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1

Alpinizm, turystyka, literatura na przełomie XIX i XX wieku — związki i zależności. Wstępny zarys problematyki

100%
Kolbuszewski J.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2016
|
vol. 10
15-38
EN
The second half of the 19th and the early 20th century were marked by extremely significant changes in mountaineering, tourism and literature, changes which can be described metaphorically as the vanguard of 20th-century modernity. Of great importance to the development of both mountaineering and mountain tourism was the creation of associations bringing together tourists and mountaineers, mountain lovers. The associations focused mainly on promoting mountain tourism, making the mountains more accessible (building paths, trails, hostels) and trying to protect the mountains against the effects of human impact and other civilisational processes — economic, social and technological. The increasingly evident division into mountaineering (exploring the mountains by climbing them) and tourism, and the spread of this tourism in all mountain ranges in Europe made mountaineering aspecialised form of communing with the mountains, requiring special qualifications and equipment. At the same mountain tourism became amulti-layered phe­nomenon, as it encompassed, in addition to the “classic” tourism “with backpacks”, resort tourism involving walks, atype of tourism playing an important role in socialising and styles of behaviour, completely different from the models characteristic of tourism in the first half of the 19th century. This led to the emergence of characteristic styles of this tourism, which was becoming an important element of bourgeois popular culture, aprocess that immediately resonated in literature. In the second half of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century the substantial growth in the number of tourists arriving in mountain villages led to their rapid civilisational and economic development. However, the concept of building mountain railways that were to bring people closer to the most precious asset of the mountains — their intact primeval nature — was asimple extension of the sedentary lifestyle. The development of mountaineering consisted in traversing increasingly difficult routes. This involved not just the ordinary climbing of peaks, but traversing mountain walls. In 1880 and 1881, Albert Frederick Mummery, climbing Grands Charmoz (3,455 m) and Grépon (3,482 m), became the first man to traverse extremely difficult routes (Grade 5 in the Welzenbach scale). In 1884 Walter Parry Haskett Smith decided to traverse agrade 3 (difficult) route on his own and two years later he climbed the twenty-metre Lapes Needle in the Lake District, England, which gave rise to competitive climbing, adiscipline distinct from mountaineering. Mountaineers also produced literary works (Eugčne Rambert). The so-called “Alpine literature” (“la littérature alpestre”) encompassed, as its unique variety, par excellence Alpine literature providing an image of the mountains from the point of view of mountaineering and way of approaching mountaineering. Its leading exponents were Edward Whymper and Leslie Stephen; Albert Frederic Mummery (1855–1895) won considerable renown as the author of My climbs in the Alps and Caucasus (1895) as did Henry Russel-Killough (1834–1909) regarded as excellent writer and aman who made a great contribution to the exploration of the Pyrenees (Souvenirs d’un Montagnard, 1908). On the other hand, the ideological motivation of Polish mountaineering echoed with the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Henri Bergson, introducing the subject of mountain climbing into highbrow literature.
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Selected health issues related to high altitude trekking

100%
Prószyńska-Bordas H., Baranowska K.
Studia Periegetica
|
2021
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vol. 33(1)
41-65
EN
The aim of the paper was to investigate health aspects of high altitude trekking such as preparation for the physical exertion during trekking at high altitude, the impact of mountaineering on the daily life before and after the expedition, the effect of high-mountain conditions on health and well-being. It was found that in the pre-departure period trekkers commonly train to ensure that they are physically fit for the expedition. They train alone or under the supervision of a trainer. Self-prepared workouts may turn out to be insufficient due to the lack of appropriate training plans. The most challenging aspects of high altitude trekking for the body include carrying too heavy equipment, dealing with illegibly marked routes, wearing inappropriate clothing, having an unbalanced diet, not having enough water, which can lead to dehydration and infections. Misconduct by other people poses a risk. The specific type of effort involved in mountaineering requires balanced nutrition in terms of both micro- and macro-elements. To find the right combination, one has to either experiment or seek advice from a dietitian. However, relatively few people consult a nutrition coach. Among sanitary problems, the most serious one is inappropriate human waste disposal, the resulting lack of drinkable water. Some of the observed problems result from insufficient regulations regarding the conduct in the mountains and from trekkers’ lack of awareness regarding good practices in such extreme conditions.
3
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Ekstremalne doświadczenia w ekstremalnej „wcieleniówce”. Długi film o miłości. Powrót na Broad Peak Jacka Hugo-Badera jako opowieść o niespełnieniu

