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EN
PKO Bank Polski is the biggest bank in the banking sector in Poland. It owns the major part of Polish banking capital. It dominates in financing households and enterprises of all sectors and participates in the biggest infrastructural projects. The condition and activity of PKO BP greatly influences the national economy, and therefore the economic growth. It is an important institution connected to the financial security of the real and financial spheres in Poland. The comparative analysis of the activity of PKO BP compared to its competitors showed the bank’s stable position but also the necessity of changes in order to keep the correct parameters of activity and its position as a leader in the Polish banking market.
EN
The relation between the economy and the capital market is very interesting as far as analysis related to the capital market is concerned. The key statement is that the changes in the country economy have influence on the capital market. The aim of this article is to investigate if there are any essential connections between the values characterizing the capital market and the economy condition in Poland. Such values were taken into consideration as stock indices (WIG20, WIG), the rate of exchange, the level of unemployment, inflation, the GDP, Poland's economic growth. The analyses were made for some indices on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WIG, WIG20) and for some economic variables (e.g. the level of unemployment, inflation, the GDP, the economic growth and other). Analyses were made for the data in the period of 2000-2006. Some statistical parameters were used to find statistical regularity for some indexes on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and for some economic variables observed in Poland. The authors analysed the relation between selected variables, too. Excel 2003 for Windows and Statistica 6.1 PL were used for all the calculations. The significant element of the fundamental analysis is the confirmation of a statistic regularity concerning the relation between the economy and the capital market. Stock analysis in the scope of fundamental analysis should be also made by the use of macroeconomic variables. It will considerably increase the safety of investment and also its profitability.
EN
The quality of the workforce is a precondition for economic growth of a society. One of the main indicators of these preconditions is education. The effectiveness of economies of developed countries is based on the high quality of knowledge. As a resutl the quality and balanced education determines the rating of a state in the world and serves as a driving force of national economic development. The aim of the article is to identify opportunities that will allow integrating the balanced education in the educational systems of the national economy.
EN
In modern conditions, competition increases not only at the level of individual enterprises but also at the level of regions, countries and groups of countries. The problems of competitive states are insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on the problems of search tools to enhance national competitiveness through the analysis of the factors of information society development. The work consisted in identifying factors of informatization that have not been taken into calculating the indices of competitiveness in the data of the World Economic Forum. Next, the correlation coefficients between the identified factors of informatization and the main indices of competitiveness were calculated. This reveals the most significant dependencies and provides a basis for recommendations for the use of these instruments for some countries. As an example the main directions of improving competitiveness by improving factors for informatization of Ukraine and Poland were formulated.
PL
Obecnie mamy do czynienia ze wzrostem konkurencji nie tylko na poziomie przedsiębiorstw, ale także na poziomie regionów, krajów i grup krajów. Problem konkurencyjności państw nie został dotychczas dostatecznie zbadany. Artykuł poświęcony jest poszukiwaniu nowych narzędzi konkurencyjności państw, które maja źródła w społeczeństwie informacyjnym. W pracy zidentyfikowano wskaźniki informatyzacji, które nie zostały wzięte pod uwagę przy obliczaniu wskaźników konkurencyjności edytowanych przez World Economic Forum, a następnie policzono współczynniki korelacji między tymi wskaźnikami a indeksami konkurencyjności. Pozwoliło to na sformułowanie zaleceń dotyczących poprawy konkurencyjności wybranych państw. Jako przykład sformułowano główne kierunki poprawy konkurencyjności poprzez poprawę współczynników informatyzacji w Polsce i na Ukrainie.
EN
Based on selected papers from the Newsletter of the Polish Economic Society No. 2(61) from April 2013, titled “Paradoxes of the futurology of 2050”, the author pictures the overall context within which Polish agriculture will operate in 2050, and encourages the study of papers in futurology. The future condition of agriculture will depend on global demographic change, climate-change related weather phenomena, the rising costs of substitutes that replace the dwindling natural resources, the evolution of the structures and ways of functioning of the European Union, and the continued growth of the national economy.
EN
The blurring boundary between the financial and real economy, as well as the growing autonomy of the financial sector have been observed since the late 1970s. This phenomenon has been referred to in literature as financialization. The article presents several definitions of the financialization process, which occupies an important place in the modern economic world. The paper presents the reasons, sources and effects of financialization, followed by a discussion on the right measures of that process. These measures are then used for an empirical study of the degree of financialization in selected Central and Eastern European  countries. The analysis led to the conclusion that the scale of the financialization phenomenon in this part of Europe is relatively small, but not completely uniform in individual countries. The scale of financialization in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, and Poland should be assessed to be rather similar, while Slovak economy is the most resistant to the financialization process.
