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1
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The Bulgarian-Polish-Russian parallel corpus

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Duškin M., Satoła-Staśkowiak J.
Cognitive Studies
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2011
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issue 11
EN
The Bulgarian-Polish-Russian parallel corpusThe Semantics Laboratory Team of Institute of Slavic Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences is planning to begin work on the creation of a Bulgarian-Polish-Russian parallel corpus. The three selected languages are representatives of the main groups of Slavic languages: Bulgarian represents the southern group of Slavic languages, Polish – the western group of Slavic languages, Russian – the eastern group of Slavic languages. Our project will be the first parallel corpus of these three languages. The planned corpus will be based on material, dating from one period (the 20th century) and will have a synchronous nature. The project will not constitute the sum of the separate corpora of selected languages.One of the problems with creating multilingual parallel corpora are different proportions of translated texts between the selected languages, for example, Polish literature is often translated into Bulgarian, but not vice versa.Bulgarian, Russian and Polish differ typologically – Bulgarian is an analytic language, Polish and Russian are synthetic. The parallel corpus should have compatible annotation, while taking into account the characteristic features of the selected languages.We hope that the Bulgarian-Polish-Russian parallel corpus will serve as a source of linguistic material of contrastive language studies and may prove to be a big help for linguists, translators, terminologists and students of linguistics. The results of our work will be available on the Internet.
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Interference Patterns of the Verb Say in the Narration of English-Polish Literary Translations: A Corpus-Based Study

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Olejniczak J.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
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2016
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issue 25/2
139-150
EN
In this paper I present a corpus-based study of the interference of the verb say from English source texts into their Polish translations. I compare a sizeable corpus of native Polish fic- tion with corpora of English-Polish fiction translations and argue that the various forms of the verb say commonly used in the English narration influence the choices made in some (albeit not all) of the Polish translations. In order to exemplify my claims I use parallel corpora to show how two different professional translators working with an identical set of source texts were influenced by the narrative verb distribution.
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The Use of the Lexical Exponents of Hypothetical Modality in Polish and Lithuanian

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Roszko D.
Cognitive Studies
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2016
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issue 16
EN
The Use of the Lexical Exponents of Hypothetical Modality in Polish and LithuanianIn this article the author focuses on the issue of hypothetical modality[1] in Polish and Lithuanian. A list of the basic exponents of hypothetical modality in both languages is presented. However, the focus is mainly placed on the lexical exponents. On the basis of one of the six groups, which describes a high degree of probability (H5), the differences between the use of the lexical exponents in both languages are examined. In the study, multilingual corpora resources, including The Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus Clarin-PL., are utilized.[1] [In the academic literature, for the notion described herein, the term of epistemic modality is also used.  Nevertheless, in this paper I will continue to use the term of hypotheticality, which I borrowed from the studies on modality, conducted in Polish-Bulgarian cooperation (Slavic Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute for Bulgarian Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences).] O użyciu wykładników leksykalnych modalności hipotetycznej w językach polskim i litewskimW artykule autorka porusza zagadnienie modalności hipotetycznej[1]  w językach polskim i litewskim. Przedstawia wykaz podstawowych wykładników modalności hipotetycznej w obu językach. Główną uwagę skupia jednak na wykładnikach leksykalnych. Na przykładzie jednej z sześciu grup, opisującej wysoki stopień prawdopodobieństwa (H5), omawia różnice użycia wykładników leksykalnych w obu językach. W badaniach wykorzystuje wielojęzyczne zasoby korpusowe, w tym Polsko-litewski korpus równoległy Clarin-PL.[1] [W literaturze przedmiotu na oznaczenie opisywanych tu treści stosowany jest również termin epistemiczności. Niemniej jednak w tej pracy autorka pozostaje przy terminie hipotetyczności, który zapożycza z badań nad modalnością, prowadzonych we współpracy polsko-bułgarskiej (Instytut Slawistyki PAN i Instytut Języka Bułgarskiego BAN).]
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The use of English, Czech and French punctuation marks in reference, parallel and comparable web corpora: a question of methodology

