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UNIWERSYTET III WIEKU. WYZWANIE I SZANSA DLA MUZEUM

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PL
W Polsce pierwszy uniwersytet trzeciego wieku powstał w 1975 r. i od tego czasu jest to bardzo dynamicznie rozwijająca się idea. Rok 2012 został ogłoszony Rokiem Uniwersytetów Trzeciego Wieku przez Senat RP, co świadczy o dużym znaczeniu tego typu instytucji. Słuchacze uniwersytetów trzeciego wieku są grupą szczególnie zainteresowaną oferta przygotowaną przez muzea. Obecnie 155 muzeów posiada program skierowany do tej grupy odbiorców. Liczba ta powinna być wyższa, a sama oferta bardziej różnorodna. Poza wykładami i zwiedzaniem istnieje duża potrzeba bardziej angażujących zajęć, które mogą wykorzystywać metody i pomysły stosowane przez edukację muzealną. Istnieją duże możliwości współpracy pomiędzy muzeum i uniwersytetem trzeciego wieku. Korzyści z takiego współdziałania mogą być obustronne dla dobra słuchaczy uniwersytetów będących też potencjalną publicznością muzealną
PL
This text will discuss the activities of the National Museum of Agriculture and Food Industry in Szreniawa (abbreviated to the Museum in Szreniawa) in the field of research, documentation of intangible cultural heritage and the dissemination of knowledge about it. This is only a presentation of findings which in the future may become the basis for deeper analysis or broader synthesis. The research mainly focused on the role the facilities play or are to play in the museum. Today, it is important to classify and present various undertakings of this institution.
EN
The first University of the Third Age in Poland was established in 1975, and from that date the concept has been developing dynamically. The Senate of the Republic of Po-land announced 2012 to be the Year of Universities of the Third Age, confirming the prominent significance of these institutions. University of the Third Age students are particularly interested in offers suggested by museums. At present, 155 museums provide programs addressed to this group of recipients. This number should be even larger, and the offer - more diversified. Apart from lectures and tours there also exists the need for undertakings demanding even more involvement and making use of the methods and ideas employed by museum education. There are great chances for cooperation between museums and the University of the Third Age. The benefits of this collaboration could prove conducive for the students - potential members of the museum public.
EN
One of the main functions of the museum is the educational function that can be implemented in different ways. Many museums in Poland have in its offer museum lessons for pupils from primary, middle and secondary schools. For schools, the most attractive are the classes implementing the core curriculum. The aim of the article is to analyze the presence and content of the museum lessons in museum education in museums in Poland. For the purposes of article selected museums in Poland were for the presence offer lessons museum and the compatibility of these lessons of core curriculum. There was examined also whether the museum lessons are conducted with the use of new technologies, including e-learning.
EN
Linguistic theory which Mieke Bal presented in her text The Talking Museum, reproduced in the book Double Exposures: The Subject of Cultural Analysis, is one of the clearest signs of the New Museology. This self- critical field indicates changes in museum studies at the end of the twentieth century.
PL
Artykuł stanowi refleksję na temat współczesnego muzeum. Ukazuje przestrzeń wystawienniczą, z jednej strony jako przestrzeń narracji – miejsce dialogu obiektów, kuratorów i widzów, z drugiej jako narrację przestrzeni – legitymizującą dzieła i formującą ich przekaz. Najistotniejszy kontekst stanowią badania sytuujące się w obszarze nowej muzeologii, wskazujące na możliwość wprowadzenia do języka muzeum elementów interdyscyplinarnych, również z zakresu literaturoznawstwa.
EN
The article presents the main goals and assumptions involving the initiative to create a course of museum studies at the University of Rzeszów and its curriculum has been also briefly described. It was pointed out that museum studies with a specialization focused on museum education and obtaining a master’s degree in this field are, so far, the only ones in Poland. Moreover, the most important scientific, organizational and didactic achievements have been described, as well as the possibilities for further development of this field of study.