88%
Dutka E.
Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze
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2017
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vol. 11
EN
The article offers a reading of Jacek Hugo-Bader’s controversial reportage Długi film o miłości. Powrót na Broad Peak (2014), which is frequently viewed as a story about the tragedy in Karakorum. The author of the article emphasizes that this piece may be also read in a more universal way as a reflection about non-fulfilment. She analyses the literary representations of multidimensional spatial experiences in the highest mountains such as sensual responses to extreme altitude and temperature, the life-and-death threshold experience as well as the spiritual relationship with the mountains. She also remarks other literary aspects of Hugo-Bader’s work, for instance the extreme “embodiment” reportage of Gonzo style.
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Sunrise as a tourist attraction in the context of tourist motivation theory: a case study of the peak of Babia Góra (Western Carpathians)

88%
Mocior E., Nowak A., Rechciński M., Franczak P., Hibner J., Krąż P., Tokarczyk N.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2015
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vol. 30
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issue 30
109-122
EN
Tourist ascents of mountain peaks before sunrise are increasingly popular. Babia Góra (Western Carpathians) is a peak on the Polish-Slovak border frequently visited by a great number of tourists at sunrise. The main objective of our research, based on the case study of Babia Gora, was to answer a more general question whether the sunrise can be considered a tourist attraction. The research included the observation and description of every sunrise at summer holiday weekends during 2012 from the peak of Babia Góra as well as the collection of data on the number of tourists and weather conditions. Survey interviews, using questionnaire, with randomly selected hikers present on the peak of Babia Góra at sunrise (269) were conducted. The investigation showed that during summer holiday sunrises there were a maximum of 130 people on the summit of Babia Góra at the same time. Most of the surveyed people (84%) agreed that the opportunity to observe the sunrise was one of the pull factors for them. This confirms the hypothesis that sunrise constitutes a tourist attraction.
5

Symboliczne i mityczne góry Kaszubów. Ich rola w kulturze i literaturze kaszubskiej od XIX wieku do okresu międzywojennego

88%
Řezník M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2016
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vol. 10
55-70
EN
The geographical location within the Kashubian region is of particular significance for the symbolic role of mountains and hills in the regional identity building. The most important of them, described in the literature and journalistic writings, are to be found in the current Kashubian lan­guage area, mostly in its geographical centre, primarily in Kashubian Switzerland and Kashubian Lake District. The exception is Rowokół, which is not located centrally. This mountain symbolically marks the border of the area in which the Kashubian language is used and which was settled by the Kashubians in the modern period. It even symbolises a retreat of the language as well as the decline of the Slovincian language. However, it is this particular mountain which since the 19th century has been associated with relatively new content mixed with older religious and folk tradition. The mountains and hills appearing in the Kashubian literature in 1880–1930 probably never existed only for themselves and in themselves. They were always part of a broader picture of Kashubia. The contribution offers a typology of four groups of symbolic relevant hills and mountains, accordingly to their function in the Kashubian discourse and tradition: 1. abstract imagination of a “hilly landscape” as typical for the Kashubian country; 2. groups of hills with similar names and connected to similar folklore or literary traditions; 3. unique mountains with special significance for the all-Kashubian discourse; 4. hills as Kashubian places of pilgrimage.
6

Piękno gór a higiena duszy i ciała. O odczycie Henryka Nusbauma w Muzeum im. Tytusa Chałubińskiego

88%
Barański J.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2016
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vol. 10
137-146
EN
In his lecture “Beauty in nature from the point of view of spiritual and bodily hygiene”, delivered in 1896 at the Tytus Chałubiński Museum, Henryk Nusbaum described the vividness of the mountain landscape as the object of aesthetic experience, which had apositive impact on the physiological processes of the human body. Emotions stemming from asense of beauty reduce suffering and pain, bring comfort and relief in everyday worries, strengthen the body and make it more resistant to the causes of disease. Nusbaum calls this beauty of nature, alleviating the negative impact of sorrow and suffering, ahygienic factor, which is sometimes of therapeutic nature. In addition, the experience of the beauty of the mountain landscape is something more than just an aesthetic sensation — it is apremise of contemplation, which elevates human beings morally and prompts them to fight for the ideals of love, wisdom and justice.
7
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A Polish Physicist Visits Glasgow: Marian Smoluchowski’s Depictions of Scotland

