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EN
In the article the American experience of preparation of adult educators is analyzed; the basic approaches, the main characteristics of system of preparation which ensure its efficiency are determined and proved. The purpose of this article is studying and summarizing of American experience in preparing teachers for the system of adult education. People who teach adults need specific range of competencies based on knowledge of psychology, physiology, andragogy, etc. Adult educators work in a great variety of organizational and social contexts, at the same time they organize, teach and support adults in their work and learning. Many factors influence the recognition of the status of "adult educator" and the organization of their training: socio-economic development of the country, attitude of the society towards adult education, diversity of political, economic and social systems and structures, transition to implementation of the concept of lifelong education. These factors cause the need for preparation of andragogical staff. A "pyramid of andragogical staff" developed by С. Houlein in 1956 will be useful for understanding of professional training of the staff, its tasks and responsibilities in the system of adult education. According to this pyramid andragogical staff is divided into three groups: the first group is the largest, it is at the heart of the pyramid and consists mainly of volunteers; the second group includes people who have steady jobs, it occupies the central part in the pyramid; the third group is at the top of the pyramid, it consists of people who have professional education. Preparing of adult educators (andragogists) in the US is closely connected with the development of a system of adult education, which has a long history and it is based on the concept M. Knowles’ andragogy, a prominent American scholar and teacher.. A history of preparing andragogists, as a separate field of preparing specialists, was started in 1917. At the beginning of 60- in the XX century, there were forty-nine institutions offering courses for teachers in the sphere of adult education. However, only the Pedagogical College of Columbia University offered master and doctor’s program. Professional education and preparing specialists for adult education are important and necessary components for existence and successful functioning of the industry. As C. Houle wittily said "adult educators theoretically do not belong to a single profession, most of them belong to a family of professions, ... but education of leaders can ... be organized around a common core of tested knowledge and beliefs".
EN
The purpose and result of the presented article is the identification and priority-setting for non-formal adult education in the context of human development indicators, based on analysis of existing global theories of human capital, human potential, human development: to monitor the educational needs of adults at all levels and in different social, age groups; to systematize current and future educational needs of adults and labour market destinations of job qualification and the development of relevant hard skills of adult learning and life qualification and soft skills development of adults; to explore the existing non-formal market of educational services in terms of demand customers, and positions proposals with providers; to justify by the example of separate regions of interaction of the enterprises and institutions with providers of non-formal education; to perform organizational, didactic and methodological principles of teaching adults in non-formal education; to prove the necessity of recognition of non-formal learning based on the justification of compliance with key professional competences and social recognition; to define the quality criteria for adult learning at all levels in terms of informal education and to systematize the criteria of quality of training of the individual and their impact on the leading indicators of human development in general. The leading research methods used in the article are: analysis, generalization, systematization of theoretical and statistical studies of different levels and practical experience. The practical importance of the findings of outlined objectives; prospects for their justification at certain levels: personal (nano) – the level of the individual; corporate (micro) – level of enterprises, institutions, other institutions and organizations; regional (meso) – level of industries, regions of different subordination; national (macro) level – the level of the country; continued use of these indicators for measuring the results of non-formal adult learning in the context of human development.
EN
The article deals with the theoretical and methodological principles of non-formal adult education in the USA, it examines the evolution of adult education in the American educational literature; the key factors of adult education in the United States are settled, its importance at the present stage of development of society is revealed; the theoretical principles of adult education are justified. It is proved that adult education is the oldest type of education in the United States. It has a long history and a number of opportunities for lifelong learning. Adult education has emerged as non-institutional form of education and has been developing for more than four centuries. The main stages in the development of adult education include: establishment of the first colleges and universities, the establishment of the Republic, implementation of the ideas of Thomas Jefferson about general civic education, the adoption of Morill’s Bill and opening land-grant universities, immigration, organization of distance education programs and summer schools for adults. The most important historical stages are: establishment of the club «Junto» (1727) by Benjamin Franklin, organizing of the first schools, libraries, Chautauqua Institute (1874), adoption of the Constitution, which provided financial support for adult education, the creation of the American Association of Adult Education, first summer sessions of the National Training laboratories and others. Adult education is the oldest type of education in the United States. It has a long history and a number of features. In the late XIX – beginning of the XX century adult education in the United States was considered as additional education, not related to employment; it was an activity specifically organized to teach people whose age and social roles characterize them as adults. Since the middle of the XX century adult education in the American educational environment is characterized as a complex, flexible and multifunctional system, aimed to help people to meet educational needs, to adapt to the changes of socio-economic environment and at the development and improvement of American society. The study has showed that the development of institutional forms of adult education, launching of permanent financial support from the federal government and the adoption of appropriate legislation, the establishment of American Association of Adult Education as a coordinating body for all activities in this sphere at the national level, and with it the isolation of adult education in independent branch, recognition by the state and society of its importance give the reasons to believe that the US system of adult education in general was formed in the first half of the XX century. Education as the most popular social institution has an impact on the formation of the consciousness of society, regulates the processes of self-development of citizens. Adult education is considered as a mechanism for achieving economic development, ensuring civil progress and democratic public life; an expression of social responsibility for the formation of human and social capital, which is a key element of modern society of knowledge.
