalnych i protokoły wizytacji klasztorów kanoników regularnych laterańskich (CRL) prepozytury krakowskiej z lat 1781-1861. Protokoły te znajdują się w archiwum oo. paulinów w Częstochowie (ms. 253 i ms. 254), a trafiły tam po likwidacji klasztorów na mocy zarządzenia władz rosyjskich po powstaniu styczniowym. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki muzycznej, która poruszana jest w powyższych dokumentach. Autor wyodrębnił dwa zagadnienia: A) księgi muzyczne służące liturgii, B) instrumenty muzyczne, zwłaszcza organy i dzwony. Kilkadziesiąt takich notatek w obu rękopisach jest świadectwem zatroskania zakonu o stan muzyki w klasztorach CRL.
EN
The Anastazy Piotr Polanko’s monograph “The Franciscans in Annaberg during second World War” is anew publication concerning the history of the Annaberg’s cloister just before the2nd World War and during the war. It has been published by St. Antony’s Franciscan Publisher in 2013. It was elaborated on the basis of archives of Annaberg’s Franciscan cloister. The author had to make an effort to translate the remaining documents from German. In his book he presents biographies of friars who lived in the cloister during first years of war, their ministry work with number of statistics regarding trips, sermons, retreats, pilgrimage movement, and then the moment of their exile from Annaberg and gaining the church property by Nazis. You can also find information about father Franciszek Dusza’s work who was then arector. In his work, despite some obscurities, Polanko clearly presents tragic history of war, when the sanctuary could not be used as atemple, and the German authorities tried to repress the pilgrimage journeys. This is asignificant publication for those interested in Annaberg history, the sanctuary or the Franciscan Wrocław province.
EN
One of the statutory tasks of the Centre for Church Archives Libraries and Museums is to gather and organise materials of Church provenance. The most valuable materials are microfilmed and digitized in the documentary studio. So far, the most important materials from the below mentioned libraries have been microfilmed in the Centre for Church Archives Libraries and Museums: the Pauline Fathers’ library in Jasna Góra, the Cistercians’ library in Mogilno, the Carmelite Nuns’ library in Crakow, the Poor Clares’ library in Stary Sącz and Crakow, the Visitandines’ library in Crakow, the Benedictine monks’ library in Tyniec and the Benedictine nuns’ library in Przemyśl and Staniątki, the library of Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in Miechów and the Norbertine Sisters’ library in Imbramowice. The Centre for Church Archives Libraries and Museums also organizes symposia on book collections of the Church. Reports and papers delivered in symposia are printed in a semi-annual magazine „Church Archives Libraries and Museums.” The magazine also contains the catalogues of monastic libraries and monographs on individual libraries.
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