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EN
Taking into consideration established directions of strategic actions and the need to exploit enterprises of custom employment statuses in practice, we would like to examine the alternative in the more detailed way above the vocational activation of people over 45 years old with the temporary work. The purpose of the study formulated in this way allows validating the research hypothesis which is: the temporary work doesn’t constitute the important instrument of supporting the occupational activity of people who are 45 years old. Above all features the shown population will be a base of conducted deliberations, a tendency to work in custom employment statuses and scale of exploiting this form of the occupational activity in Poland.
EN
The studies presented attempt to outline a relationship between a feeling of success, the perception of economic crisis and the form of occupational activity. The article shows the results of empirical research conducted among 341 economically active people and concerns the psychological differences between them in Poland. The theoretical basis of the research is the new model of success by Dej, Stephan, Gorgievsky (2009). This research has proven the existence of significant statistical differences in a sense of success between entrepreneurs, employees in private companies, and employees in state-owned companies, but there are no differences in perception of economic crisis. People who scored a high general result in a feeling of success perceive economic crisis as harmless (r= .238). The results show that being an entrepreneur is the most beneficial activity from a mental health standpoint.
EN
The aim of the study is that evaluate the situation of young people on the labor market in Poland and the European Union, as well as to identify the main determinants have an impact That on it. As is clear from the study, in comparison to the average in the countries of European Union, the situation of young people in Poland is even more difficult, as evidenced by Analyzed in this elaboration parameters characterizing both economic activity and unemployment. In Celui improve the competitive position of young people, it is necessary to implement a series of actions, especially those that enable them to acquire skills in line with the expectations of employers. In the analyzes Assumed ages 15-24 years. The lower limit of age is specified to polish law of so-called the minimum age at Which you can hire an employee, and the upper limit-is consistent with international findings.
EN
Introduction: The progressive nature of multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with numerous neurological deficits, leading gradually to deteriorating health and to disability. Purpose: The aim of this study was a subjective assessment of the physical and occupational activity of individuals with MS depending on the clinical form of the disease. Materials and methods: We used the original to conduct the research, with 28 closed questions. The study was carried out from December 1, 2018, to January 31, 2019, following approval by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Bialystok, among persons belonging to the Association for Helping Sick People for Multiple Sclerosis in Białystok and patients of the Neurology Department of the University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok. The study sample comprised 50 people diagnosed with MS, 41 women and 9 men. Results: The most frequently occurring clinical form of MS was relapsing-remitting (68%). In this form, most participants had good physical fitness (44%). In those with the progressive-recurrent form (50%), very poor physical fitness was subjectively noted. Of those with the relapsing-remitting type of MS, 50% were professionally active, while none of the participants with the progressive-recurrent form were. Both the physical and occupational activities of MS patients were frequently limited by fatigue, balance disturbances, and movement difficulties. Fatigue was the most common symptom for most individuals with MS (82%). Conclusion: MS has a significant impact on both the physical activity and occupational functioning of patients. In the clinical form of MS, relapsing-remitting, patients’ physical fitness was better.
EN
The article presents the results of empirical studies about quality of life (Stras-Romanowska, 2007) and vital exhaustion (Kop, Hamulyak, Pernot, Appels, 1998) in the group of working men and women. Research shows that more than half of respondents declare vital exhaustion. The higher level of vital exhaustion occurs among women. The overall result of quality of life is not differentiated by gender and professional activity, but higher scores in the subjective sphere of quality of life occur among entrepreneurs. Workers in state-owned companies have higher level of the metaphysical sphere of quality of life. There is also a negative correlation (r = -0,34; p < 0,01) between quality of life and vital exhaustion.
EN
The problem of disability is an element of social and economic policy of the stateIn Poland, disability affects every tenth person and is present in every fourth household. The wide range of actions is aimed at equality and improvement of the situation of people with disabilities through elimination of architectural, legal or mental barriers. The aim of the publication was to present selected elements of social policy towards the disabled people in Poland, by an indication of the task purpose fund responsible for this area (PFRON) and the tasks of local authorities in this matter. The publication is based on the available literature, statistical data and netography. The article presents briefly the nature and genesis of the concept of disability. It presents as well characteristics of the scale of disability in Poland and discusses the evolution of approaches to persons with disabilities in time.