88%
Aleksandra B.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
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2020
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issue 29/3
73-84
EN
The paper discusses selected essays by Marian Smoluchowski (1872–1917), a 19th-century Polish physicist. Smoluchowski’s scientific output was outstanding (he was a pioneer of stochastic physics); apart from science, however, he was a passionate mountaineer. Smoluchowski enjoyed travelling, one of the places he visited being Scotland. He described it in his essays, e.g. “Wycieczki górskie w Szkocji” (1896), which will be discussed here. Smoluchowski’s visions and impressions of Scotland are also placed against the backdrop of selected other 19th-century Polish travellers who visited and wrote about Scotland.
8

Góry Kaukaz jako wrota Orientu. Motywy orientalne w twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego

75%
Gadamska-Serafin R.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2017
|
vol. 11
111-141
EN
The East, its culture and literature were always part of the rich, erudite poetic imagination of Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki (1811–1847), a tsarist exile to the Caucasus. He spoke Oriental languages (Georgian and Persian) and had a thorough knowledge of the Koran, a short fragment of which he even translated (probably from French). Although today we only have his poetry inspired by the Caucasian mountains, he was also no stranger to extensive travel accounts (unfortunately, his Dziennik podróży mojej do Tyflisu i z Tyflisu po różnych krajach za Kaukazem (Journal From My Journey To and From Tiflis Across Various Countries Beyond the Caucasus) and notes from his Armenian expedition were lost). An important source of inspiration for Zabłocki, encouraging him to explore the East, were the Philomaths’ translations of Oriental poetry by Jan Wiernikowski and Aleksander Chodźko, while his model of reception of the Orient were the oeuvres of Mickiewicz (primarily his Crimean and Odessa Sonnets), Byron and Thomas Moore (especially the fragment of Lalla Rookh — Paradise and the Peri). The exile brutally brought Zabłocki into contact with the real Orient, terribly dangerous and diametrically different from the one described by Western travellers. It is, therefore, not surprising, that their superficial and simplified accounts were criticised by the Polish poet and soldier. Zabłocki’s oeuvre, both pre-exile and Caucasus period works, is full of various Oriental reminiscences: from the Biblical topos of the Paradise ab Oriente, through numerous splendid images of Caucasian nature, scenes from the life of Caucasian highlanders, poetic imitation of the metre of Caucasian folk dances, apt ethnographic observations in the verses, borrowings from Oriental languages, extraordinarily sensual eastern erotic poems, to translations of texts of Caucasian cultures (Tatar, Azeri and Georgian songs). Zabłocki drew on both folk culture of Caucasian tribes, and on Eastern mythologies as well as universal culture of the Islamic world. He presents an ambivalent image of Caucasian highlanders in his poetry: sometimes they acquire traits of noble, free, valiant and indomitable individuals, typical of the Romantic idea of highlanders, on other occasions the label “Son of the East” becomes a synonym of Asian barbarity. Freed from the service in the tsarist army, Zabłocki planned travels across nearby Persia, Asia Minor, and even Arabia, Nubia and Palestine. However, the plans never became a reality, owing to a lack of funds and the poet’s early death of cholera. Zabłocki’s “Eastern” oeuvre fully reveals the “liminal”, demarcational nature of the Caucasian mountains, for centuries constituting the limes between Europe and Asia, the East and the West, a meeting place of the Christian and the Muslim Orients.
9
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Die Bedeutung des Heus und sein traditioneller Transport im Riesengebirge

75%
Smrčka A.
Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)
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2014
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vol. 101
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issue 1
77-105
EN
Most of the inhabitiants of Krkonoše made their living by agriculture, brought by the colonists from the Alps in the second half of the 16th century. A demanding climate and low fertility of the soils did not make possible a cultivation of many products in higher altitudes. The local inhabitants were dependent on animal husbandry, and the animals fed mostly on hay. This commodity was of crucial importance for the inhibitants of Krkonoše and influenced, among others, their economic activities, the way of management of grasslands, and also the landscape.
10

