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EN
In Simone de Beauvoir’s œuvre, the problem of love and the relationship with the Other turns out to be fundamental. The need to realize one’s own desires forces the individual to open for the Other who – instead of making the relationship more attractive – brings about its breakup. The Author raises this issue in terms of androgyny interpreted as a relationship between two people, which is possible only in the spheres of total freedom and reciprocity, both spiritual and sexual, revealing an inherent influence of other people on our lives.The texts by Beauvoir, whose idée fixe is a search for the wholeness, enable one to understand that otherness is also understood as a struggle to change the perception of femininity and of independence. The other also fascinates us by difference. It encourages one to get to know oneself, one’s possibilities and limitations, as well as one’s identity. By looking into the eyes of the other (like in a mirror) a person has an opportunity to create a new reality, thereby rejecting stereotypes and a traditional value system. Thus, finding a sense of life and realizing existing differences become possible.The multidimensionality of the concept of otherness enables the critic to present the writer’s original vision, propagating the individual development and autonomy, defined by relationships with others and, at the same time, by his or her pursuit of an existential fullness with another human being.
EN
The Old-Bohemian love poem Jižť veselé vzdávám is based on the contrasting principle, which is made by a number of opposites. Its character is of architectonic dyad, it consists of eight stanzas that are divided into two halves (4 : 4). The other part of the composition is covered with a unifying integrating element, which is accompanied and emphasized by a secondary integrating element.
CS
Staročeskou milostnou skladbu Jižť veselé vzdávám založil její tvůrce na kontrastním principu, jejž vytváří řada opozit. Celá báseň má ráz architektonické dyády, skládá se z osmi strof, jež se půlí přesně na dvě poloviny (4 : 4). Druhou část skladby prostupuje jednotící integrační prvek, jenž je doprovázen a umocňován sekundárním integračním prvkem.
EN
The subject of the interpretation presented in this article is Deus ex, a short story by Olga Tokarczuk, published in the volume Wardrobe (Szafa) in 1997. Analysed in the contemporary context of the ever stronger catastrophe narrative, it approaches present-day disasters and hazards as part of the eternal process of the forever transforming world. Be doing so, it alludes to the ancient understanding of catastrophe as a revolution, a dramatic climax and a turning point that leads to inevitable catharsis. In Tokarczuk’s story, disaster is part of everyday life with all its alternate rhythms. The beginnings and ends of computer worlds generated by the protagonist create a kaleidoscope that reveals a slow disintegration of the main character’s reality. His plane converges with the coexisting elements of the feminine and masculine, human and divine, linear and cyclical time, the space of the introverted and extroverted, being awake and sleeping. In light of this binary, contrapuntal configuration of characters, objects and phenomena, disaster can be envisaged not only as a sign of a certain order coming to an end but also as a condition for the reorganisation of the current socio-cultural system. Once shaken, it can reveal itself in a new, different form.
EN
Consilience (the term originating in inductive logic and “modernized” in the 1990s by E. O. Wilson, the creator of sociobiology) refers to the age-long dream of humanity that one day all branches of learning will see their unification – from the sciences, through social an economic studies, to humanities and even visual arts. Thus, consilience is a search for a common system that would underlie the totality of human knowledge, rooted in the belief in the unity of nature and orderliness of our universe. It has found its reflection in the General Systems Theory, hybrid disciplines and interdisciplinary studies. The author argues that the methodological quests of modern linguistics, which occupies a central position in relation to several disciplines, can direct us towards reaching consilience by focusing on categories andconcepts of great generality (necessity vs. contingency, mathematical vs. non-mathematical modelling, the structure of game, etc.). Ultimately, consilience raises a question as to the feasibility of working out a common language and a common set of problems for all scholars and scientists despite the progressing narrowness of specialization and minuteness of research.
PL
Konsiliencja (termin wywodzący się z logiki indukcyjnej a „zmodernizowany” w latach 1990-tych przez E. O. Wilsona, twórcę socjobiologii) odnosi się do odwiecznego marzenia ludzkości o unifikacji wiedzy z wszelkich dziedzin – od nauk ścisłych, poprzez nauki społeczno-ekonomiczne, aż do humanistyki a nawet sztuk wizualnych. Jest to poszukiwanie wspólnego systemu dla całokształtu wiedzy ludzkiej, oparte na wierze w jedność natury i uporządkowanie świata. We współczesnej nauce znalazło odzwierciedlenie w Ogólnej Teorii Systemów, naukach hybrydycznych i studiach interdyscyplinarnych. Autorka dowodzi, że metodologiczne poszukiwania współczesnego językoznawstwa, które zajmuje miejsce centralne w stosunku do wielu nauk, mogą wskazać nam drogę ku konsiliencji poprzez poszukiwanie kategorii o wielkiej ogólności (konieczność kontra przypadkowość, model matematyczny kontra model niematematyczny, struktura gry, itp.). Ostatecznie konsiliencja jest pytaniem o możliwość wypracowania wspólnego języka i wspólnej problematyki dla naukowców w obliczu postępującej wąskiej specjalizacji i szczegółowości w badaniach.
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