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1

Sociální desirabilita a integrita zjišťována za pomocí polostrukturovaného rozhovoru

100%

Minarčíková N., Preiss M.

Psychologie a její kontexty

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2018

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vol. 9

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issue 1

101–114

EN

This paper deals with two constructs – social desirability and integrity. Both constructs are related to honesty and trustfulness. Socially desirable responding interferes with accurate self-presentation and therefore can contaminate data from self-report questionnaires (Paulhus, 2002). Person with integrity is one who is not only honest but also has a strong sense for moral principles and is consistent (Dudzinski, 2004). Integrity is one of character strengths and virtues (Peterson & Seligmana, 2004a). Integrity and social desirability are operationalized by questionnaires. Using qualitative methods to assess social desirability and integrity can help to establish a conceptual framework of both vaguely defines constructs (Barnard, Schurink, & De Beer, 2008). The main aim of this study is to develop a semi-structured interview assessing integrity and social desirability. The interview is based on original Czech test battery focusing on integrity at the workplace – Integrita v Pracovním Prostředí (Příhodová et al., 2017). Specifically, overt integrity test Integrita v Pracovním a Běžném Životě alongside with questionnaire assessing social desirability was used. Semantic and correlation analysis of these two questionnaires helped to create a total of eight questions forming the semi-structured interview. The questions mainly cover lying, cheating and theft. Each question includes a short story from everyday life, and the respondent is asked to judge his or her behaviour in the presented situation and subsequently the behaviour of others as well. Respondents are asked to judge behaviour of others because it´s hypothesised that dishonest behaviour is more likely to occur in respondents who approve of dishonest behaviour of others, in those who have a positive attitude towards dishonest behaviour in general and in those who have behaved dishonestly in the past (Van Iddekinge, Roth, Raymark, & Odle-Dusseau, 2012). Eight respondents (4 women, 4 men, 21 to 61 years old) from department n.2 of National Institute of Mental Health took part in the first research using a newly developed semi-structured interview. Besides the semi-structured interview Integrita v Pracovním a Běžném Životě as overt integrity test and a questionnaire assessing social desirability was used. Short demographic questionnaire was presented as well. Based on their integrity level according to integrity test results the respondents were divided into three groups to low integrity group (N = 3), medium integrity group (N = 3) and high integrity group (N = 2). Data obtained from the interviews were analysed while theoretical background how people with different levels of integrity differ was considered. The results showed that th semi-structured interview can distinguish respondents by their level of integrity. The distinction is possible through respondents’ description of their own behaviour, usage of moral disengagement and their preferences to make either internal or external attributions. Distinguishing different levels of tendencies to socially desirable responding was not possible due to homogeneity of the research group in observed trait.

2

Morální usuzování a jednání jako součást integrity osobnosti

88%

Preiss M., Krámský D., Příhodová T.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

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2014

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vol. 8

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issue 2

11-28

EN

Morální usuzování a jednání autoři v této práci vnímají jako součást integrity osobnosti. Vymezují filosofická a psychologická pojetí integrity a předkládají rozmanité způsoby testování integrity. Významnou částí práce je kritická polemika věnující se některým vybraným nedostatkům tohoto přístupu, shrnutí závěrů studií integrity, prediktivní validity v této oblasti. Dále autoři seznamují s výsledky studií vztahující morální usuzování k morálnímu jednání a komentují některé domácí pokusy týkající se této problematiky. Vzhledem k zastaralosti jediného českého testu Jarmily Kotáskové, se doporučují zaměřit na tvorbu zcela nové metody. Domnívají se, že měření úrovně morálního usuzování a jednání může být v některých oblastech psychologie přínosnou složkou diagnostiky, které rozšiřuje tradiční oblasti zkoumání, jako jsou osobnostní proměnné, kognitivní funkce či sociální opora. Pro rozhodování na úrovni jednotlivce (např. v rámci výběrového řízení) by však bylo příliš troufalé tvrdit, že psycholog má v rukou validní data, která predikují morální usuzování a chování v konkrétních případech (např. v oblastech s rizikem korupce).

3

Freedom of Conscience as a Subject of Contemporary Controversies

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Machinek M.

Collectanea Theologica

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2020

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vol. 90

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issue 5

585-606

EN

One of the important reasons why the issue of freedom of conscience is one of the most controversial problems of modern times is the ongoing dispute over its definition. In the context of the contemporary emphasis on the moral autonomy of the person, the recent definitions of conscience as the “voice of God” sound at least ambiguous. It is therefore important to point out the various dimensions of conscience. The first and basic one is the individual dimension: conscience is defined as moral self-consciousness in its deepest, personal dimension. It can therefore, following E. Fromm, be described as the “guardian of moral integrity.” However, in addition to this, conscience also points out to “what is common” (J. Ratzinger), to the fundamental values that make social life possible. It is therefore also a carrier of moral truth. Finally, conscience touches upon the relationship with God and this is where its important religious dimension is expressed. It is only when each of these three dimensions of conscience is taken into account that the question of its freedom can be adequately considered. It concerns, above all, the relationship of an individual conscience to an external authority, both in social and ecclesiastical context.