Polityczne znaczenie Sudetów i Karpat

75%
Ławniczak A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2014
|
vol. 5
49 - 71
EN
Mountains are stable and evident phenomenon, especially in contrast with large lowland, as in case of Poland. They determine separateness of the greatest West Slavonic nation from its southern neighbours. On the other hand, in the past Carpathians and Sudeten were a scarcely populated area, entered by the German (from the west) and Walachian (from the south-east) migrants, with important cultural and political consequences. The effect was the diversification of ethnical landscape, with consequences for the process of shaping of modern nations, especially in the case of Slovak nation, which absorbed the great part of eastern, shepherd imigration. For Czechs and Hungarians mountains were protection from German or Slavic environment. Slavic nations after the second World War were situated, as an effect of ethnical cleansing, in national states with large “Wild Camps” in depopulated German or Ukrainian highlands. In this situation especially valuable is the old community of Polish highlanders, perceived abroad as stereotyped Poles with great love for homeland and liberty.
11

Potopu świata fale i Mer de Glace. O pewnym sposobie obrazowania górskiego pejzażu

75%
Kolbuszewski J.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2018
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vol. 12
377-388
EN
When describing the Glacier du Bois seen for the first time, Wiliam Windham (1741) compared it to a lake suddenly bound by ice. In a similar function Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1786) compared the glacier to a suddenly frozen sea. These descriptions gave rise to the name Mer de Glace, popularised from the early 19th century. In some respects an analogous phenomenon in poetry was the use of a metaphor in which a sudden arrest of an ascending motion of a being (flood waters, space rocket) constitutes a poetic image (Adam Mickiewicz, Julian Korsak, Wincenty Pol, Wisława Szymborska).
12

„Aby wszędzie być i wszystko widzieć”. Doświadczanie miejsc i siebie w trakcie górskich podróży. Relacje Ślązaków

63%
Kossakowska-Jarosz K.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2015
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vol. 9
191 - 204
EN
“To be everywhere” and “see everything” is a declaration by Father Euzebiusz Franciszek Stateczny, a well-known Silesian writer from the turn of the 20th century, and an extraordinary monk and tenacious traveller, who in a true positivist fashion valued the truth about the world based on one’s own experience. By outlining a comprehensive need to get to know the world, Stateczny acted as a cosmographer, which prompted the author of the article to try to establish whether this declaration also applied to other travellers from the region and how this completeness was supposed to be expressed. The author’s overview of Silesian accounts of trips to the mountains (by Karol Miarka, Rev Antoni Stabik, Fr Henryk Aulich, Rev Michał Przywara and Józef Gallus) confirms that those Silesian travellers barely felt the spirituality of these spaces, because they did not become harmonised with them in their experiences. As clergymen, they headed mostly to pilgrimage centres, with the mountains providing only an obstacle to be overcome on their way there. That is why deep in their hearts they were not ready to experience the beauty of the mountains, nor did they open themselves up to contemplation of mountain landscapes on account of external circumstances (the physical effort of travel was in conflict with the old and exhausted bodies). They were “everywhere”, intending to see “everything” that attracted them, or wherever their pastoral duties took them, but their travelling, though dominated by learning, was dissociated from nature’s clichés. That is why the Silesians’ mountain trips were characterised by “spiritual blindness” to the value of mountain sights. The travellers were not shocked by the rocky landscapes, because they did not experience the pleasure of walking in the mountains, which is why they lacked an aestheticising stimulus. More importantly, by remaining close to the everyday problems of the region and supporting their compatriots in their everyday struggles, the priests were not poets in their lives. That is why their accounts were dominated by somatic descriptions, physiological responses and psychological reactions, reduced mainly to illustrating fear and physical clumsiness. However, this “spiritual blindness” to the beauty of nature was not an inherent characteristic of Silesian travel writers, for they reacted completely differently to sea landscapes seen from the board of ships carrying them to distant corners of the world. When they did not feel the hardship of travel, they were able to find the force and charm of nature in the rich contents of these spaces.
13