EN
One of the aspects of progressing globalisation processes is the change in the structure of labour market, especially in the employment and unemployment level. The scale of these changes is indirectly dependent on the potential of the labour resources in the local (national) labour markets. The main objective of the paper is to indicate the similarities and differences in changes in parameters that describe the labour market in selected states of the EU with reference to globalisation processes. The paper also makes an attempt to define (on the basis of simple statistical methods) the future reaction of the labour market, in the form of forecasts of selected parameters describing its condition. Detailed analyses include discussion on the dynamics of changes in occupational activity factor and employment rates. They include the dynamics of changes in employment structure in terms of the progressing process of ‘servicisation’, and the aforementioned forecasts are constructed for these parameters. The time range of the research includes the period 2004-2013, and the prognosis for 2014, 2015 and 2016; the selected group of countries includes countries of Central and Eastern Europe belonging to the European Union.
EN
In the last decade there has been a positive trend in the increase in occupational activity of the people from the older groups of the working population, but at the same time there emerges the worrying phenomenon of long-term unemployment in this group. The considerations contained in this study refer to older people, represented by those who belong to the older working age groups. Such a choice was dictated by their increasing share in the workforce and in the long-term unemployed group. The purpose of this article is to answer the question concerning the reasons and mechanism of exclusion of the elderly from the labor market. The point of departure of the discussion is an attempt to approximate the notion of exclusion from the labor market, then the analysis of long-term unemployment among unemployed people over 50 years of age. The main part of the article covers the analysis of factors that can be considered as determining the occupational exclusion of older people. The analysis used the results of research conducted among the unemployed over 50 in Poland as well as data of the Central Statistical Office and the Local Data Bank.
EN
The article is the forth one prepared by our team in the series of research on life quality and occupational activity among people with ability limitations („Nauka” 1/2008, „Nauka” 2/2008, „Nauka” 3/2008). The aim of the presented analysis was to create the complex model of determinants for occupational activities of people with disabilities that takes into account the broadest possible look-out. That is why we used the variables from all the fields analyzed in the previous papers in this series i.e. (1) SES; (2) characteristics of disabilities (the type, the degree, the age of acquiring disability); (3) upbringing characteristics in childhood; (4) social network; (5) personal capacities. In order to discover the significant determinants of occupational activities and quality of life among people with different disabilities – which could be both risk and success factors – we have divided the subjects into four groups according to two variables: (1) occupationally active or inactive patients and (2) patients satisfied/dissatisfied with their own income.The group with the largest observed number of risk factors has consisted of the subjects that have been inactive (non-looking for a job) and unsatisfied with their own income. Gender, city size, education, received support, social relations, disability characteristics, upbringing characteristics and personality traits have turned out to be significant risk/success factors. Moreover the results show that in different groups of people with disabilities we find different settings of risk and success factors.
EN
In this paper I present a thesis, that in the long term perspective none of the contemporary reform proposals of pension schemes (public as well as occupational and individual) could guarantee that future pensions would secure the maintenance of level of living earned during occupational activity. In order to achieve such a standard it will be necessary to continue occupational activity as long as possible, even up to the end of life. A possibility to earn incomes system emercomparable to current wages is the more effective way than various kinds of pension promises to secure a past standard of living – to some extent irrespective of variable state of the economy and the value of national currency.
PL
W opracowaniu prezentuję hipotezę, że w kilkudziesięcioletniej perspektywie żadna z rozpatrywanych współcześnie propozycji reform systemów emerytalnych w krajach rozwiniętych nie daje pewności zachowania dotychczasowego poziomu zaspokajania potrzeb po zakończeniu pracy zarobkowej i że jedynym skutecznym sposobem na osiągnięcie tego celu jest jak najdłuższe kontynuowanie aktywności zawodowej - tam, gdzie to będzie możliwe nawet do końca życia. Możliwość bieżącego uzyskiwania dochodów w wysokości porównywalnej do wynagrodzeń osób aktualnie pracujących zarobkowo zwiększa bowiem szanse – w pewnym stopniu niezależnie od aktualnego stanu gospodarki i realnej wartości pieniądza – posiadania dostatecznej ilości środków na zaspokajanie potrzeb na uprzednio osiągniętym poziomie. W opracowaniu omawiam dotychczasową skuteczność publicznych, zakładowych i indywidualnych programów emerytalnych w zapewnieniu wysokiej stopy zastąpienia uprzednich dochodów oraz analizuję czynniki, uniemożliwiające zapewnienie przez systemy emerytalne odpowiednio wysokiej stopy zastąpienia dochodów z pracy w przyszłości.