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Nádvorníková O.
Linguistica Pragensia
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2020
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vol. 30
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issue 1
30-50
EN
This paper analyses the frequency of six punctuation marks (the comma, period, colon, semicolon, question mark and exclamation mark) in three languages (English, French and Czech) in three different types of corpora — comparable web corpora, large monolingual general (reference) corpora and parallel (translation) corpora. The aim of the analysis is to identify which type of corpus and which methodology are the most suitable for contrastive research into punctuation. The data shows that the frequency of different punctuation marks is very sensitive to the text type. Therefore, the web corpora, containing uncontrollable amounts of various text types, cannot provide specific and reliable information about the use of punctuation marks in a given language. We argue that despite their limitations in terms of size and composition as well as the potential specific features of the language of translation, the parallel corpora used in combination with the general (reference) corpora provide the best data for such research.
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Forms of Address as Discrete Modal Operators

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Sosnowski W. P.
Cognitive Studies
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2016
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issue 16
EN
Forms of Address as Discrete Modal OperatorsThe category of expressions of politeness includes, among others, forms of address. Forms of address express honorification. Honorification can be defined as a special type of meaning that consists of information about the social and interpersonal relations between the speaker and the addressee, the speaker and the hearer, and the speaker and the protagonist of the predication. As far as their place in the syntactic structure is concerned, forms of address can either be integrated with the other elements of a predication or not. However, they are always part of a predication’s semantic structure. Moreover, forms of address convey the speaker’s attitude to the meaning of the predicate that they want to convey, which consequently means that forms of address also carry a modal element. Modality can be defined as a situation in which an individual is in a particular mental state, i.e. exhibits some kind of attitude to a situation or a type of situations.Forms of address can be categorised as modal operators conveying imperatives, requests, suppositions, etc. The term "operator" can be used for a unit of language when it changes the semantic structure of the predication. My research on honorification is mainly based on contemporary corpora, both monolingual and multilingual. In the present study, I analyse forms of address which carry imperative and optative meanings. Formy adresatywne jako dyskretne operatory modalneW obrębie wyrażeń realizujących funkcje grzecznościowe znajduje się grupa form adresatywnych. Są one częścią kategorii honoryfikatywności rozumianej jako szczególny rodzaj znaczenia zawartego w treści wypowiedzi, informację o towarzysko-społecznej relacji między nadawcą a odbiorcą, nadawcą a słuchaczem oraz nadawcą a bohaterem wypowiedzi. Gramatycznie formy adresatywne mogą być zarówno zintegrowane, jak i niezintegrowane syntaktycznie z resztą wypowiedzi, ale zawsze są częścią semantycznej struktury zdania. Wyrażają one także stosunek mówiącego do komunikatu, jaki przekazuje odbiorcom komunikatu, i tym samym mają przekaz modalny. Przez modalność autor rozumie sytuację, w której dane indywiduum (osoba) znajduje się w danym stanie mentalnym, tj. ma określony stosunek do szeregu sytuacji i typów sytuacji.Formy adresatywne można uznać za dyskretne operatory modalne zawierające takie treści, jak: rozkazuję ci, życzę sobie, przypuszczam i in. Termin ,,operator" używany jest w przypadkach, w których możemy go wskazać jako nośnika zmian w semantycznej strukturze zdania. Współczesne badania nad honoryfikatywnością autor opiera głównie na obecnie opracowywanych narodowych korpusach wielojęzycznych równoległych i jednojęzycznych i analizuje formy adresatywne o znaczeniu imperatywnym i optatywnym.
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Extraction and Presentation of Bilingual Correspondences from Slovak-Bulgarian Parallel Corpus

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Garabík R., Dimitrova L.
Cognitive Studies
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2015
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issue 15
EN
Extraction and Presentation of Bilingual Correspondences from Slovak-Bulgarian Parallel CorpusIn this paper the results of the automatic extraction and presentation of bilingual correspondences from Slovak-Bulgarian Parallel corpus are described. The equivalent phrases are extracted from sentence and word level automatically aligned corpus, filtered, indexed and presented in a dictionary-like interface. The bilingual dictionary database contains 80 thousand phrase pairs consisting of approximately 350 thousand words (per each language). Counting unique word forms, the size is 31 thousand in the Slovak part of the dictionary, 26 thousand in the Bulgarian part.
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Translation equivalence of demonstrative pronouns in Bulgarian-Slovak parallel texts

