Search results

1

ZNACZENIE TERMINALI LNG NA WSPÓLNYM RYNKU ENERGII UE

100%

RUSZEL M.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2014

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issue 4(12)

49-59 (14)

EN

The new geopolitical challenges increase the need to do more to strengthen energy security in Europe. For this reason, the EU implements the principles of competition and liberalisation of the natural gas market in order to create an internal energy market as well as build and modernise the gas infrastructure. The question arises, what role will LNG terminals have in the EU internal energy market. The overall aim of this article, based on politological analysis, is to answer following questions: to what extent LNG terminals contribute to the integration and the fragmentation of the internal energy mar-ket? Is the location of LNG terminals affects the development of the centres of natural gas distribution in different parts of Europe? What factors can strengthen the potential of LNG terminals in Europe?

2

ZASTRZEŻENIA DO DECYZJI KOMISJI EUROPEJSKIEJ Z 28 PAŹDZIERNIKA 2016 ROKU W SPRAWIE ZMIANY ZWOLNIENIA DLA GAZOCIĄGU OPAL (SPRAWA C(2016)6950 FINAL)

100%

ZAJDLER R.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

|

2018

|

issue 1(16)

52-63 (12)

EN

The investment process in gas infrastructure is often burdened with high investment costs and the risks associated with ensuring its viability. In order to achieve the public objective of security and stability of supply and competition in the natural gas market, while limiting the investment risk on the investor side of the new gas infrastructure, regulations have been introduced to allow the investor not to apply the legal requirements set out in Article 22 of Directive 2003/55/EC (amended by Article 36 of Directive 2009/73/EC) for a specified period of time and after fulfilment of the indicated requirements. The exemption granted by the European Commission to the OPAL gas pipeline by the decision of 28 October 2016 raises doubts as to the legal basis of such exemption and the fulfilment of the substantive conditions governing its granting. The article analyses the decision by criticizing the grounds and merits of its adoption.

3

Linkages of natural gas and oil futures prices on the American and European derivatives market

100%

Łęt B.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

|

2017

|

issue 482

158-168

EN

In recent years, the world natural gas market is changing mainly due to the wid-er access to LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). This technology allows to trade between the market participants all over the world. The natural gas prices on the American and European market are benchmarked to Henry Hub and National Balancing Point (NBP) natural gas. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether the listings of natural gas in the derivatives markets are linked and to analyse the relationship between natural gas and crude oil prices. We show that the probability distribution of returns is not normal and that there is a strong ARCH effect. We use multivariate GARCH model to describe the linkages between several series. We take into account two return series of natural gas futures contracts (Henry Hub and National Balancing Point) and two returns series of crude oil futures contracts (West Texas Intermediate and Brent) to measure the strength of linkages across two commodity markets of the most important fossil fuels.

4

Rola krajowej infrastruktury gazowej w kształtowaniu współczesnego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski

100%

Mróz M.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2020

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vol. 18

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issue 3

16-32

EN

Electricity is one of the factors shaping the quality of life of society. The Polish Energy sector is to a large extent identified with fossil fuel used in conventional energy, based mainly on hard coal, which is not fully in line with the current energy policy of the European Union. Therefore, today it is necessary to use renewable energy more efficiently, which, in addition to the clearly indicated economic effect, also accentuates environmental effects. The purpose of the work is to show the opinions of young people aged 15–24 in terms of their awareness of the interpretation of myths about renewable energy, which is a key problem in the development of the modern energy sector, and to indicate the directions of development of the energy policy in Poland

5

A common gas market for Visegrad Group countries

100%

Kumor M., Porada S.

Eastern Review

|

2020

|

vol. 9

131-148

EN

The construction of the North-South Gas Corridor, regional energy integration and international cooperation in the Visegrad Group (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia) can be determinants for the creation of a common gas market for four Eastern Europe countries (V4). The starting point for this work is concerned with the technical possibilities, chances, threats and necessary steps for the development of the existing infrastructure. The import capacities of countries neighbouring the V4 territory and the internal gas transmission potential inside the indicated group of countries have been presented in this paper. Special attention was paid to the international possibilities of using underground gas storage. The V4 countries, in particular, were examined due to their location between the Russian Federation and Western European gas consumers, and due to the need to ensure the security of supply, volumes and directions of import and export for each from. The bringing online of the gas connection between Norway and Poland, along with the construction of the Croatian LNG terminal, and the establishment of a common gas market for deliveries inside V4 may significantly contribute to determining a new physical direction of the gas flow in this part of Europe.