EN
The article defines the essence and significance of adult non-formal education as an important component of the system of continuing education; analyzes changes in the definition of the phe-nomenon of non-formal adult education, its role and place in the knowledge society; emphasizes on the importance of development of mechanisms for validation of results of non-formal and informal adult education, training of and ragogues; outlines perspectives of its development.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące założeń, obecnego funkcjonowania i przyszłości uniwersytetów ludowych (folkhögskolor) w Szwecji, przypominając jednocześnie wybrane powojenne publikacje na ten temat, które ukazały się w języku polskim lub zostały przygotowane przez polskich autorów dla czytelnika po stronie szwedzkiej. Całość została zaprezentowana z punktu widzenia nauczyciela jednej z placówek tego typu – Albins folkhögskola w Landskronie (Skania). Autorka obszerniej ukazuje działaniami własnej placówki na rzecz edukacji mieszkańców regionu na tle głównych kierunków przemian, zachodzących w szwedzkich uniwersytetach ludowych.
EN
The paper shows selected issues on the assumptions of the current and future operation of the folk high schools in Sweden, also recalling selected post-war publications on this subject, which appeared in the Polish language or have been prepared by the Poles for the Swedish reader. The issue was presented from the point of view of a teacher of one of the institutions of this sort – Albins folkhögskola in Landskrona (Skåne). The author shows extensively educational activities of her own institution for adult population of the region. She does this on the background of the main directions of the changes taking place in the Swedish folk high schools.
EN
This article was prepared by a team of authors from the Den Frie Lærerskole (English name: The Independent Academy for Free School Teaching) in Ollerup – Danish independent institution of higher education that prepares teaching staff for free schools for children and youth and non-formal adult education, including Folk High Schools. The Academy cooperates with Kashubian Folk High School in Wieżyca for many years, therefore in the bibliography the reader will find not only the Danish and English but also Polish literature on Folk High Schools. The authors presented the main directions of the changes that have occurred in the role of the Danish Folk High Schools since the World War II to the present day, and pointed to the prospects for further development of these institutions in Denmark and around the world because of the universality of educational ideas derived from the Grundtvigian concept of School for Life.
PL
Artykuł został przygotowany przez zespół autorów z Den Frie Lærerskole w Ollerup – niezależnej duńskiej instytucji szkolnictwa wyższego przygotowującej kadry pedagogiczne dla potrzeb tamtejszych wolnych szkół dla dzieci i młodzieży oraz nieformalnej edukacji dorosłych, w tym uniwersytetów ludowych, która na gruncie polskim od wielu lat współpracuje z Kaszubskim Uniwersytetem Ludowym w Wieżycy (stąd w artykule wykorzystano także wydane w Polsce pozycje literatury przedmiotu). Autorzy zaprezentowali główne kierunki przemian, jakie zaszły w roli duńskich uniwersytetów ludowych od czasów II wojny światowej do współczesności, oraz wskazali na perspektywy dalszego rozwoju tych instytucji w Danii i na świecie ze względu na uniwersalizm idei edukacyjnych wyprowadzonych z grundtvigiańskiej koncepcji szkoły dla życia.