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Dimitrova L., Garabík R.
Cognitive Studies
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2014
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issue 14
65-74
EN
In this paper we describe our automatic analysis of several parallel Bulgarian-Slovak texts with the goal to obtain useful information about Slovak translation equivalents of (definite) articles and demonstrative pronouns in Bulgarian. Rather than focusing on individual translation equivalents, we present a method for automatic extraction and visualization of the translations. This can serve as a guide for pinpointing interesting features in specific translated documents and could be extended for other parts of speech or otherwise identifiable textual units.
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Semantics, contrastive linguistics and parallel corpora

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Koseska V.
Cognitive Studies
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2014
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issue 14
85-100
EN
In view of the ambiguity of the term “semantics”, the author shows the differences between the traditional lexical semantics and the contemporary semantics in the light of various semantic schools. She examines semantics differently in connection with contrastive studies where the description must necessary go from the meaning towards the linguistic form, whereas in traditional contrastive studies the description proceeded from the form towards the meaning. This requirement regarding theoretical contrastive studies necessitates construction of a semantic interlanguage, rather than only singling out universal semantic categories expressed with various language means. Such studies can be strongly supported by parallel corpora. However, in order to make them useful for linguists in manual and computer translations, as well as in the development of dictionaries, including online ones, we need not only formal, often automatic, annotation of texts, but also semantic annotation - which is unfortunately manual. In the article we focus on semantic annotation concerning time, aspect and quantification of names and predicates in the whole semantic structure of the sentence on the example of the “Polish-Bulgarian-Russian parallel corpus”.
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L’insegnamento della grammatica dell’italiano LS attraverso corpora

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Ivanovska-Naskova R.
Italica Wratislaviensia
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2018
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issue 9.1
71-87
IT
L’obiettivo del presente contributo è esaminare la possibilità di utilizzare i corpora nell’insegnamento di argomenti di ordine grammaticale ad apprendenti di italiano LS. Il contributo presenta una proposta didattica basata su corpora e sperimentata con studenti di italiano dell’Università “Ss. Cirillo e Metodio” di Skopje nell’anno accademico 2016/2017. L’ipotesi alla base della proposta didattica è che l’uso diretto e guidato di corpora possa sensibilizzare gli studenti alla problematicità dell’argomento grammaticale trattato, ma anche fornire loro degli strumenti e percorsi per esplorare la lingua in modo autonomo. La prima parte del contributo esamina l’uso dei corpora nell’insegnamento delle lingue straniere con riferimento particolare all’uso dei corpora nell’contesto dell’italiano LS. La parte centrale presenta le attività didattiche proposte sulle frasi concessive e il contesto in cui sono state sperimentate. L’ultima parte verte sulle considerazioni degli studenti riportate in un questionario da una parte e sulle potenzialità e i limiti di questo approccio didattico dall’altra.
EN
The aim of the paper is to explore the possibility of using corpora in teaching grammar to learners of Italian as a foreign language. The paper presents corpus-based activities used with students of Italian at the Saints Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje in 2016/2017. The hypothesis underlying this teaching approach is that direct and guided use of corpora can raise students’ awareness of the complexity of the phenomena observed as well as present them with resources and methods to explore the language more autonomously. The first part of the paper investigates the use of corpora in language teaching, with particular attention to the use of these resources in teaching Italian as a foreign language. The main section describes the activities on concessives and the context in which they have been used. The final part reports on the observations of the students and addresses the advantages and disadvantages of this teaching approach.
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Kontrastivní lingvistika a paralelní korpusy