6

Challenge of the European Union’s Energy Security Approach

100%

Maksuti B., Sela Y.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

|

2015

|

issue 11

106-115

EN

Aim of this research is to answer if organizational commitment changes according to demografic factors. Inputs gained from 200 person sample group from banking sector. According to the analysis it is found that affective and continuance commitment increases with age and job experience, and all componenets of commitment increase according to time in the last job. With the results derived from analysis, research’s support to organizational theory is discussed and some advices put forward.

7

Poland’s Energy Security in the Context of the EU’s Common Energy Policy. The Case of the Gas Sector

100%

Nowak B., Grzejszczak P.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2011

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vol. 4(4)

41-56

EN

The concept of energy security can be rather difficult to precisely define. In fact, the scope of energy security includes a somewhat different set of issues in the gas sector than in the electricity sector. After all, electricity can be produced in every country of the European Union, but gas extraction is possible only in some. Natural gas is a commodity which constitutes a significant component of the export policy of only a few countries. As a result, the scarcity of gas in the EU makes it a very desirable resource for many countries, some of which are taking important energy-related decisions without consulting or assessing their impact on other Member States. This hampers the coordination of energy policy and the setting of common objectives with regard to energy security for the EU as a whole. The lack of cooperation among Member States has a clearly more negative impact on Poland and the other new Member States (which depend on a single gas supplier) than on the old EU-15, whose gas supply is generally well diversified. Moreover, the lack of proper infrastructure and cross-border connections puts in question the creation of a solid energy policy at the EU level in the gas sector.

FR

Le concept de sécurité énergétique est assez difficile à préciser. En fait dans le champ d’application de la sécurité énergétique, différentes sont les données dans le secteur du gaz par rapport celui de l’électricité. Tant que l’électricité peut être produite dans tous les pays de l’Union européenne, l’extraction du gaz n’est pas possible partout. Le gaz naturel est un produit qui constitue une composante importante de la politique d’exportation de quelques pays seulement. En raison de la pénurie de gaz dans l’UE, il est une des ressources très souhaitable par de nombreux pays, qui prennent des décisions importantes concernant l’énergie, sans consulter ni évaluer leur impact sur les autres Etats membres. Ce l’autre côté entrave la coordination de la politique énergétique et la fixation d’objectifs communs en matière de sécurité énergétique de l’UE dans son ensemble. De toute évidence, le manque de coopération entre les Etats membres a un impact plus négatif sur la Pologne et les nouveaux États membres qui dépendent d’un seul fournisseur de gaz dans l’ancienne UE–15, dont les sources d’approvisionnement sont en général bien diversifiées. Aussi le manque d’infrastructures adéquates et de connexions transfrontalières met en question la solidité de la politique énergétique au niveau de l’UE dans le secteur du gaz.

8

Energy Security of West Africa: the Case of Natural Gas

100%

Zigah E.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2019

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vol. 12

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issue 19

91-110

FR

L’Indice de sécurité d’approvisionnement en gaz sert à évaluer la sécurité d’approvisionnement en gaz naturel de quatre pays producteurs de gaz en Afrique de l’Ouest à l’aide de cinq indicateurs: Intensité gazière, dépendance à l’égard des importations nettes de gaz, ratio de la production gazière nationale aux importations, consommation intérieure brute et risque géopolitique. Cette étude a montré que la sécurité de l’approvisionnement en gaz naturel en Afrique de l’Ouest constitue un enjeu essentiel car certains des principaux producteurs de gaz naturel de la région sont des plus exposés aux perturbations de l’approvisionnement. La plupart des pays étudiés comptent uniquement sur la production nationale pour garantir leur sécurité d’approvisionnement. Le manque de diversification des sources d’approvisionnement et l’absence de stockages de gaz naturel pour garantir la sécurité de l’approvisionnement sont les principaux déterminants de la forte vulnérabilité des producteurs de gaz naturel dans la région.

