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Legal solutions of lake monitoring systems in Poland in compliance with the Water Framework Directive

100%
Zębek E. M.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2022
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vol. 49
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issue 2
173-201
EN
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC is considered a very modern strategy of water management in the EU. The purpose is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters by preventing further deterioration and protecting the condition of aquatic ecosystems, as well as increasing the protection and improvement of the condition of the aquatic environment by limiting emissions and losses of priority substances. It was considered that changes in the water law in Poland during the process of implementing the guidelines of the Water Framework Directive may have contributed to widening and strengthening the monitoring system of lakes and changes in their quality, especially their ecological state. This article aims to determine the changes in legal regulations in the field of water quality/ecologically state of lakes in Poland as a result of the implementation of the WFD. The EC reports indicate that some requirements are too rigorous and complicated for Member States to implement. Water monitoring was significantly expanded and modernised which lead to improvement of lake water quality in Poland. The five-grade ecological status of lake waters and standardised biological indicators were introduced. It was highlighted that the improvement of the WFD implementation process allowed for more effective water management and the development of effective strategies for the protection of lakes in Poland and other EU countries.
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Digital population and housing census - the experience of Serbia

38%
Kovačević M., Nikić M., Josipović B., Lakčević S., Pantelić V., Mitrović N., Kolaković A., Korovićh P.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2023
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vol. 68
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issue 10
49-70
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie doświadczeń Republiki Serbii w zakresie organizacji Powszechnego Spisu Ludności, Gospodarstw Domowych i Mieszkań 2022, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zagadnień dotyczących zatrudnienia personelu, ram prawnych i finansowania tego badania oraz warunków jego udanej realizacji. Praca skupia się na strategicznych decyzjach w sprawie zbierania danych oraz zastosowania technik informatycznych, takich jak: wykorzystanie danych przestrzennych, cyfrowe metody uzyskiwania danych, uczenie maszynowe, łączenie rekordów czy system monitorujący, mających na celu sprostanie wyzwaniom związanym ze spisem. Autorzy poruszają także kwestie niedostatecznego pokrycia spisu oraz wykorzystania rejestrów administracyjnych do imputacji danych. Ponadto poświęcają uwagę opracowaniu i udoskonalaniu statystycznej ewidencji ludności, dokładności danych, obniżeniu kosztów i zwiększeniu efektywności badania. Główny Urząd Statystyczny Republiki Serbii przeprowadził spis powszechny w sposób cyfrowy, łącząc ten mechanizm z metodami tradycyjnymi (z wyłączeniem samospisu) i posiłkując się rejestrami administracyjnymi w celu imputacji danych. Metoda ta jest w artykule rekomendowana jako najefektywniejszy sposób uzyskania precyzyjnych i wyczerpujących informacji na temat populacji, w tym jej charakterystyki demograficznej, rozmieszczenia przestrzennego i liczebności.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the experience of the Republic of Serbia in conducting the 2022 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, focusing on the employment, legal framework and financing of the census as well as on its successful implementation. It discusses strategic decisions on data collection and the integration of information technology - including geospatial data, data collection techniques, machine learning, record linkage and monitoring system - to overcome the challenges posed by the census. The paper addresses the census undercoverage, explores the use of administrative data for item imputation, and examines the development of a statistical population register. The study demonstrates the benefits of adopting a digital-census approach: significant improvement of accuracy, cost reduction and acquired expeditiousness. The Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia conducted a digital census combined with traditional methods, excluding self-enumeration, along with the use of administrative data for item imputation, and recommends this approach as the most effective way to obtain precise and comprehensive information about a population, including its demographic characteristics, geographic distribution and overall size.
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