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Dušková L.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2017
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vol. 99
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issue 2
193-213
EN
The article presents a brief survey of English-Czech contrastive studies based on original texts and their translations from the beginnings in the mid-fifties of the last century to the present. Until the first decade of the present century, excerption was done manually, which limited the research to a small number of samples. The early studies of English largely concentrated on sentence condensation and nominal tendencies in the expression of the predicate, as compared with the verbal character of Czech. In connection with the development of the theory of functional sentence perspective other topics were found in this sphere, especially as regards word order. While the former studies can be currently pursued on the basis of InterCorp at a qualitatively higher level, research into FSP topics remains restricted to issues involving variables with formalizable realization forms. The main part of the paper focuses on some of the fallacies involved in using translation counterparts as the basis of contrastive research. One of them is the possible influence of the original; others appear in such areas as the choice of translation counterparts with respect to the issue under investigation, the assessment of their adequacy, including the possibility of misrepresentation by the translator, the validity of the translation counterpart (which is in most cases limited, as alternatives are possible) and others. In studies of functional sentence perspective a point to be considered is equivocal interpretation of the FSP structure in the original. These points are illustrated by translation counterparts in two translations of the same novel.
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Transformacja predykacyjna: oparte na równoległych korpusach studium rosyjskich zdań bezczasownikowych i ich angielskich tłumaczeń

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Bondarenko A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio FF – Philologia
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2018
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vol. 36
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issue 1
EN
The paper presents a corpus-based contrastive analysis of the predication involved in the translation of verbless sentences from Russian to English based on a pilot parallel corpus con­sisting of Dostoyevsky’s dialogue-based Russian Brat’ ja Karamazovy (1880) and the Pevear and Volokhonsky English translation The Brothers Karamazov (1990). In contrast to English, known for its dependency on the finite verb phrase, Russian permits the use of verbless sentences more productively than any other Indo-European language (McShane, 2000; Kopotev, 2007). Combining the parallel-text approach to contrastive linguistics developed by Guillemin-Flescher (2003) with a new method of automatic verbless sentence extraction, the present study examines reoccurring patterns regarding the way that predication is gained or lost in translation. Following automatic segmentation, morphosyntactic annotation and extraction, verbless sentences and their translation correspondences are manually annotated for verbal and non-verbal predication in accordance with Hengeveld’s (1992) definitions. The results present a typology of a phenomenon we call ‘predication transformation’, in which translation correspondences are transformed in terms of predication type. Quantitative results reveal the rate at which verbs are gained in translation of the verbless sentences from Russian to English, as well as the predication verbalization rate. We argue that a verb-centric notion of semantic predication is not cross-linguistically stable.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia opartą na korpusie, kontrastywną analizę predykacji związanej z tłuma­czeniem zdań bezczasownikowych z języka rosyjskiego na język angielski w oparciu o pilotażowy paralelny korpus składający się z opartego na dialogach języka rosyjskiego Braci Karamazow Fiodora Dostojewskiego (1880) i angielskiego tłumaczenia Peveara i Volokhonsky The Brothers Karamazov (1990). W przeciwieństwie do angielskiego, znanego z zależności od frazy werbalnej z osobową formą czasownika, rosyjski pozwala na użycie zdań bezczasownikowych bardziej pro­duktywnie niż jakikolwiek inny język indoeuropejski (McShane, 2000; Kopotev, 2007). Łącząc założenia tekstu paralelnego w odniesieniu do językoznawstwa kontrastywnego opracowane przez Guillemin-Flescher (2003) z nową metodą automatycznej ekstrakcji zdań bezczasownikowych, niniejsze studium bada powtarzające się wzorce dotyczące sposobu, w jaki struktury językowe zyskują lub tracą wartość predykacji w tłumaczeniu. Po automatycznej segmentacji, morfosyn­taktycznej adnotacji i ekstrakcji zdania bezczasownikowych i ich tłumaczeniowe odpowiedniki są ręcznie przypisywane do typu predykacji werbalnej i niewerbalnej zgodnie z definicjami Hen­gevelda (1992). Wyniki przedstawiają typologię zjawiska zwanego “transformacją predykacyjną”, w której odpowiedniki translacyjne są efektem transformacji ze względu na typ predykacyjny. Wyniki ilościowe ukazują, w jakim stopniu czasowniki są wykorzystywane w tłumaczeniu zdań bezczasownikowych z języka rosyjskiego na język angielski, a także są wskaźnikiem werbalizacji predykatów. Twierdzimy, że powiązane z czasownikiem pojęcie semantycznej predykacji nie jest stabilne międzyjęzykowo.
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Asimmetrie nella codifica dell’informazione deittica: italiano vs russo