PL
Obserwowana od końca lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. zacierająca się granica pomiędzy finansową i realną sferą gospodarki oraz dokonująca się autonomizacja sektora finansowego spowodowały zainteresowanie się ekonomistów tematyką, określaną w literaturze pojęciem finansyzacji. W artykule dokonano systematyki definicji finansyzacji, zjawiska odgrywającego istotne znaczenie we współczesnym świecie. Wskazano również jego przesłanki, źródła i skutki, a także omówiono wykorzystywane w badaniach mierniki oceny stopnia finansyzacji gospodarki, co dało podstawę do analizy finansyzacji gospodarek w wybranych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Analiza doprowadziła do sformułowania wniosku, że skala tego zjawiska w tej części Europy jest stosunkowo niewielka. Indywidualny poziom mierników wykorzystywanych do oceny tego zjawiska jest zróżnicowany w poszczególnych krajach. Niemniej jednak po ich zagregowaniu skalę finansyzacji gospodarek Czech, Węgier, Estonii i Polski należy oceniać na zbliżonym poziomie. Najbardziej odporna na zjawisko finansyzacji okazała się gospodarka Słowacji.  
EN
Stanisław Głąbiński (1862-1941), professor of Lviv University and the author of the two-volume ‘National Economics (‘Ekonomika narodowa’), was one of the main representatives of the historical-national approach in Polish economics. The study of national economics which he created was divided into general economics, i.e. economic theory, and practical economics, referred to as economic and social policies. Głąbiński emphasizes that there is a close relationship between the latter and ethics. Before the development of economic theory, economic thought was normative, because of its close relationship to ethics. However, it was not the history of economic theory, but the history of the notion of economic politics and of its practical application. Due to the social nature of ethics, there are also specific relations between it and theoretical economics. In modern countries finding a solution to the so-called social question has become a common task of economics and ethics. Ethical topics are also contained in the content of the category ‘social resources’, in which the social determinants of human economic activity find their fullest reflection. This applies in particular to the category of moral resources, which illustrates the functioning of state bodies and public institutions, the state of education, the prevailing habits and the customs and the character of the nation.
EN
Ukraine faces a threat of full-fledged default and deep financial and political crisis. The current deep recession is the country's second major economic crisis in ten years. Ukraine was severely affected by the global financial crisis in 2008, with its economy shrinking by 15% in 2009. The economy remained weak in the aftermath, as former government caused the business climate worsening. The lack of reforms limited growth of GDP to just 0.3% in 2012 and remained static in 2013. By the end of 2013, Ukraine was already on the brink of collapse. The conflict in the eastern part of the country has further exacerbated the recession. Today the sources of economic growth in Ukraine have been exhausted, and the country is strongly increasing its debts trying to attract foreign investment. The government’s reform efforts have so far failed to significantly improve the country’s business climate. Ukraine is ranked 83rd out of 189 countries in the latest World Bank's ‘Doing Business’ 2016 index. This score is the second worst in Europe. Ukraine is still considered the most corrupt country in Europe as well (rated at number 142 out of 175 by Transparency International in 2014). The persistent state of war has disrupted industrial production, which is mainly located in the eastern part. The article elucidates recent events in Ukraine as well as gives a brief historical overview. The influence of misleading governance of economic situation is revealed. The positive scenario, in which Ukraine overcomes default, is unlikely to happen unless the firm measures are to be taken.
PL
Materialne podstawy systemu bezpieczeństwa każdego kraju tworzy jego gospodarka narodowa. W ostatnich latach nastąpiło zasadnicze przewartościowanie poglądów na temat warunków bezpieczeństwa państwa. Związane jest to głównie ze zmniejszeniem prawdopodobieństwa zaistnienia w naszym regionie zagrożeń militarnych. Obecnie wzrasta ryzyko występowania niespodziewanych zagrożeń o charakterze gospodarczym. Rodzi to potrzebę tworzenia rezerw rzeczowych i finansowych, pozwalających na natychmiastową realizację niezbędnych przedsięwzięć. O wzrastającej wadze tego problemu dla naszego państwa, niech świadczy fakt ciągłego dostosowywania podstaw prawnych tworzenia zapasów strategicznych.
EN
The financial basis for the system of every country’s security is created by its national economy. In recent years, the views of the conditions of national security have been fundamentally redefined. It is connected with the declining possibility that in our region some military threats will occur. Nowadays, there is a high risk that unforeseen economical threats will appear. Due to such a situation, some material and financial stock needs to be created which will allows to carry out some necessary ventures. This problem is more and more important for our country and this is the reason for the constant adaptation of legal grounds to create some strategic stock.