EN
The article discusses the complexity of identity, the interdependence of social and cultural identity, and their relationship with museum education. The Author emphasizes that an individual’s identity is shaped both by their membership in a social group and the internalization of its cultural values. With respect to museums, institutional employment contributes to identity formation, while cultural identity stems from museum narratives. The Author analyzes individual identity as a manifestation of cognitive conservatism influenced by neurophysiological mechanisms. The Author argues that museum education can play a significant role in transforming individual identity, especially by exposing individuals to diverse perspectives and values. The research indicating the potential for lasting changes in preferences as a result of educational activities is cited. The Author highlights the importance of social bonds formed within the museum, and suggests expanding the perspective of relational art to include the experiences of museum education. Furthermore, it is also emphasized that museum education initiatives should not be viewed as tools for analyzing the museum institution but as opportunities for participants to express themselves and build connections with one another.
EN
The intensive development of narrative museums over recent decades has resulted in new perspectives for school historical education. Modern and multimedia historical exhibitions provide broad opportunities for preparing an educational offer aimed at all students. However, the educational potential of museums is not currently being fully taken advantage of. One reason is that the education content of schools is not linked closely enough with its museum counterpart. Relationships between teachers and museum educators need to be redefined. From the perspective of the effectiveness of the educational process, it is essential for teachers to be more active, not to limit themselves to participation in providing educational classes within a museum’s premises, but also to organise them together with the museum staff. This postulated change also requires museum professionals to change their attitude towards teachers visiting museums with their students.
PL
Intensywny rozwój muzeów narracyjnych, jaki ma miejsce w ostatnich dekadach, stworzył nowe perspektywy dla szkolnej edukacji historycznej. Nowoczesne, multimedialne wystawy historyczne dają szerokie możliwości zbudowania atrakcyjnej oferty edukacyjnej adresowanej do uczniów wszystkich typów szkół. Obecnie jednak potencjał edukacyjny muzeów nie jest w pełni wykorzystywany. Jedną z przyczyn jest zbyt słabe powiązanie treści edukacji szkolnej i muzealnej. Ponownego zdefiniowania wymagają relacje między nauczycielami a edukatorami muzealnymi. Z punktu widzenia efektywności procesu dydaktycznego konieczna jest bardziej aktywna postawa nauczycieli, którzy powinni nie tylko uczestniczyć w prowadzeniu zajęć edukacyjnych realizowanych w przestrzeni muzealnej, ale również samodzielnie je organizować przy wsparciu pracowników muzeum. Postulowana zmiana wymaga również od muzealników zmiany podejścia do nauczycieli odwiedzających muzea ze swoimi uczniami.
PL
Adrian Baraniecki (1827–1891), a doctor, a social activist by profession; a museum professional by passion. During the January Uprising of 1863, he was a major figure in the patriotic movement in the Podolia Governorate. Threatened with arrest, he moved to Paris, and in 1864 reached England. Probably as a result of his fascination with industrial culture, Baraniecki began working on a concept of an industrial museum on Polish soil. This idea was closely linked with the Positivist programme of „organic work” and „grassroots work”. He concluded that the only way to rebuild society after the failure of the Uprising was to develop its manufacturing capacity (craft and industry) and education. In 1868 he came to Cracow and brought his assembled collection with him. The Technical and Industrial Museum in Cracow he set up was the first in Poland. It was established by a resolution of the City Council on 4 June 1868 under which the city received the collections he had offered. According to the museum’s name, its main statutory target was to develop industry with particular attention to technical and artistic crafts, i.e. reviving the craft and industrial circles in Cracow, and in a broader perspective within Galicia. Thanks to his numerous private contacts and the way he organised the acquisition of gifts from the society, the collection of the museum was soon enlarged. The museum consisted of two departments, industrial and ethnographic; it also had a workshop of plaster casts. Moreover, it organised many exhibitions and prepared many publications. Based on the collections he amassed, Braniecki initiated a broad and varied range of educational activities at his own cost. According to his concept, exhibiting was to be one among many means of achieving the goal he had set, namely the scientific, economic and artistic strengthening of the Polish nation. Braniecki’s establishment was not only a museum but also a school, a professional training centre, and a place for shaping and exchanging ideas. Baraniecki was a precursor of educating women at the higher level in Poland. He initiated Higher Courses for Women at the Technical and Industrial Museum, one of the most important cultural institutions in Cracow at the turn of the 20th century, which was very modern and useful for the public. The memory of his distinguished social activism remained in the awareness of Cracow’s inhabitants as long as the institution he had established operated. In 1950 the museum was nationalised and liquidated, and his collections were dispersed.