Góry w ujęciu transcendentnym

63%
Rosiński F. M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2017
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vol. 11
451-463
EN
In the history of culture and religion the mountains, owing to their verticality that makes them stand out in landscape, their massiveness and imperturbability, generated, from time immemorial, a lot of interest associated with their origin; they played an important role in beliefs, mythology, cult and symbolism. On their summit, sometimes also inside them, were located dwellings of supranatural creatures of varied provenance, character, activity and attitude to people. The mountains were also hierophantic, objects of pilgrimages and experiencing the sacred. In addition, they constituted a boundary between the ecumene and anecumene as well as the place where the spirit world was to be found. Sometimes the mountains were also regarded as a home of evil creatures and forces.
14
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“White bellies of fish:” Zygmunt Haupt and modernity’s fascination with mountaineering

63%
Kaliszuk P.
Forum Poetyki
|
2023
|
issue 32
EN
This article discusses the motifs of mountains and mountaineering in Zygmunt Haupt’s selected texts. The author analyzes how mountain spaces and experiences related to mountains are described, and also reflects on the scale of mountaineering fascinations. He examines whether inspirations suggested by Haupt may be used to reconstruct his hypothetical influences, thus proving that Haupt had a very good knowledge of professional articles and books on mountaineering. The article further demonstrates how Haupt combines the theme of mountains and the related new cultural practices, primarily climbing and mountaineering, with reflection on the processes which constitute modernity.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy wątków górskich i alpinistycznych w wybranych tekstach Zygmunta Haupta. Autor analizuje sposoby opisywania przestrzeni górskich i doświadczeń związanych z górami, a także rozważa skalę zainteresowania alpinizmem. Rozpatruje, czy podsuwane przez Haupta inspiracje mogą posłużyć za podstawę rekonstrukcji hipotetycznych wpływów i potwierdzać skalę znajomości fachowego piśmiennictwa góroznawczego. Przedstawia, w jaki sposób włączanie gór i związanych z nimi nowych praktyk kulturowych, przede wszystkim wspinaczki i alpinizmu, w obszar eksplorowanych przez Haupta tematów i problemów łączyło się z refleksją pisarza odnośnie do procesów fundujących nowoczesność.
15
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Daniel Vetter (1592–1669) autorem pierwszego przewodnika turystycznego po Islandii

63%
Skoczylas J.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2018
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1(52)
83-95
EN
The article analyses the text of Daniel Vetter (1592–1669) being the first description of Island in the Polish language. D. Vetter stayed in Island in June 1613 and the report of his stay was published in Leszno only in 1638. D. Vetter, although a Czech by descent, with the use of Czech characters, fi rst in Polish and then in Czech, German, Danish, etc. provided characteristics of tourist, natural and cultural attractions of Island. Author of the article also visited the island 403 years after D. Vetter and to a large extent confi rmed, explained and supplemented observations, refl exions and relations prepared in the first half of the 17th century.
16
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A Celebration of the Wild. On Earth Democracy and the Ethics of Civil Disobedience in Gary Snyder’s Writing

63%
Kocot M.
Review of International American Studies
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2020
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vol. 13
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issue 1
99-122
EN
The article attempts to shed light upon the evolution of Gary Snyder’s “mountains-and-rivers” philosophy of living/writing (from the Buddhist anarchism of the 1960s to his peace-promoting practice of the Wild), and focuses on the link between the ethics of civil disobedience, deep ecology, and deep “mind-ecology.” Jason M. Wirth’s seminal study titled Mountains, Rivers, and the Great Earth: Reading Gary Snyder and Dōgen in an Age of Ecological Crisis provides an interesting point of reference. The author places emphasis on Snyder’s philosophical fascination with Taoism as well as Ch’an and Zen Buddhism, and tries to show how these philosophical traditions inform his theory and practice of the Wild.
17
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The Subjecthood of the Land of Israel in the Book of Ezekiel

63%
Pikor W.
The Biblical Annals
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2013
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vol. 3
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issue 1
29-46
PL
The Book of Ezekiel proposes a new look at the land of Israel from the perspective of its subjecthood. The theological novelty of this approach lies in the process of the anthropomorphization of the land, which can be seen especially in the oracles addressed to the land. The analysis of these oracles tries to shed some light on three aspects of the land of Israel, namely its subjecthood, its relativity and the role it plays in, and for, the world.
18