EN
The aim of the article is to determine the economic situation of people aged over 50 and the conditions of their professional activity. The subject of the analysis is the labour market of Poland – an EU Member State and of the OECD, a country that has undergone a political transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The research methods applied in the study included: literature analysis, methods of statistical analysis based on descriptive statistics tools, analysis of variability and logical analysis of cause and effect relationships. To achieve the aim of the article, several research questions were formulated. First of all, these addressed several issues: Is the population aged 50+ in Poland is still professionally active? What are the reasons for the decision to be professionally active or inactive? What factors influence changes in the number of pensioners? Is the situation of people aged 50+ on the Polish labour market different from their situation in other EU countries? The research methods used in this study are: literature analysis, statistical analysis method based on descriptive statistic tools, analysis of variability, and logical analysis of cause and effect relationship. By the way of conclusion, an attempt was also made to compare the situation in Poland with the models of life of the elderly in other European economies of such countries as Czechia, Germany, Sweden and Italy. The main findings were the following: the economic situation of the elderly in Poland deteriorated, their willingness to look for work and activity increased, but unfortunately this search was hindered by significant barriers to accessing the labour market. Recommendations for economic policy include demands to take specific actions to extend professional activity, facilitate access to digital job search methods, and social campaigns to counteract ageism. 
PL
Praca zawodowa jest jednym z podstawowych obszarów aktywności dorosłego człowieka i wynika z przypisanych jednostce ról społecznych. Wybór profesji, zgodny z predyspozycjami, umiejętnościami, przygotowaniem i wykształceniem, daje gwarancję wykonywania zadań zawodowych na wysokim poziomie, a także obopólną satysfakcję – świadczeniodawcy i świadczeniobiorcy. Polski współczesny rynek pracy jest bardzo prężny i elastyczny, między innymi dzięki zmianom, które zaszły w procesie transformacji ustrojowej. Obecnie statystyczny Polak planując karierę zawodową, zakłada, że kilka razy w ciągu jej trwania zmieni miejsce pracy, a także branżę. Studia na kierunku psychologia od wielu lat cieszą się niesłabnącą popularnością. Praca w zawodzie psychologa, choć obostrzona jest pewnymi wymaganiami formalnoprawnymi, daje nieograniczone możliwości rozwoju na każdym etapie aktywności zawodowej i uzależniona jest głównie od motywacji, indywidualnych predyspozycji jednostki, do ustawicznego podnoszenia swoich kwalifikacji i rozwoju zawodowego. Posiadanie wykształcenia psychologicznego pozwala na pracę nie tylko sensu stricte jako psycholog, ale także w wielu dziecinach pokrewnych, nie ograniczając przy tym możliwości zupełnego odejścia od zawodu. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie drogi kształcenia w zawodzie psychologa, możliwości rozwoju, a także omówienie ograniczeń w rozwoju zawodowym wynikających z braku stosownych legislacji prawnych.