PL
W publikacji podjęto temat konkurencyjności, ze wskazaniem na brak jednej powszechnie akceptowanej definicji tego pojęcia i na wieloznaczność rozumienia tego terminu. Wskazano na wystę-pujące poziomy konkurencyjności oraz różne miary i metody jej oceny z punktu widzenia tych pozio-mów, w tym przedsiębiorstw i gospodarki narodowej. W ostatniej części publikacji podjęto próbę oceny konkurencyjności gospodarki Polski i przedsiębiorstw w niej funkcjonujących.
EN
The publication discusses the topic of competitiveness as such, pointing that a one definition of this notion which could be accepted in economics has not been worked out yet. The problem of ambiguity in understanding the term of "competitiveness" is also presented. The article also shows different levels of competitiveness as well as different ways of measuring and methods of its as-sessment taking into consideration these levels, including enterprises and the national economy. In the last part of the publication authors attempt to asses the competitiveness of the Polish economy and the enterprises which function within this economy.
PL
Albert Hesse was one of the most eminent German professors of economic law and statistics. He was educated at the University Hale-Wittenberg, but spent most of his life, as a researcher in Wroclaw (1921–1945). In the period of Weimar Republic, he became one of the most prominent specialists, in his fields of research. He was engaged in various activities, connect ed with international organisations and on the forum of the League of Nations. What is more, he was also, initially, a worker, and then the co-director of East Europe Institute in Wroclaw, though in 1933, after the Nazis had taken over the power, he lost this position. The time of the Third Reich, was the beginning of Hesse’s end as a researcher as threads of the national socialist ideology appeared more and more often in his academic work, which contributed to a decline in his prestige. Nonetheless, there was no solid evidence of his possible harmfulness to anybody, which allowed him to continue teaching in the postwar Germany.
Path of Science
|
2016
|
vol. 2
|
issue 2(7)
2.30-2.45
RU
В наши дни для обеспечения конкурентной позиции экономики страны на мировых рынках необходимо систематическое инновационное развитие всех сфер хозяйственной деятельности. Поэтому, целесообразно объединить ключевые направления научно-технического и инновационного роста в систему инновационной активности, выделить инновационный потенциал. В статье проанализированы системы различных взглядов на инновации и инновационный потенциал в исследованиях зарубежных и отечественных авторов. Это позволило выявить теоретические подходы к раскрытию природы и сути инновационного потенциала. Рассмотрены тенденции инновационной активности в Украине, выполнен анализ индикаторов инновационного потенциала экономики страны и сделан прогноз перспектив инновационной активности. В конце исследования сформированы выводы по стимулированию инновационного потенциала экономики Украины.
EN
Nowadays, the world’s competitiveness of the national economy depends on systematic innovative development of all branches of economic activity. Therefore, it is advisable to combine all kinds of scientific, technical and innovative growth into the system of innovative activity. It is also important to single out the potential of innovative activity. The article analyzes the systems of different views on innovations and innovative potential, which are represented in research papers of foreign and native authors. Such analysis gives the possibility to identify the theoretical approaches to the nature and essence of innovative potential. The tendencies of innovative activity in Ukraine are considered, the indicators of the potential of innovative activity of the national economy are analyzed. The predictions about the further changes of the innovative activity potential are made. At the end of the research, the conclusions to stimulate the potential of innovative activity of Ukrainian economy are made.
PL
W publikacji podjęto próbę przedstawienia pozycji Polski na tle wybranych krajów świata, w tym krajów Unii Europejskiej. W pierwszej części artykułu wskazano na dystynktywne obszary badań dotyczące problematyki innowacyjności, z uwzględnieniem światowej i polskiej literatury przedmiotu. Na bazie podstaw teoretycznych w drugiej części artykułu zaprezentowano pozycję Polski na tle wybranych krajów świata w zakresie działalności innowacyjnej oraz jej charakterystycznych obszarów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ponoszonych nakładów na działalność badawczo-rozwojową. W zakończeniu artykułu przedstawiono stosowne konkluzje i wnioski.
EN
The publication presents an attempt to depict the position of Poland among some chosen countries in the world including the countries belonging to the European Union. The first chapter shows some characteristic research areas referring to the problems concerning innovativeness taking into consideration the subject literature issued both in Poland and abroad. The second chapter presents the position of Poland among some chosen countries in the world on the basis of some theoretical assumptions showing the activity referring to innovativeness and its characteristic areas paying special attention to the expenditures connected with research and development activity. The final part of the article presents some conclusions and proposals.