Zdobywanie, wędrowanie, obcowanie. Problematyka przekraczania granic w eksploracji gór na łamach prasy dwudziestolecia międzywojennego

63%
Tałuć K.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2017
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vol. 11
275-289
EN
The aim of the article is to present views, published in selected periodicals of the inter-war period, on the exploration of the mountains and, above all, the experiences associated with it. The author uses as her examples articles published in specialist periodicals like Pamiętnik Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego, Przegląd Turystyczny, Taternik, Wierchy — published by the Polish Tatra Society — and in periodicals dedicated to broadly defined tourism and sightseeing, i.e. Turysta w Polsce — periodical of the Polish Tatra Society, Polish Skiing Society and Polish Kayaking Society; Ziemia — monthly of the Polish Sightseeing Society. She points to the polemic concerning classical Alpine mountaineering and competitive mountaineering as well as elements of transgression present in both kinds of high mountain exploration. She also discusses how the model of mass mountain tourism emerging in the inter-war period was described.
19

Interpretacja Fu o zamieszkiwaniu na górze 山居賦 Xie Lingyuna

63%
Król A.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2016
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vol. 64
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issue 9: Sinologia
5-24
EN
The paper presents Interpretation of Fu living at the top of the mountain 山居賦 written by Xie Lingyun. Xie wrote 山居賦 in the period 423–26. He also wrote an extensive commentary to the poem in which he explains in prose many of the details that the mentions in the fu proper. Xie Lingyun’s account of his mountain estate reflect new ideas about mounatin viewing and visualization that has emerged in the early fourth century.
XX
Fu o zamieszkiwaniu na górze 山居賦 Xie Lingyuna należy do „liryki krajobrazowej” rodzaju specjalnie chińskiego, łączącego zwarty, migawkowy obraz przyrody z uczuciami poety. Jest przykładem utworu, którego tematyka była bardzo popularna we wczesnym chińskim piśmiennictwie, jest relacją z podróży w góry nie tylko wędrowca, ale też osoby odbywającej podróż w wyobraźni. Takie wycieczki określane były jako yuan you 遠遊, „dalekie wędrówki”, i oznaczały podróż ducha do odległych miejsc. Wiersz ten wyrósł z dyscypliny religijnej, z koncentracji na wejrzeniu w głąb rzeczy z należytym skupieniem serca, z poszukiwania cech istotnych lub istoty rzeczy. Poszukiwanie ma jednak określony z góry cel, odnalezienie harmonii.
20

Romantyczne wędrówki Polaków po Szwajcarii Saskiej

63%
Grzęda E.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2018
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vol. 12
149-175
EN
The history of Polish tourism in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains as well as the literary and artistic reception of the landscape and culture of Saxon Switzerland have never been discussed in detail. The present article is a research reconnaissance. The beginnings and development of tourism in the region came in the late 18th and early 19th century. The 1800s were marked by the emergence of the first German-language descriptions of Saxon Switzerland, which served as guidebooks at the time. From the very beginning Poles, too, participated in the tourist movement in the area. The author of the article seeks to follow the increasing interest in Saxon Switzerland and the appearance of the first descriptions of the region in Polish literature and culture. She provides a detailed analysis of Polish-language accounts of micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains by Andrzej Edward Koźmian, Stanisław Deszert, Antoni Edward Odyniec, Klementyna Hoffman née Tańska and a poem by Maciej Bogusz Stęczyński. As the analysis demonstrates, in the first half of the 19th century Poles liked to visit these relatively low mountains in Central Europe and tourism in the region is clearly part of the history of Polish mountain tourism. Thanks to unique aesthetic and natural values of the mountains, full of varied rocky formations, reception of their landscape had an impact of the development of the aesthetic sensibility of Polish Romantics. Direct contact with nature and the landscape of Saxon Switzerland also served an important role in the shaping of spatial imagination of Polish tourists, encouraging them to explore other mountains in Europe and the world, including the Alps. On the other hand thanks to the development of tourist infrastructure in Saxon Switzerland, facilitating trips in the region and making the most attractive spots available to inexperienced tourists, micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains marked an important stage in the development of mountain tourism on a popular-recreational level. Polish-language accounts of trips to Saxon Switzerland from the first half of the 20th century are a noteworthy manifestation of the beginnings of Polish travel literature.
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