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Problematyka wolności sumienia w świetle współczesnych wyzwań

63%

Machinek M.

Collectanea Theologica

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2016

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vol. 86

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issue 1

85-106

PL

In the first section the article presents the three main dimensions of conscience.There is no doubt that the primary dimension is the dimension ofindividual conscience. It is the “guardian of the integrity of” moral person(E. Fromm). It is so closely associated with the self-consciousness of peoplethat acting against the judgment of conscience, a man acts against himself.Conscience is also “a window on what is common” (Joseph Ratzinger), tomoral truth, what is the revelation of the objective dimension of conscience.Finally, it is important religious dimension. It manifests itself in definingconscience as the voice of God.In the second section the author analyzes the key element of the contemporarydispute about conscience that is his relationship to authority, boththe state and the church. There is no doubt that state law should respect thefreedom of conscience of citizens and, in situations of serious conflicts –provide the opportunity to invoke the conscience clause. In contrast to thepluralistic society ecclesial community has the right to have moral convictionsstemming form faith, which are crucial to belong to the individualreligious community. This does not invalidate in any way the importance ofconscience, which remains the final court (although not the highest standard,which is God) of moral action.

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Bezstronność i neutralność światopoglądowa sędziego

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Ciszewski W.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2021

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vol. 13

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issue 3

13-29

EN

The article has two basic goals. The first one is to create a conceptual framework for the discussion of judicial impartiality. In order to achieve this aim, in this text I reflect on three aspects of the principle of impartiality, which have generally been studied independently from one another in the literature. I make an attempt to show that the three distinguished aspects of impartiality can be analysed, using a uniform conceptual scale. The second goal of the paper is to justify a claim that one of these aspects (namely the aspect of impartiality towards worldview doctrines) differs from the other two in terms of structure. In the text, I attempt to consider that difference and then propose a formula for judicial worldview neutrality that takes into account the special nature of that aspect of judicial impartiality. The conclusion of these reflections is the introduction of two versions of the worldview neutrality principle, which should – in my view – be applied in activities undertaken by judges.

PL

Artykuł ma dwa podstawowe cele. Pierwszym jest sformułowanie ram pojęciowych dla dyskusji o bezstronności sędziowskiej. Aby zrealizować to zamierzenie, prowadzę w tekście refleksję nad trzema aspektami zasady bezstronności, które zwykle były badane w literaturze niezależnie od siebie. Staram się wykazać, że trzy wyróżnione aspekty bezstronności można analizować, stosując jednolitą siatkę pojęciową. Drugim celem artykułu jest uzasadnienie twierdzenia głoszącego, że jeden z tych aspektów (a mianowicie aspekt bezstronności względem doktryn światopoglądowych) różni się pod względem struktury od pozostałych dwóch. W tekście staram się rozważyć tę różnicę, a następnie zaproponować formułę neutralności światopoglądowej sędziego, która uwzględnia szczególny charakter tego aspektu bezstronności sędziowskiej. Konkluzję rozważań stanowi wprowadzenie dwóch wersji zasady neutralności światopoglądowej, które powinny – w moim przekonaniu – znaleźć zastosowanie do działań podejmowanych przez sędziów.

6

Vom rechten Handeln in rechtloser Zeit – Ernst Wiecherts Novelle „Der Richter”

63%

Büttner M., Oberstudienrat G. f. d. F. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2015

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vol. 11

EN

The novella "The Judge" by Ernst Wiechert gives testimony to the poet’s critical analysis and examination of the immediate National Socialist past and, at the same time, tries to provide some forward-looking re-orientation in terms of a comprehensive humanism based on Christian ideals. Wiechert’s narrative follows a dramatic structure in accordance with the tragedies of Classical Greek Antiquity. Faced with an existential crisis, the title character has to prove his moral integrity and steadfastness. Deluded by the pervasive Nazi ideology, the judge’s son goes astray by killing a former friend but finally, thanks to his father’s cautious, gentle guidance, finds his way back. At the end of the novella the son even atones for his wrongs while his father, an unfaltering representative and unswerving advocate of law and justice, resigns from his office in the face of the lawlessness he has experienced under the Nazi terror regime. Apart from analysing the plot of Wiechert’s novella, this study also examines the clearly outlined characters as well as the complex theme of guilt, repentance and forgiveness. Finally, the article focuses on the author’s intention of taking part in the social and political discourse of post-war Germany by conveying his message of humanity and moral integrity.

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2 Collectanea Theologica

1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

1 E-psychologie (E-psychology)

1 Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

1 Psychologie a její kontexty

2 Machinek M.

2 Preiss M.

1 Büttner M.

1 Ciszewski W.

1 Krámský D.

1 Minarčíková N.

1 Oberstudienrat G. f. d. F. G.

1 Příhodová T.

2 2021

1 2018

1 2016