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Benigni V., Ruvoletto L.
Italica Wratislaviensia
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2019
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issue 10.1
31-58
EN
This paper aims to analyse, through a contrastive approach, the asymmetries between Italian and Russian in the encoding of deictic reference. Some complex and divergent instances of deictic anchoring are discussed in relation to the notion of deictic centre (or zero-point, in Lyons’ terms). Different types of asymmetry can be identified according to structural and functional criteria: a) overcoding versus undercoding of deictic information (e.g., Italian tra and dopo versus Russian čerez); b) different internal articulation of the deictic reference (such as in the sequence of tenses, which is governed by mood and tense in Italian and solely by tense in Russian); c) the adoption of a different perspective in the deictic conceptualisation of space, time, and person (as in conversive predicates). All of these types of asymmetry seem to affect learners’ acquisition of L2. For this reason, a systematic analysis of errors committed in deictic reference can be a useful tool for second-language teaching.
IT
Il presente contributo si pone l’obiettivo di indagare, mediante un approccio contrastivo, alcuni casi di asimmetria tra l’italiano e il russo nella codifica del riferimento deittico. In relazione al concetto di centro deittico (zero-point, secondo la terminologia proposta Lyons, 1977), sono analizzati alcuni esempi complessi di differente ancoraggio deittico nelle due lingue, raggruppati in base a criteri strutturali e funzionali: a) casi di ipercodifica vs ipocodifica (come nell’uso di tra e dopo vs čerez), b) casi di diversa articolazione interna di un analogo riferimento deittico (come nell’uso di modo e tempo del verbo vs solo tempo nella consecutio temporum) e c) casi in cui il riferimento deittico viene concettualizzato secondo prospettive diverse (come nei predicati conversivi). Tali forme di asimmetria risultano particolarmente complesse per gli apprendenti delle due lingue, motivo per cui l’analisi degli errori prodotti nella codifica della deissi può rivelarsi un utile strumento anche in una prospettiva didattica.
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Dialog between a Lexicographer and a Translator

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Kit M., Koseska-Toszewa V.
Cognitive Studies
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2013
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issue 13
EN
Dialog between a Lexicographer and a TranslatorThe discussion between the authors of the paper concerns the most pressing issues encountered in natural language semantics, as well as in corpus linguistics and computational linguistics. A broad range of knowledge, allowing linguists and information scientists to work together, is required in these areas. The paper describes some primary problems of human and machine translation caused by gaps between different fields of knowledge. The authors suggest that interdisciplinary approach is required when it comes to contrastive studies in linguistics.
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Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian Languages

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Sosnowski W.
Cognitive Studies
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2013
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issue 13
EN
Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian LanguagesMany studies in contemporary linguistics focus on investigating politeness and rudeness in language. This paper, however, has not been intended as a contrastive study of the phenomena in question. Language politeness and rudeness are conveyed by means of expressions of politeness and rudeness which are perceived as entrenched and recurring in specific situations. These expressions convey the expected meaning of politeness and rudeness accepted in the model of social behaviour. If one uses the explicative method such expressions could be reduced to the following formula ‘I inform you that I follow a verbal conduct defined as polite’. Owing to the emergence of parallel corpora of particular languages, it is nowadays easier to collect data for research on forms of address as well as on expressions of politeness in the first half of the 21st century. Investigating the meaning of forms of address, which are part of linguistic repertoire used to express politeness and rudeness should be regarded as an interesting area of research. It is the consequence of the increasing importance of intercultural communication, expansion of international cooperation, and formation of new standards of interpersonal communication aimed at achieving mutual understanding without resorting to violence. It is worth mentioning that currently there are no bilingual dictionaries which would include practical rules for using forms of address. Moreover, dictionaries (especially bilingual ones) also do not list classifiers of politeness, which becomes a shortcoming as regards the purposes of translation and teaching foreign languages. The aforementioned problems apply to print as well as computer dictionaries. A reliable list of forms of address and their meaning may become helpful in intercultural communication. It would be also important to create a Contemporary Dictionary of Expressions of Politeness and Rudeness in a paper as well as a computer version.
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Contemporary Contrastive Studies of Polish, Bulgarian and Russian Neologisms versus Language Corpora