EN

The Gas Supply Security Index (GSSI) is used to assess the security of natural gas supply of four gas producing countries in West Africa using five indicators: Gas Intensity, Net Gas Import Dependency, Ratio of Domestic Gas Production to Imports, Gross Inland Consumption and Geopolitical Risk. This study identified that security of natural gas supply in West Africa is a major challenge as some of the major natural gas producers within the region are highly vulnerable to supply disruptions. Most of the countries studied rely solely on domestic production for supply security. Lack of diversification of supply source and the absence of natural gas storage facilities to safeguard the security of supply were identified as the major factors accounting for the high vulnerability among the natural gas producers within the region.

9

Petrol and Natural Gas Market of the Visegrád Group Countries 1993–2016: Current State and Prospects

88%

Kłaczyński R.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2018

|

vol. 1 (47)

7-19

EN

The paper addresses problems related to energy policies pursued by Central European countries. It identifies the amounts of energy resources in individual countries in the Visegrád Group as well as the transmission infrastructures they use for natural gas and crude oil. The author discusses projects aimed at diversifying energy supplies which are of key importance to V4 countries. The article also presents relations between those countries in both within the group and bilaterally. When outlining prospects of a V4 energy strategy, the account is taken of such vital aspects as relations with the Russian Federation and the contribution made by Visegrád countries to EU actions designed to develop a single energy market.

10

Russian energy sector in the face of sanctions

88%

Olszanecka N., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2018

|

issue 1

EN

As a result of the annexation of Crimea and the Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2014, the United States as well as other states and international organizations decided to impose economic sanctions against the Russian Federation. The sanctions were mainly directed against the energy and banking sectors. The following article presents the condition of the Russian energy sector after 2014 with regard to the consequences of the Western sanctions.

11

The Analysis of Natural Gas and Crude Oil Market from the Global and EU Perspective

88%

Obadi S. M., Korček M.

Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia

|

2012

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vol. 5

|

issue 18

282-296

EN

This paper deals with the development of the crude oil and natural gas market in the world and especially in the EU. The analysis of the mentioned energy commodities are based on time serious statistical data and legislative documents and treaties adjusting the energy market. In this paper we analyze how the natural gas and crude oil as the two energy sources that are on the one hand most important in the energy mix and on the other hand least available within the very territory of EU itself therefore meaning the largest threat to the energy security of EU countries. We focus on analyzing of development of the worlds crude oil and natural gas development as the economic environment developed during last 20 year. Then we characterize what has EU done as the reaction on this development and finally we analyze the impact on EU in terms of supply and demand for natural gas and crude oil in first decade of 21st century. We found that, in 2009, the 66 % of EU natural gas imports were from four countries (Russia, Algeria, Norway and Nigeria) and the EU crude oil imports reached about 87 %.

12

Forecasting medium-term natural gas demand for the European Union

75%

Chrulski T.

Przegląd Europejski

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2022

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vol. 1

73-85

EN

The European Commission proposed to increase the greenhouse gas emission reduction target to at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 level. The aim of this article is to visualise the EU natural gas consumption trend until 2023 regarding to energy transformation. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA method) is used in this study. The analysis is based on historical volumes of natural gas consumed in 2016–2020 in 28 European Union countries. An effort can be made to state that the next coming months will have a slight increase in natural gas consumption, however, the growth will depend on the pace of the economies and the pace of the energy transition.

13

Poland’s Energy Security Strategy

75%

Samson Z.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2019

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issue 3 (48)

489-499

EN

Poland, as one of the European countries experiencing the most significant economic growth in recent years, permanently relies on coal power. There are plenty of reasons behind this condition, however, wanting to become one of the European leaders Poland ought to diversify its energy sources and lower the share of those harmful to the natural environment. Some changes have already been implemented, nevertheless the Polish government is mostly reluctant to diminish the role of coal mines. Moreover, the current actions taken to diversify sources of natural gas imports are dependent on Polish foreign policy and international alliances. The author analyzes changes in the Polish energy security strategy in recent years and compares them with provisions established during COP24. The article analyzes the Polish energy market with the share of individual sources and examines the possibility to increase the share of those alternative to coal in the near future.