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EN
Background The aim of the study was to determine the occupational activity of epileptic patients. Particular attention was paid to employment of people with epilepsy, the way the workplace is informed about the disease, impact of education on employment opportunities and the relationship between clinical type of epilepsy and professional activity. Material and Methods Patients were recruited from the neurological outpatient clinic in Warszawa and asked to fill in a customized questionnaire, containing questions on their socio-demographic, clinical and employment status. Results The study included 197 adult patients with epilepsy (64 professionally active and 133 inactive). As many as 47.7% of respondents declared that the disease impeded their employment, and 77.2% admitted that the occurrence of seizure at work had negatively affected their comfort. As many as 42.2% professionally active respondents had revealed the disease at work. There was a statistically significant difference between individuals with primarily generalized seizures and those with partial and secondarily generalized seizures (30.61% vs. 2.63%, p < 0.05). Education had also a significant positive impact on employment (47.06% employed with university degree vs. 9.76% with primary education, p < 0.05). No significant correlations between duration of the disease or number of the epileptic seizures, independent of their type and revealing the disease in the workplace, were observed (p > 0.05). Neither current work status had impact on opinions about difficulties in finding a job (p > 0.05). Conclusions Epilepsy is a great obstacle to finding and maintaining employment. Less than 1/2 of patients inform the workplace about their illness, mainly due to previous negative experiences. Since education significantly enables the employment, programs aimed at promoting vocational activation of patients should facilitate access to learning. Med Pr 2015;66(3):343–350
PL
Wstęp Celem badania było poznanie aktywności zawodowej chorych na padaczkę. Badano formy zatrudnienia chorych, sposób informowania o chorobie w miejscu pracy, wpływ wykształcenia na możliwość znalezienia zatrudnienia oraz zależność między kliniczną postacią padaczki a aktywnością zawodową. Materiał i metody Badaniem objęto pacjentów leczonych ambulatoryjnie w warszawskiej poradni neurologicznej. Opracowano ankietę zawierającą pytania charakteryzujące badaną grupę pod względem socjodemograficznym i klinicznym oraz dotyczące zatrudnienia. Wyniki Do badania włączono 197 dorosłych chorych z rozpoznaną padaczką (64 aktywnych i 133 nieaktywnych zawodowo). Spośród badanych 47,7% zdeklarowało, że choroba utrudnia lub utrudniała im podjęcie pracy, a 77,2% przyznało, że wystąpienie napadu padaczkowego w pracy wpłynęło negatywnie na komfort pracy. W grupie czynnych zawodowo 42,2% osób poinformowało w miejscu zatrudnienia o chorobie – istotna statystycznie była różnica między chorymi z napadami pierwotnie uogólnionymi a ogniskowymi i wtórnie uogólnionymi (30,61% vs 2,63%, p < 0,05). Poziom wykształcenia istotnie wypływał na zatrudnienie (47,06% pracujących chorych z wykształceniem wyższym vs 9,76% z wykształceniem podstawowym, p < 0,05). Nie wykazano istotnych zależności między czasem trwania choroby lub liczbą napadów a informowaniem o chorobie w miejscu pracy (p > 0,05). Status zawodowy także nie wpływał na różnice w opiniach dotyczących utrudnień w znalezieniu pracy (p > 0,05). Wnioski Padaczka jest istotną przeszkodą w podejmowaniu i utrzymaniu pracy. Mniej niż 1/2 chorych zatrudnionych (częściej chorzy z łagodniejszą postacią padaczki) mówi o swojej chorobie w miejscu pracy, prawdopodobnie z powodu wcześniejszych negatywnych doświadczeń. Czynnikiem sprzyjającym podjęciu i utrzymaniu pracy zawodowej chorych jest wykształcenie, dlatego programy wspierające zatrudnienie powinny ułatwiać dostęp do edukacji. Med. Pr. 2015;66(3):343–350
Medycyna Pracy
|
2016
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vol. 67
|
issue 5
663-671
EN
The level of quality of life and health status of the population largely depends on the determinants related to occupational activity. The results of reviewed bibliography indicate a significant and growing importance of employment conditions on the quality of life and population health status in most countries of the world, especially in those with market economy. Of the evaluated determinants the following factors should be listed in particular: sources and the amount of income, stability of the income and employment, the nature of work and the degree of job satisfaction, as well as autonomy and career prospects. Moreover, they proved that the situation of persisting and long-term unemployment and precarious employment leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of life and health, especially among young people. In conclusion, the study of quality of life and population health status should take into consideration factors related to occupational activity. Med Pr 2016;67(5):663–671