EN
The article contains an analysis of the scientific achievements and views of the economist Stanisław Głąbiński, associated with Lviv. Polish economic thought in the interwar period developed in two opposite directions: theoretical and historical. The first of them dominated in the Krakow, Poznań and Warsaw centers, while the second was represented by economists associated with the Lviv and Warsaw centers. Głąbiński was the leading representative of the historical course at the University of Lviv. His economic views as well as political, social and economic activities deserve attention. Głąbiński’s socio-economic concepts were a reflection of his political views. His most important works from the period of the Second Polish Republic, ie two volumes of National Economics (Theory of National Economics – 1927 and National Economic Policy – 1928) and History of Economics – 1939 (volumes 1 and 2) are the best proof of this. Głąbiński has always tried to look at the essence of economic phenomena from the national point of view. Throughout his scientific activity he also proclaimed the creation of a new school in the science of economics – a national school whose theoretical basis would be the nation and the national idea. He left the individualism of the liberal school and examined the economic reality through the prism of national interest. He claimed that an abstract analysis of a personal interest that omits the national interest is only a hypothesis that does not explain the economic reality. Therefore, he proposed to supplement abstract research with research on the whole socio-economic reality: historical analyzes and comparison of the personal interest of economic entities with the general interest.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmieniającej się roli państwa w życiu gospodarczym w warunkach postępującej globalizacji. Zarysowane zostały funkcje ekonomiczne państwa w świetle znaczących teorii ekonomicznych, a także przedstawiono wpływ państwa na wybuch globalnego kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego oraz na jego przezwyciężenie. Nakreślono też perspektywiczną rolę państwa w gospodarce narodowej i międzynarodowych stosunkach gospodarczych. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę uzasadnienia tezy, że siły rynkowe wymagają przeciwwagi w postaci sprawnie funkcjonującego państwa.
EN
The main goal of the article is to present the changing role of the state in economic life in the conditions of increasing globalization. The authors have outlined the economic functions of the state in the context of significant economic theories. In addition, the influence of the state on the outbreak of the global financial and economic crisis and its overcoming was presented. The perspective role of the state in the national economy and international economic relations was also outlined. The study attempts to justify the thesis that market forces require the counterweight in the form of an efficiently functioning state.
EN
The success of a national economy and the economic development of a country are mainly assessed based on economic indicators. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the most commonly used indicator at national and regional levels. The informational power of GDP is limited, so alternative ways of measuring economic development and well-being have begun to be used, of which the Human Development Index (HDI) is the best known and the most accessible. The aim of this research is to highlight the areas that are to be considered when assessing economic development and well-being, especially social and environmental factors. One of the objectives is to compare the GDP and the HDI in the V4 countries. There was a gradual, slight increase in HDI without regard to economic cycles and changes in the GDP in the V4 countries between 2007 and 2017.
PL
Powodzenie gospodarki krajowej oraz rozwój gospodarczy kraju oceniane są głównie na podstawie wskaźników ekonomicznych. Produkt Krajowy Brutto (PKB) jest najczęściej stosowanym wskaźnikiem na poziomie krajowym i regionalnym. Informacyjna moc PKB jest ograniczona, dlatego stosuje się alternatywne sposoby mierzenia rozwoju gospodarczego i dobrobytu. Do najbardziej znanych i dostępnych alternatywnych mierników rozwoju gospodarczego zalicza się Indeks Rozwoju Ludzkiego (HDI). Celem niniejszych badań jest wyjaśnienie czynników, które należy uwzględnić przy ocenie rozwoju gospodarczego i dobrobytu, w szczególności czynników społecznych i środowiskowych. Jednym z celów jest porównanie PKB i HDI w krajach V4. Bez względu na cykle gospodarcze i zmiany w PKB, między 2007 a 2017 rokiem w krajach V4 nastąpił stopniowy, niewielki wzrost HDI.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autorzy badają wpływ procesów integracyjnych na konkurencyjność gospodarek narodowych krajów uczestniczących w Eurazjatyckiej Unii Gospodarczej (EAEU). Jakiekolwiek procesy integracyjne, w tym integracja w ramach EAEA, oddziałują na gospodarki uczestniczących w niej państw na dwa sposoby: z jednej strony promują korzyści wynikające z multilateralnych kontaktów biznesowych, a z drugiej wzmacniają znaczenie konkurujących ze sobą poszczególnych gospodarek narodowych. Autorzy dokonują wyczerpującej analizy obecnej sytuacji i problemów EAEU, korzystając z różnych metod analizy politycznej (analizy porównawczej i systemowej analizy treści, analizy zdarzeń, analizy SWOT i innych). W dość ostrej polemice, opartej na wiarygodnych materiałach źródłowych, artykuł pokazuje nie tylko integrację współzależności, ale również konkurencję wewnątrz EAEU, przyczyny konfliktu, a także konsekwencje, które doprowadziły do dewaluacji rubla oraz spadku poziomu cen w Rosji, co z kolei ma negatywny wpływ na konkurencyjność gospodarek Kazachstanu i Białorusi.