EN
In the paper the results of research titled Cultural Institutions during COVID-19. Museum Strategies for Reaching the Public are presented. It was conducted by the Forum of Museum Educators as commissioned by the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections (NIMOZ). The main purpose was to show the impact of the pandemic on the operations of museums after 12 March 2020 when the decision was made in Poland to close the culture sector to the public; the aim was also to diagnose and analyse problems that the pandemic caused, and to point to the directions of impact on cultural institutions possible in the future, namely after restoring ‘normality’. The perspective adopted in the research, i.e., institutional and individual one, enables a multifaceted analysis of the processes initiated by museums in response to unclear and often complicated mechanisms of the new pandemic reality, which still today, some dozen months since its outbreak, continues for museums the source of challenges as far as logistics and financing issues are concerned.
EN
Contemporarily more and more recognition for complementing and broadening school education is awarded to museum education which offers various educational experiences. For optimal connection of museum education with school teaching the collaboration of both institutions is necessary. Process of cooperation between museum and school is conditioned by the development of personal relationship between a teacher and a museum educator. Research results of western pedagogues show that educational dialogue between a teacher and a museum educator is possible. However, stereotypes present in mutual judgment make it difficult to conduct.
PL
Współcześnie coraz większe uznanie w dopełnianiu i poszerzaniu edukacji szkolnej zyskuje edukacja muzealna oferująca różnego rodzaju doświadczenia edukacyjne. W celu optymalnego połączenia edukacji muzealnej z nauką szkolną konieczne wydaje się być wspólne działanie obu instytucji. Proces współpracy muzeum i szkoły uwarunkowany jest przebiegiem relacji osobowych między nauczycielem a edukatorem. Jak wskazują wyniki badań zachodnich pedagogów dialog edukacyjny pomiędzy nauczycielem a edukatorem muzealnym jest możliwy. Jednak stereotypy istniejące we wzajemnej ocenie utrudniają jego prowadzenie.
EN
The term ‘social responsibility of museums’ implies various associations, most frequently referring to the sphere of management and the activities of commercial entities in accordance with the ISO 26000 standard. In this article, we report on some of the tasks performed in connection with a project based on a sociological perspective and addressing the social responsibility of public cultural institutions such as museums. As this concept is relatively new, we decided to check how it is understood in the social world of Polish museum professionals. The research was therefore carried out using elements of the grounded theory methodology, i.e., the concepts (categories) were not defined at the outset, but defined and characterised in the course of the research according to the understanding of the respondents. Using a triangulation of methods, an analysis of found data, individual interviews in Polish museums (IDI) and focus group interviews (FGI) in Polish and international groups were conducted. A particularly interesting strand of the Project was museum education and its growing importance. This article focuses on the conducted focus group interviews (FGI). A specific commentary on the findings is provided by the reflections given during a guest lecture by Dr Bernadette Lynch organised as part of the Project.
EN
The debate on the museum definition undertaken at the 2019 Kyoto ICOM General Conference points to the role played contemporarily by museums and the expectations they have to meet. It also results as a consequence of changes happening in museums beginning as of the 19th century until today. Extremely important processes took place in the past century. Initially, the changes covered the museum operating methods, mainly within museum education and display, however, they also had an impact on the status of objects in museum collections in the context of artistic and ethnographic collections. One of the most interesting ideas for museum’s redefinition was that proposed in the 1st half of the 20th c. in the formula of Museums of Artistic Culture. However, the departure from the traditionally conceived museum towards a ‘laboratory of modernity’ proposed by the Russian Avant-garde was still too revolutionary for its times. Beginning as of the 1960s, next to the reflection on museums’ operating modes, there increased the emphasis on the role they played and the one they should play in modern society. It was phenomena of political, social or economic character that had a direct impact on the transformation of the shape of museums, these phenomena appearing under the banners of globalization, liberalization, democratization, glocalization. Criticism of museums and their up-to-then praxes drew attention to the essential character of the relation between the institution and its public. The turn towards society allowed for such formats to appear as an ecomuseum, participatory museum, open museum. The solutions derived from the New Museology not only point to the necessity to move the level of the relationship between museum and society, but first and foremost to reflect on museum’s activity which is assumed to create an institution maximally transparent and ethical. It is for various reasons that not all the solutions proposed by museums meet the criteria. Museums continue to face numerous challenges, yet they boast potential to face them.