PL
Poziom jakości życia i stanu zdrowia populacji zależy w dużej mierze od uwarunkowań dotyczących sfery aktywności zawodowej. W niniejszym przeglądzie piśmiennictwa wskazano na istotne i rosnące znaczenie warunków zatrudnienia dla jakości życia oraz stanu zdrowia ludności w większości państw świata, szczególnie tych o gospodarce rynkowej. Wśród czynników podlegających ocenie powinny znajdować się m.in. źródła i wysokość dochodu, stabilność dochodu i zatrudnienia, charakter wykonywanej pracy, a także stopień zadowolenia z wykonywanej pracy oraz autonomia i perspektywy zawodowe. Ponadto udowodniono, że sytuacja utrzymującego się i długotrwałego bezrobocia oraz zatrudnienia prekaryjnego prowadzi do istotnego pogorszenia jakości życia i stanu zdrowia, szczególnie osób młodych. Konkludując, w badaniach jakości życia i stanu zdrowia populacji należy uwzględniać czynniki dotyczące sfery aktywności zawodowej. Med. Pr. 2016;67(5):663–671
EN
Background The purpose of this paper was to assess the occupational activity in patients after hip replacement over a 2–3-year post operational period and to analyze the effect of selected factors (age, gender, body mass index (BMI), functional state and self-assessed health status) on this activity. Material and Methods In the research 107 people (56 women and 51 men) participated. The average age of the subject’s was 55.1 years. A standardized author’s survey questionnaire, including questions about personal and clinical data, occupational activity and self-assessment of health status, was applied. The body mass and height were measured and the BMI index was calculated. The 100 points Harris Hip Score (HHS) was used to assess the functional state in the respondents. Results After the operation about 60% of the patients were not occupationally active; 44 (41.1%) respondents received the state health benefit, 18 (16.8%) respondents were eligible for pension benefit, and 2 (1.9%) respondents were unemployed with benefit. No one unemployed before the operation undertook work afterwards. Neither gender nor the character of the job or BMI exerted statistically significant effect on the occupational activity after the operation. Significant differences were noted in undertaking the occupational activity after the operation in patients with different level of functional efficiency assessed with the use of HHS (p = 0.0350) and different level of self-assessed health statuse (p = 0.0057). Conclusions More than half of the respondents have not returned to work after total hip replacement, while people doing intellectual work most frequently returned to occupation after surgery. Age, functional efficiency, and self-assessed health status of the patient had a significant influence on their return to work. Med Pr 2018;69(2):191–198
PL
Wstęp Celem pracy była ocena statusu zawodowego osób po całkowitej endoprotezoplastyce stawu biodrowego w okresie 2–3 lat od zabiegu oraz analiza wpływu takich czynników, jak wiek, płeć, BMI (body mass index – wskaźnik masy ciała), sprawność funkcjonalna i samoocena stanu zdrowia na utrzymanie aktywności zawodowej. Materiał i metody W badaniu wzięło udział 107 osób, w tym 56 kobiet i 51 mężczyzn. Średni wiek badanych wynosił 55,1 roku. Zastosowano wystandaryzowany autorski kwestionariusz, który zawierał pytania dotyczące danych osobowych i klinicznych, aktywności zawodowej oraz samooceny stanu zdrowia. Dokonano pomiaru masy ciała i wzrostu i wyliczono wskaźnik BMI. Wykorzystano także 100-punktową skalę Harrisa (Harris Hip Score) do oceny sprawności funkcjonalnej badanych. Wyniki Po zabiegu endoprotezoplastyki stawu biodrowego ok. 60% pacjentów nie było aktywnych zawodowo – świadczenia rentowe pobierały 44 (41,1%) osoby, świadczenia emerytalne – 18 (16,8%) osób, a zasiłek dla bezrobotnych – 2 (1,9%) osoby. Nikt z badanych niepracujących przed zabiegiem (z powodu renty) nie podjął pracy po zabiegu. Płeć badanych nie miała istotnego statystycznie wpływu na podjęcie aktywności zawodowej po zabiegu, podobnie jak rodzaj wykonywanej pracy i BMI. Stwierdzono natomiast statystycznie istotne zależności między podejmowaniem aktywności zawodowej po zabiegu a poziomem sprawności funkcjonalnej ocenianej skalą Harrisa (p = 0,0350) i samooceną stanu zdrowia (p = 0,0057). Wnioski Ponad połowa badanych nie podjęła pracy po całkowitej endoprotezoplastyce biodra w okresie 2–3 lat od zabiegu. W grupie osób pracujących umysłowo przed zabiegiem do pracy powróciło stosunkowo najwięcej osób spośród wszystkich badanych. Istotny wpływ na powrót do pracy miały wiek, sprawność funkcjonalna i samoocena stanu zdrowia. Med. Pr. 2018;69(2):191–198
EN