EN
The article analyzes selected threads from the history of the Folk High Schools of the Republic of Poland Society (in Polish: Towarzystwo Uniwersytetów Ludowych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej), which operated in the years 1945-1948. It was an independent educational organization that coordinated the activities of folk high schools in the first years after World War II – that is, the period in which these institutions reached the peak of their development in Poland, based on pre-war experience and preparatory work carried out during the occupation. Unfortunately, as a result of top-down political decisions, the Society was first merged with another organization into the Society of Workers' and People's University (in Polish: Towarzystwo Uniwersytetu Robotniczego i Ludowego), and finally it was liquidated in 1950.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie wybrane wątki z historii Towarzystwa Uniwersytetów Ludowych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, które działało w latach 1945-1948. Była to niezależna organizacja społeczna koordynująca działalność internatowych uniwersytetów ludowych w pierwszych latach po II wojnie światowej czyli w okresie, w którym - na bazie doświadczeń przedwojennych i prac przygotowawczych przeprowadzonych w okresie okupacji - osiągnęły one apogeum swojego rozwoju na ziemiach polskich. Niestety w wyniku odgórnych decyzji politycznych Towarzystwo zostało najpierw połączone z inną organizacją w Towarzystwo Uniwersytetu Robotniczego i Ludowego, by w roku 1950 ulec całkowitej likwidacji.
EN
The article is an attempt to partially summarize the last two decades of functioning of the Kashubian Folk High School (KFHS) in Wieżyca near Szymbark. The four person author team connected with this non-formal adult education institution tries to pick up from the rich and multi-topic activity of this institution the components that have always been present there in the 21st century, which, de facto, constitutes it identity. These aspects of “lasting duration” include: ideological and axiological foundations, base, local and regional environment, methodological-program elements, both the Grundtvigian ones – developed by all folk high schools (FHS) on the basis of the concept of “school for life”, and the individual ones developed for an individual educational environment – developed based on accumulated experience in this area, including international cooperation, etc. The authors also show the basic directions of changes that the Kashubian Folk High School experiences during the period of 2001–2020. They were connected with new social, political and economic challenges that should be quickly faced with an effective educational offer meeting the expectations of the social environment of the institution, but also with the changes of ownership and legal situation of KFHS. Undoubtedly, a significant change was the emergence of a new leader in the educational institution presented in the sketch of the 1st of January 2018 and connected with it a certain remodeling of the vision of its functioning in the future. The article draws a picture of Kashubian Folk High School as a valuable entity of nonformal adult education institution, actively and effectively acting for educational support and development of rural (and small town) communities of Kashubian and Pomeranian regions, which has also gained recognition over the years that goes well beyond the region in which it operates.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę częściowego podsumowania ostatnich dwóch dekad funkcjonowania Kaszubskiego Uniwersytetu Ludowego (KUL) w Wieżycy koło Szymbarku. Czteroosobowy zespół autorski, związany z tą placówką pozaformalnej edukacji dorosłych, stara się wyłowić z bogatej i wielowątkowej działalności tej instytucji te komponenty, które występują w niej w sposób ciągły w całym okresie XXI wieku, stanowiąc de facto o jej tożsamości. Do takich aspektów „długiego trwania” zaliczają oni: podstawy ideowe i aksjologiczne, bazę, środowisko lokalne i region, elementy metodyczno-programowe zarówno te grundtvigiańskie – wypracowane w łonie wszystkich uniwersytetów ludowych (UL) na bazie koncepcji „szkoły dla życia”, jak i te swoiste, właściwe własnemu środowisku edukacyjnemu – wypracowane na bazie kumulowania własnych doświadczeń w tym zakresie, współpracę międzynarodową itp. Autorzy ukazują też podstawowe kierunki zmian, jakich Kaszubski Uniwersytet Ludowy doświadczył w latach 2001–2020. Związane one były z nowymi wyzwaniami społecznymi, politycznymi i gospodarczymi, na które należało szybko odpowiedzieć skuteczną ofertą edukacyjną wychodzącą naprzeciw oczekiwaniom otoczenia społecznego placówki, ale też ze zmianą stosunków własnościowych i sytuacji prawnej KUL-u. Niewątpliwie istotną zmianą było pojawienie się 1 stycznia 2018 roku w przedstawianej w szkicu placówce nowego lidera i wiążące się z tym pewne przemodelowanie wizji jej funkcjonowania w przyszłości. Z artykułu wyłania się obraz Kaszubskiego Uniwersytetu Ludowego jako wartościowego podmiotu pozaformalnej edukacji dorosłych, aktywnie i skutecznie działającego na rzecz edukacyjnego wsparcia i  rozwoju społeczności wiejskich (i  małomiasteczkowych) Kaszub i Pomorza. Przez lata zdobył on uznanie dalece wykraczające poza region, w którym prowadzi swoją działalność.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje refleksje na temat międzynarodowej współpracy podmiotów związanych z pozaformalną edukacją dorosłych, poczynione z perspektywy autorek na co dzień związanych z praktyczną realizacją zadań oświatowych w środowiskach wiejskich. Całość przygotowano w oparciu o doświadczenia z prowadzenia wspólnych projektów z podmiotami edukacyjnymi z zagranicy, jakie posiada Kaszubski Uniwersytet Ludowy w Wieżycy, od lat współpracujący z bliźniaczymi instytucjami w innych krajach – zwłaszcza w Skandynawii – oraz w oparciu o spostrzeżenia dokonane podczas pobytu autorek w jednym z duńskich uniwersytetów ludowych jesienią 2014 roku.