EN
In this article the authors examine the impact of integration processes on the competitiveness of national economies of the participating countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC). Any integration, including integration within the EAEC affects the economy of participants in two ways: on the one hand it favorably promotes multilateral mutually beneficial business contacts, and on the other hand, it feels the strength, competing with each other, the individual national economies. The authors comprehensively investigated the current situation and problems of the EAEC with the use of different methods of political analysis (comparative and system analysis, content analysis, event analysis, SWOT-analysis, and others.). In a sufficiently sharp polemical form, based on credible evidence materials, the article shows not only the integration of interaction, but also features of competition within the EAEC, the causes of conflict, as well as the consequences that resulted in the devaluation of ruble and dumping prices in Russia, which in turn all have a negative impact on competitiveness of the economies of Kazakhstan and Belarus.
EN
The energetic sector plays an important role for the development of the Tajikistan economy. The energy consumption of the country reaches approximately 60% of GDP. At the same time, due to lack of own resources, Tajikistan covers about 70% of its fuel needs for resources by expensive imports. The development of the fuel and energy complex annually allocates more than 15% of the total government budget of the country, or more than $300 million.
PL
Sektor energetyczny odgrywa istotną rolę w rozwoju gospodarki Tadżykistanu. Krajowe zużycie energii sięga ok. 60% PKB. Z drugiej strony, z powodu braku własnych zasobów, Tadżykistan pokrywa ok. 70% swych potrzeb paliwowych kosztownym importem. Rozwój kompleksu paliwowoenergetycznego rozdysponowuje ponad 15% całego centralnego budżetu państwa, czyli ponad 300 mln dolarów.
PL
Celem opracowania jest próba uporządkowania i zaprezentowania wybranych narzędzi pomiaru innowacyjności w zakresie: gospodarki krajów, przedsiębiorstwa i organizacji administracji publicznej. W pierwszej części artykułu zdefiniowano pojęcie innowacji i innowacyjności. Następnie dokonano charakterystyki wybranych narzędzi pomiaru innowacyjności w zakresie: gospodarek krajów zaprezentowano sumaryczny indeks innowacyjności (Summary Innovation Index – SII) oraz barometr innowacyjności (Innobarometer – INN); przedsiębiorstwa przedstawiono autorskie propozycje A. Pomykalskiego, Boston Consulting Group i L. Białonia; organizacji administracji publicznej scharakteryzowano model pomiaru innowacyjności wg projektu PUBLIN oraz model pomiaru dyfuzji innowacji wg R.M. Walkera, C.N. Avellanedy i F.S. Berry. W końcowej części opracowania przedstawiono problemy pomiaru akcentowane niezależnie od kontekstu badania oraz trudności w opracowaniu narzędzia uniwersalnego.
EN
The aim of this paper is to organise and present a number of tools for measuring innovation in the field: the economies of nations, enterprises and public sector organisations. The first part of the paper presents definitions of innovation based on the professional literature. The main part then describes selected tools for measuring innovation in four fields: national economies, using the Summary Innovation Index (SII) and Innovation Barometer (Innobarometer – INN); enterprises, using the work of A. Pomykalski, Boston Consulting Group and L. Białoń; public sector organisations, using a model designed by the PUBLIN Project; model measures of the diffusion of innovations by R. M. Walker, C. N. Avellaneda and F. S. Berry. The final part of the paper articulates problems in measurement highlighted regardless of the context of the study and the difficulties in designing a universal tool.
EN
The article is dedicated to the reconstruction of selected aspects of economic thought of Stanisław Głąbiński. It includes such key economic categories of this economist and politician as „national economy” and its structure, economic role of the state and characteristics of the „national economic policy” assumptions, considered jointly as a desirable and developmental model of the economic system of Poland in the interwar period.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został rekonstrukcji wybranych aspektów myśli ekonomicznej Stanisława Głąbińskiego. Obejmuje ona takie kluczowe kategorie ekonomiczne tego ekonomisty i polityka, jak: „gospodarstwo narodowe” i jego strukturę, ekonomiczną rolę państwa oraz charakterystykę założeń „narodowej polityki ekonomicznej”, traktowane łącznie jako pożądany i rozwojowy model ustroju gospodarczego Polski w okresie międzywojennym.
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