EN
The diverse and egalitarian nature of Estonian education has been attributed to the relatively high degree of teachers’ autonomy. Among other things, teachers are free to decide how and where to teach, and it is very common to teach in out-of-school settings such as museums, science centres, etc. The network of different learning sites that schools use has not been thoroughly described in previous literature and is thus somewhat hidden and vulnerable to rapid societal changes. Thus, this article aims to describe the practice and perceived role in formal education of on-site educators from museums, environmental centres, and other similar institutions of science and culture. Seven semi-structured focus-group interviews were carried out with 27 educators. This purposeful sample was compiled with the help of experts in the field. The limitation of this sample was that it brought together representatives of outstanding providers of curriculum-related learning activities, and so it describes the practice of excellent rather than novice or un-motivated educators. On the other hand, such a sample gives us a deeper understanding of the best practices and possibilities of the field. We found that similarly to previous results, the core practice of on-site educators involves creating, developing, and carrying out learning activities, and general organisational work. Based on the interviews, the practice of on-site educators can be described as flexible, spontaneous, collaborative, seasonal, place- and theme-specific, and project-based. Their practice is also diverse in terms of tasks both on daily/yearly basis and throughout their careers, thus illustrated by low routine and high creativity. The background of on-site educators is diverse and there are no standard career or education paths, but they can be described as strongly oriented towards constant self-development and learning, although the majority of interviewees had obtained both theoretical and pedagogical training from university and had also worked as teachers at some point in their careers. They enjoy their work and feel that it is important to connect students with nature, culture, art, or whatever their field is, to enrich their lives, support their studies, and build a better society. Thus, they often explain the value of their work through the lens of life-long learning of their students. We conclude that out-of-classroom education in the form of field trips to museums and other similar institutions is deeply connected with curriculum and helps to achieve sustainable development goals. However, as the funding for field trips has steadily increased in the past years and there are more and more schoolteachers who have no professional pedagogical training, an increasing number of schoolteachers seem to be unprepared to support students in out-of-school learning environments. We describe and expand on good practices to support schoolteachers in out-of-school learning activities and in collaboration of museum on-site educators and schoolteachers; for example, joint training programmes for in-service schoolteachers and on-site educators (especially for supporting students with special needs and content- and language-integrated learning in the context of Russian speaking students), and career changes between schools and museums (on-site educators becoming teachers and vice versa). We documented some clever funding schemes that act as boundary objects and enhance collaboration between schoolteachers and on-site educators, but we also suggest avoiding pressuring the content of learning activities through funding, as this could hinder teacher autonomy and lead to unnecessary standardisation. We suggest creating coherence between different ministries who govern schools, museums and providers of environmental learning activities, and involving on-site educators more in wider educational discussions. Education is much more than schools, and on-site educators should be considered as equals to schoolteachers when it comes to funding and decision-making about education.
XX
The Report on the State of Museum Education. Supplement part 1 (edited by Marcin Szeląg) and part 2 (written by Marcin Szeląg) published at the beginning of 2015 refers to the problems of museum education, its current situation and its state in the country. The analyses are based on qualitative and quantitative research on the situation of education in museums. The research was carried out in 2010 and published for the first time in 2012 under the editorship of this author. In the 2015 supplements, the author analyses the discussion about the place of museum education and its quality in Poland. This discussion takes place among museum educators and was initiated by the Forum of Museum Educators citizens’ initiative. Subsequent chapters deal with the results of the research and the effects of conference meetings and debates on museum education held by the author in various Polish museums in 2013. Selected theories of museum education by English-speaking authors, as well as interviews with directors of major Warsaw museums and galleries, form the backdrop to these considerations. The marketing point of view at the museum institution is also presented in this context. The conclusion of Szeląg’s analyses is that it is necessary to introduce training courses and studies which would prepare museum educators for their work. Referring to models of museum education in Western countries, the author suggested an example programme of such studies in Poland. The publications presented in this article illustrate and report on the heated debate on museum education which has been taking place in Polish museums over the last decade.