EN
The article presents reflections on international co-operation of entities involved in informal adult education made from the perspective of the authors who on a daily basis are associated with the practical implementation of educational tasks in rural communities. The material is based on the experience gained from conducting common projects with educational entities from abroad which Kashubian Folk High School in Wieżyca has learned from longtime cooperation with its twin institutions in other countries, especially in Scandinavia, and on the basis of observations made by the authors during their stay in one of the Danish folk universities in Autumn 2014.
PL
Artykuł przybliża wybrane informacje na temat Programu Wspierania Rozwoju Uniwersytetów Ludowych na lata 2020–2030, a także prezentuje próbę zorganizowania badania empirycznego mającego za zadanie określić obecny stan rozwoju uniwersytetów ludowych w Polsce. W szkicu zaprezentowano m.in. podstawowe informacje o samym Programie i jego głównych priorytetach, a także zestawienia zbiorcze, dotyczące zarówno podmiotów zainteresowanych uzyskaniem wsparcia, jak i dotychczasowych beneficjentów, którzy uzyskali wsparcie finansowe na rozwój własnych inicjatyw o nazwie uniwersytet ludowy w latach 2020–2023. W trzeciej części opracowania autorzy omówili założenia własnego projektu badaw- czego nad uniwersytetami ludowymi, wraz z pierwszym komunikatem z przebiegu prac badawczych.
EN
The article presents selected information about the Folk High Schools Development Programme for 2020–2030 and also presents an attempt to organize an empirical study aimed at determining the current state of development of folk universities in Poland. The sketch presents, among others: basic information about the Programme and its main assumptions, as well as summary statements regarding both entities interested in obtaining support under it and current beneficiaries who received financial support for the development of their own initiatives called folk high school from this Programme during the years 2020–2023. In the third part of the study, the authors included the assumptions of their own research project on contemporary Polish folk high schools, along with the first report on the course of research work.
EN
In Ukraine the regulatory and legal field is being formed with the main purpose toinclude people with disabilities, through strengthening their citizen advocacy, in the processof developing a democratic state. In this article the experience of the Social Fund, a charitableorganization, is described. The research methodology included desk research methods,focus groups, clinical interviews, questionnaires including people with disabilities aged 18–55and also their relatives, friends, government officials, and city residents, which allowed thedetermination of the insufficient level of citizen advocacy of people with disabilities. Qualitative motivation for the inclusion of people with disabilities in the active public activity may bejoint initiatives of the authorities and public organizations, one of the forms of which may besocial projects for the development of democratic society.
PL
В Украине формируется нормативно-правовое поле включение людей с инвалидностью в процессе развития демократического государства через усиление их гражданской активности. Методика исследования включала методы кабинетного исследования, фокус-группы, глубинное интервью, анкетирования и включала людей с инвалидностью возрастом 18-55 лет а также их родственников, друзей, представителей власти, жителей города позволила констатировать недостаточный уровень гражданской активности людей с инвалидностью. Качественной мотивацией для включения людей с инвалидностью в активную общественность деятельность могут быть совместные инициативы власти и общественных организаций, одной из форм которых могут быть проекты социальной направленности для развития демократического общества. Опыт деятельности Благотворительной организации «Социальный фонд» описан в этой статье.
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