14

In the face of the rising importance of natural gas to the Polish economy

75%

Skrzyński T.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2019

|

issue 1(47)

48-60

EN

Objective: The purpose of this text is to determine ways of diversifying the sources of origin and directions for importing natural gas to Poland until the agreement for the supply of Russian gas expires in 2022. In so doing, the growth of extraction in Poland, deliveries from other countries and the partial replacement of gas in the economy with raw materials available in Poland are all analys ed. Research design and methods: A reasonable approach to energy policy, factor analysis and elements of multidimensional comparative analysis were adopted. Findings: It is important that gas imports to the country are substantially increased in winter and it is essential that the capacity of gas storage facilities, in particular cavity facilities, is increased as well. Furthermore, it is necessary to attempt to reduce energy consumption, with different preferences that facilitate the growth of the share of renewable sources of energy (RSE) in the energy mix. Implications / Recommendations: This article presents arrangements which may prove to be useful for implementation of Polish energy policy. Contribution / Value Added: Considerable political changes and alterations to the gas market have superseded a number of researchers’ arrangements and forecasts concerning Poland. What is missing is a comprehensive analysis, based on data from 2017 and 2018, of increasing the diversification of gas supplies to Poland.

15

Poland on the global LNG market: foreign and energy policy impact assessment

75%

Wiśniewski B., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

|

2018

|

issue 1

EN

This article throws a spotlight on the key developments of the global LNG market, explores the role and main features of the European market for LNG, and then – based on this context – offers a set of arguments that help with conceptualizing the importance of LNG imports for Poland’s foreign and energy policies. The analysis shows that the “LNG impact” can be traced to three distinct yet interconnected dimensions – national, regional and global. The article argues that if handled with adequate understanding of the tendencies affecting this sector, Poland’s status as a player on the LNG market can be turned into an asset and boost its international standing vis-a-vis other LNG importing states and exporters alike. Over time, “LNG diplomacy” could become one of the defining features of its international engagement.

16

Взаємовідносини по лінії Москва – Мінськ у рамках енергетичного сектору

75%

Клачиньскі Р.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

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2018

|

issue 8

71-76

EN

A paper entitled Cooperation between Moskow and Minsk in the energy sector describes the most important problems of gas and petrol market at the European part of former USSR. It is an attempt to answer questions aroused by the situation at the post-soviet petrol market. Its analytical part is based on statistical data, analytical papers of the most important think-tanks in that matter, books and papers together with internet resources. All above mentioned contribute to an author`s proper arguments which are focused on abilities and limitations of petrol and gas sector of Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus. The paper provides an information about bilateral relations of these countries, describes Russian energy strategy towards pos-soviet area, especially towards the Belarus` role. It also describes Russian-Belarusian relations in broad international context and also Belarusian dilemmas while Minsk does refuse Russians to obtain strategic importance in the country`s energy sector on the one hand, but also must strictly cooperate with Moscow while Belarusian economy is unable to function without cheap petrol and gas supplies from Russia. An author focuses also on Yamal pipeline and the eventual threat from the Nord-Stream project and also describes the meaning of BTS1 and BTS2 installations which virtually are the pressure tools on Belarus. He characterizes the background of past and current energy conflicts in bilateral relations and indicates the role of petrol and gas as political tools at Russian disposal, towards Belarus. He also formulate prognosis, based on his past analyzes. According to an author Belarus must solve the problem of its own dependency on Moscow in the energy area. Without it she won`t be a clearly independent state. In the same time Russia is using all possible tools and strengths it monopoly on the Belarusian petrol market. This kind of policy is a step in Russian Federation`s policies aimed at regaining imperial role again in the post-soviet area.

17

Znaczenie gazu ziemnego jako surowca energetycznego w Polsce i innych krajach UE – analiza porównawcza dla lat 1995–2008

75%

Boratyński J., Katedra Teorii i Analiz Systemów Ekonomicznych U. Ł.

Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii

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2014

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vol. 3(36)

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę zróżnicowania i zmian roli gazu ziemnego jako źródła energii w Polsce i krajach UE, a także podjęto próbę wskazania czynników determinujących zmiany zapotrzebowania na ten surowiec. Do tego celu wykorzystana została baza danych WIOD, zawierająca ujednolicone dane o zużyciu energii w podziale sektorowym. Wyniki wskazują, że w latach 1995–2008 udział gazu ziemnego jako surowca energetycznego w krajach UE generalnie wzrastał, do czego przyczyniały przede wszystkim zmiany w sektorze elektroenergetycznym, ale także w niektórych gałęziach przemysłu. Najważniejszym źródłem wzrostu popytu było zastępowanie gazem pozostałych paliw – węgla i olejów opałowych, a ponadto ogólny wzrost zapotrzebowania na energię. Czynnikiem osłabiającym tę tendencję był wzrost znaczenia odnawialnych źródeł energii. Stosunkowo niski udział gazu ziemnego w Polsce – zwłaszcza w sektorze elektroenergetycznym – świadczy o znaczącym teoretycznym potencjale zwiększenia skali wykorzystania tego paliwa. Przykłady poszczególnych państw wskazują, że w sprzyjających warunkach udział gazu w miksie energetycznym może znacząco wzrosnąć już w kilkunastoletnim okresie.

EN

In the light of the comparative analysis presented in the article it can be stated that in the years 1995–2008 the share of natural gas as an energy source in the EU countries generally increased (with some exceptions). The main contribution was by the electricity sector, but also some industries recorded significant growth in this respect; in the household sector, the second largest gas consumer, the increase was relatively small however. The most important source of growth in demand for natural gas was the substitution in within the fuel mix (replacing coal and fuel oil with gas), as well as an overall increase in energy demand. The limiting factor of the increase in demand for gas has been the growing share of renewables in the energy mix. Poland, compared to EU countries, is characterized by relatively low (though growing) share of gas, especially in the energy sector, which also means a significant potential to increase the scale of the use of this fuel. Examples of individual countries show that under favorable conditions the share of gas in the energy mix can improve significantly even in a relatively short time (several years).

18

THE EUROPEAN UNION REGULATIONS IN THE NATURAL GAS MARKET

75%

Grzebiela K.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2017

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vol. 25(25)

46-69

EN

1. Objective The objective of this article is to present EU legislation in relation to natural gas. For this purpose, the author shows the legal aspects of the issue of European Union energy policy in the field of natural gas with a detailed discussion of each of the acts. Beginning with the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, the author presents the legal regulations relating to the natural gas market introduced in individual treaties. Close attention is devoted to discussing the impact of art. 194 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union on energy policy of the Union. The next part focused on showing the development of the internal market in natural gas as a result adopted the First and the Second Energy Package. A separate section was devoted to the characteristics of the sources of law regulating the natural gas market and included in the Third Energy Package. 2. Introduction In the process of creating a competitive and liberal gas market, the European Union obligation for Member States to take appropriate measures, including legislation, aimed at the integration of the European energy policies and the creation of a common energy union. European integration began with the adoption of EU treaties, through fundamental EU secondary legislation. Legislation should harmonize energy policies of the Member States. The European Union should take into consideration the level of economic development of each Member State. The new regulations should be implemented at a moderate pace, taking into account the stages of development of individual economies. The legislature treats the EU as a priority the creation of a fully competitive and liberal gas market. 3. Methodology In this work the author used the descriptive methodology, focusing on the discussion of legal regulations in the natural gas market. In this paper as a basic knowledge used binding and non-binding of EU law relating to the natural gas market. Descriptive method was the most frequently used in this paper with the analytical method. The last was used in the work in order to analyze the processes taking place in EU legislation over the years. The author presents the transformation of legal regulations in the natural gas introduced from the year 1951 to the current. Analysis of EU regulations allows us to see the emergence of new concepts related to the issue of energy security. 4. Conclusions Proposal presented in the work shows that regulations in the gas sector have a definite influence on the development of and transformation of the natural gas market of the Member States. The European Union has a number of legal acts regulates the most important issues related to the sector of natural gas, including in the energy security of the Member States. The importance of energy resources, especially natural gas, and material is not to be underestimated. Energy fuels are the guarantor of the independence of the country from external factors. Natural gas is the fuel constantly gaining in importance.