PL
Publikacje Raport o stanie edukacji muzealnej. Suplement cz. 1 oraz Suplement cz. 2 pod red. Marcina Szeląga odnoszą się do problematyki edukacji muzealnej, jej aktualnego oglądu i statusu w naszym kraju. Podstawę analiz stanowią przeprowadzone badania ilościowo – jakościowe, diagnozujące sytuację edukacji w muzeach , które przeprowadzone zostały w 2010 r., a opublikowane pod redakcją tegoż autora w 2012 roku. Odniesienie do tych badań sugeruje podtytuł prezentowanych publikacji jako Suplement cz. 1 oraz Suplement cz. 2. Autor analizuje dyskusję nad miejscem edukacji muzealnej i jej jakością w Polsce. Dyskusja ta toczy się w kręgu edukatorów muzealnych zainicjowana przez obywatelską inicjatywę Forum Edukatorów Muzealnych. W kolejnych rozdziałach omawiane się wyniki badań i efekty spotkań konferencyjnych i dyskusji nad edukacją muzealną, które prowadzone były przez autora w różnych muzeach Polski w roku 2013. Jako kontekst przedstawione zostały wybrane teorie edukacji muzealnej autorów prac anglojęzycznych oraz wywiady z dyrektorami ważniejszych warszawskich muzeów i galerii sztuki. W tym kontekście zaprezentowano również spojrzenie marketingowe na instytucję jaką jest każde muzeum. Konkluzją przedstawionych przez M. Szeląga analiz jest postulat konieczności wprowadzenia szkoleń i studiów przygotowujących do pracy edukatora muzealnego. Odnosząc się do modeli edukacji muzealnej w krajach zachodnich autor zaproponował model programu takich studiów w Polsce. Przedstawione w niniejszym artykule publikacje obrazują i poniekąd relacjonują gorącą dyskusję na temat edukacji muzealnej, jaka toczy się w ostatniej dekadzie w polskich muzeach i ich otoczeniu.
Kultura i Wychowanie
|
2019
|
vol. 15
|
issue 1
57-68
EN
This article discusses didactic reflection in relation to museum education. 27 teachers were sampled through recommendation-based selection and the method of thematic autobiography was used. The analysis concerned some fragments of teachers’ autobiographies which were directly related to their professional work and the implementation of museum education in the school system. Two thematic fields are described. The first comprises teachers’ comments on the interrelations of museum education and the implementation of the core curriculum of general education. The second field concerns the learner as the main recipient and direct participant of museum education.
PL
W prezentowanym artykule przedmiotem refleksji dydaktycznej jest edukacja muzealna. Zastosowana metoda badań to autobiografia tematyczna. W badaniach uczestniczyło 27 nauczycieli wyłonionych na podstawie wyboru rekomendacyjnego. Analizie poddane zostały te fragmenty wypowiedzi autobiograficznych nauczycieli, które wiążą się bezpośrednio z ich pracą zawodową, z realizacją edukacji muzealnej w systemie kształcenia szkolnego. W prezentacji wyników badań własnych opisane zostały dwa pola tematyczne. Pierwsze to uwagi nauczycieli na temat powiązań edukacji muzealnej z realizacją podstawy programowej kształcenia ogólnego oraz drugie pole tematyczne związane z uczniem jako głównym odbiorcą i bezpośrednim uczestnikiem edukacji muzealnej.