Background Of many diseases and disorders of the nervous system Parkinson’s disease (PD) deserves a particular attention for its specific effects having an impact on the ability to undertake different forms of professional and economic activities. Due to the constantly growing incidence rate and the lowering age of patients, PD is becoming more and more serious social problem. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of professional work and physiotherapy on the quality of live in people with Parkinson’s disease. Material and Methods The research was carried out on 109 people with diagnosed PD of stage II according to the Hoehn and Yahr classification. They were divided into professionally working and non-working subjects and those participating and not participating in physiotherapy programs. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), was used to estimate the patients’ clinical status. The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), the Quality of Life Short Form (SF-36) Questionnaire and the Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQL) were used to estimate the quality of life. Results In all groups statistically significant differences were observed in each of the used scale. The PDQ-39 (F = 5.278, p = 0.04), SF physical component (F = 4.24, p = 0.005), SF mental component (F = 3.45, p = 0.021), PDQL (F = 6.57, p = 0.003). The highest quality of life was noticed in people working professionally and participating in physiotherapy programs. Conclusions Professional activity and participation in properly planned physiotherapy help reduce the symptoms and improve the quality of life of people with Parkinson’s disease. The study showed that the quality of life of people with PD is determined by professional work and participation in the process of rehabilitation. Med Pr 2017;68(6):725–734
PL
Wstęp Z wielu schorzeń i zaburzeń układu nerwowego, których swoiste skutki wpływają na możliwość podejmowania różnych form aktywności zawodowej, na szczególną uwagę zasługuje choroba Parkinsona (Parkinson’s disease – PD). Stanowi ona coraz większy problem społeczny ze względu na rosnącą liczbę zachorowań i coraz niższy wiek pacjentów. Celem badań było określenie wpływu pracy zawodowej i rehabilitacji ruchowej na jakość życia osób z PD. Materiał i metody W badaniach uczestniczyło 109 osób z rozpoznaną PD w II stopniu zaawansowania według skali Hoehn i Yahr. Badani zostali podzieleni na osoby pracujące i niepracujące oraz uczestniczące i nieuczestniczące w procesie rehabilitacji. Do określenia stanu klinicznego zastosowano Ujednoliconą Skalę Oceny Choroby Parkinsona (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale – UPDRS). Do określenia jakości życia wykorzystano skale: Kwestionariusz Choroby Parkinsona (Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire – PDQ-39), Kwestionariusz Oceny Jakości Życia SF-36 (SF-36 – short form, wersja skrócona) i Kwestionariusz Jakości Życia Osób z Chorobą Parkinsona (Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire – PDQL). Wyniki Uzyskane wyniki wykazały istotne statystycznie różnice międzygrupowe w ocenie jakości życia we wszystkich badanych skalach: PDQ-39 (F = 5,278, p = 0,04), SF komponent fizyczny (F = 4,24, p = 0,005), SF komponent psychiczny (F = 3,45, p = 0,021) i PDQL (F = 6,57, p = 0,003). Wnioski Aktywność zawodowa oraz udział w odpowiednio zaplanowanych zajęciach fizjoterapeutycznych wpływają na zmniejszenie stopnia nasilenia objawów i poprawę jakości życia osób cierpiących na PD. Badania wykazały, że jakość życia osób z PD jest uwarunkowana pracą zawodową i udziałem w procesie rehabilitacji ruchowej. Med. Pr. 2017;68(6):725–734
EN
The contest of an article consist of following comparisions: area, populwtions, occupational activity of inhabitants above all (but mostly) municipality’s budget incomes for the richest voivodship in Poland, which is mazowieckie voivodship and the poorest on which is lubelskie voivodship. Finding the answers for the following queastions were a result of all reaserches which included: Does differences between the level of the incomes per one inhabitant in both voivodships affect the level of municipality’s budget income in these voivodships? In which municipalities this proccess is the most visible? What are the main reasons of those income differences? All these comparisions above lead us directly to few conclusions: a) municipalities of both voivodships don’t show such differences when it comes to the level of municipalities budget incomes per one inhabitant. What is more it is also different GDP per capita in those voivodships. b) the poorest municipalities in both voivodships are rural areas, and level of their municipality’s budget incomes per one inhabitant is similar in both voivodships. c) the richest municipalities in Mazowieckie and Lubelskie voivodship are urban municipalities anurban – rural – are following. These shows big differences of index of municipality’s budget income per one inhabitant in both voivodships. d) the differences of income in municipalities are the results of varied occupational activity of inhabitants, conditions on labour market (priviledeget role of capital city) and the differences in level of urbanization.
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