19

Israel's changing geostrategic posture

75%

Eiran E.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2022

|

vol. 26

|

issue 3

EN

This paper analyzes Israel's changing understanding of its geostrategic posture from its establishment in 1948 to the current era. It starts by reviewing traditional Israeli geostrategic ideas and their implementation, mostly, as reflected in the nation's national security doctrine. The paper then investigates the efect of Israel's territorial expansion after 1967 on Israeli ideas about geostrategy. Finally, the paper shows how changing global, regional, and technological variables in the last two decades have transformed how Israeli elites understand their geostrategic realities and how they allocate resources in response to these changing conditions.

20

Russlands Energiepolitik als Teil der russischen Außenpolitik

75%

Zblewski M.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

|

2014

|

vol. 1(6)

129-164

EN

This publication is part of the doctoral thesis, written in German with the title: Die Energiepolitik der Russischen Föderation im Zeitraum 2000–2009 und deren Auswirkungen für die energetische Sicherheit der EU (The Russian energy Policy 2000–2009 and its impact on the European energy security). The article presents how the Russian Federation is using its energy resources to achieve their current and future foreign policy goals. The author makes an attempt to explain a number of fundamental issues relating on the one hand to the main motives of the Russian Federation in this field and on the other to its methods. He also analyses the Russian energy strategy and its negative impact on the energy security of the European Union. As important elements of this strategy the ”Gas-OPEC” as well as the direct and indirect investments of Gazprom in EU are mentioned. It is claimed that the implementation of pipeline projects by the Russian Federation (Nord-Stream and South-Stream) isn’t carried out at the bilateral relations level randomly – Nord-Stream (Russia-Germany), South-Stream (Russia-Italy) – but rather is seen as an opportunity to strengthen Russia’s relations with selected countries. This can be seen as an attempt to make the European Union weaker as a multilateral organization.

RU

Данная публикация является частью диссертации, написанной на немецком языке, „Die Energiepolitik der Russischen Federation im Zeitraum 2000–2009 und deren Auswirkungen für die energetische Sicherheit der EU”. В данной статье представлен способ, в который Россия использует энергетические ресурсы для выполнения своих текущих и будущих целей внешней политики. Автор делает попытку объяснить ряд фундаментальных вопросов, касающуюся как основных мотивов Российской Федерации в этой области, так и используемые ею методы. Анализируется также вопрос энергетической стратегии России и вытекающие из этого угрозы для энергетической безопасности Европейского Союза. Важными элементами этой стратегии является «Газовой-ОПЕК», а также прямые и косвенные инвестиции Газпрома в страны ЕС. Было установлено, что реализация трубопроводных проектов Российской Федерации (Nord-Stream и South-Stram) не осуществляется случайно на двусторонных отношениях: Nord-Stream (Россия–Германия), South-Stream (Россия–Италия), потому что таким образом Россия укрепляет свои отношения с отдельными странами в то же время ослабляя Европейский Союз как многостороннюю организацию.

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ZNACZENIE TERMINALI LNG NA WSPÓLNYM RYNKU ENERGII UE

ZASTRZEŻENIA DO DECYZJI KOMISJI EUROPEJSKIEJ Z 28 PAŹDZIERNIKA 2016 ROKU W SPRAWIE ZMIANY ZWOLNIENIA DLA GAZOCIĄGU OPAL (SPRAWA C(2016)6950 FINAL)

Linkages of natural gas and oil futures prices on the American and European derivatives market

Rola krajowej infrastruktury gazowej w kształtowaniu współczesnego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski

A common gas market for Visegrad Group countries

Challenge of the European Union’s Energy Security Approach

Poland’s Energy Security in the Context of the EU’s Common Energy Policy. The Case of the Gas Sector

Energy Security of West Africa: the Case of Natural Gas

Petrol and Natural Gas Market of the Visegrád Group Countries 1993–2016: Current State and Prospects

Russian energy sector in the face of sanctions

The Analysis of Natural Gas and Crude Oil Market from the Global and EU Perspective

Forecasting medium-term natural gas demand for the European Union