Muzealnictwo
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2018
|
vol. 59
185-197
EN
Since 2016 the Pan Tadeusz Museum of the Ossoliński National Institute in Wrocław has been opened to the public. It is dedicated to the national epic poem – the most acknowledged piece of literature by Adam Mickiewicz, titled Pan Tadeusz, published for the first time in 1834. It also presents the reception of the poem, longevity of ideas started in Romanticism and the legacy of freedom in the history of Poland in the 19th and 20th centuries. The investment was co-financed from the European budget within the project named The Pan Tadeusz Museum – an innovative space – education through culture. The project was based on the idea to create a museum of educational character, with the use of museum exhibits, multimedia presentations, and infrastructure necessary for a modern arrangement of the exhibition. Given these assumptions, the team of educators, mostly with long-term practice as museum professionals, prepared the permanent exhibition. Their practical experience, plus theoretical bases for educational goals they referred to, together with a subject of the exhibition that focuses on an exceptional masterpiece in the history of Polish culture, i.e. the Manuscript of Pan Tadeusz, determined decisions pertaining to selection of exhibits, content of multimedia applications, inscriptions under the exhibits and titles of individual rooms, the range of themes for audio guides as well as materials and facilities for visitors with disabilities. In the article the permanent exhibition “The Manuscript of Pan Tadeusz” is described from the perspective of narration applied and educational assumptions it was based upon. It is then referred to a museological reflection which analyses an educational potential of museum exhibitions, interpretation practices and strategies of narration carried out by museums through exhibitions and educational activities.
EN
The museum as a place of learning and special informal surroundings nowadays is changing its role and functionality. Among up and coming semi-museums like Science Centres, Museums of Science etc., it has to create a new model of educational offer. Children living in a cybernetic culture are accustomed to new hi-tech, digital devices. Accordingly, the museum tries to propose ‘hands-on’ exhibitions. Each place understands this kind of interactivity differently, and not everyone practises what is declared indeed. Moreover, a comparison between a typical museum ‘Ośrodek Kultury Morskiej Centralnego Muzeum Morskiego’ and new kind of semi-museum ‘Hewelianum’ in Gdansk, proves that learning can still be oriented in one direction, just to transmit some data, not to create personal understanding even using modern techniques and equipment. There are very important questions which need to be answered – what is the difference between museum and semi-museum, or whether we need exhibitions with digital devices just to create interactive environment? Being in the museum should be recognized as a chance of artistic learning, enriched with regional cultural heritage and aesthetics. Unfortunately, even in the museums it can be found out that education depends on economics, which influence the quality and shape of children’s learning, and is similar to the typical school learning.
EN
Since 2015, the Jagiellonian University Museum has regularly partnered with the Jagiellonian University of the Third Age (JUTA) by organizing lectures for seniors on selected issues concerning the history and collections of the university. The author of this paper extensively surveyed the attendees to evaluate how much information they were able to remember. To illustrate the absorption of knowledge by seniors, the questionnaires were analyzed in terms of three questions: (1) Did most of the respondents obtain a positive (i.e. good or highly satisfactory) or negative (unsatisfactory) result? (2) Which result (unsatisfactory, good, or highly satisfactory) did the largest number of respondents achieve? (3) What was the ratio of unsatisfactory to highly satisfactory results? The questionnaires highlighted the strongest points of the program, but also its shortcomings. Based on them, we can conclude that the lectures make a lot of sense, enriching the JUTA students with knowledge bordering on popular science as well as specialist knowledge. An important benefit of the study is feedback for those preparing and delivering the lectures.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja wybranych metod edukacyjnych stosowanych przez Dział Edukacji Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu jako przykładu dobrych praktyk, które można wykorzystać w innych placówkach w ramach benchmarkingu. Przedstawiona analiza dąży do wykazania możliwości wykorzystania działań edukacyjnych w muzeach w celu zmiany ich modelu na bardziej partycypacyjny poprzez wychowywanie nowych odbiorców muzealnych. Tekst prezentuje cele i metody edukacji muzealnej w oparciu o opisy konkretnych lekcji muzealnych przeprowadzanych w przestrzeni stałej wystawy etnograficznej Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu. Zaprezentowane lekcje są przykładami edukacji regionalnej skutecznie przeprowadzanej za pomocą gier i zabaw oraz z wykorzystaniem metody Marii Montessori.
EN
The main aim of this article is to present selected educational methods used by the Department of Education of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom as an example of good practice that can be used in other centers within the framework of benchmarking. The presented analysis seeks to demonstrate the possibilities of using educational activities in museums to give their model a more participatory character by educating new visitors. The text presents the goals and methods of museum education based on descriptions of specific museum lessons carried out within the permanent ethnographic exhibition of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom. Presented lessons are examples of regional education effectively carried out through games and activities and with the use of the methods of Maria Montessori.
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