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Satoła-Staśkowiak J.
Cognitive Studies
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2013
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issue 13
EN
Contemporary Contrastive Studies of Polish, Bulgarian and Russian Neologisms versus Language CorporaIn the field of Slavonic linguistics contrastive studies of neologisms occupy little place, the newest words are insufficiently described and classified. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the need for contrastive description of the newest lexis and checking exclusively one of many possibilities of obtaining Polish, Bulgarian and Russian neologisms. Language corpora, as this possibility is in question, are not the only source from which the author obtains her research material, yet a growing interest in corpora has inspired her to also use this method. The author wants to show the reader to what degree language corpora can help in building the thesaurus of Polish, Bulgarian and Russian neologisms. Making an attempt to confront a collection of neologisms of contemporary Polish, Bulgarian and Russian language, the author points out the need to standardize the description (identical for each of the analysed languages), which she intends to propose in another publications on neologisms in Polish, Bulgarian and Russian language. The application of contrastive method to three different but related languages from the Slavonic group will help, in her opinion, to discover more mechanisms of new words coming into existence and examine the newest derivative processes and their productivity.
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About Certain Semantic Annotation in Parallel Corpora

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Koseska-Toszewa V.
Cognitive Studies
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2013
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issue 13
EN
About Certain Semantic Annotation in Parallel CorporaThe semantic notation analyzed in this works is contained in the second stream of semantic theories presented here – in the direct approach semantics. We used this stream in our work on the Bulgarian-Polish Contrastive Grammar. Our semantic notation distinguishes quantificational meanings of names and predicates, and indicates aspectual and temporal meanings of verbs. It relies on logical scope-based quantification and on the contemporary theory of processes, known as “Petri nets”. Thanks to it, we can distinguish precisely between a language form and its contents, e.g. a perfective verb form has two meanings: an event or a sequence of events and states, finally ended with an event. An imperfective verb form also has two meanings: a state or a sequence of states and events, finally ended with a state. In turn, names are quantified universally or existentially when they are “undefined”, and uniquely (using the iota operator) when they are “defined”. A fact worth emphasizing is the possibility of quantifying not only names, but also the predicate, and then quantification concerns time and aspect.  This is a novum in elaborating sentence-level semantics in parallel corpora. For this reason, our semantic notation is manual. We are hoping that it will raise the interest of computer scientists working on automatic methods for processing the given natural languages. Semantic annotation defined like in this work will facilitate contrastive studies of natural languages, and this in turn will verify the results of those studies, and will certainly facilitate human and machine translations.
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Les verbes garantir et assurer et leurs équivalents polonais dans le texte constitutionnel contemporain d’un état et dans Gaudium et spes (1965)

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Śliwa D.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 8: Lingwistyka Korpusowa i Translatoryka
147-186
EN
The article contains a detailed analysis of the verbs garantir and assurer and their evivalents in Polish gwarantować, zapewniać i zabezpieczyć extracted from the normative texts, which are national constitutions and the constitution of the Catholic Church. As modal deontological verbs of assurance they are used in specialized texts. The study of the relationship between the type of a constitutional text and the choice of verbs of assurance in the language of the original indicates that both the syntactic structure and the meaning of those verbs are characteristic of a given type of text. The reflection over the choice of those verbs in translated texts leads to the conclusion that it is worthwhile to re-think the use of equivalents in the translated text according to the redaction style appropriate for a given normative text. Detailed illustrations of bilingual contexts of comparable texts as well as of parallel ones also aim at pointing out to computer linguistics specialists certain issues appearing during encoding and which arise from the transformation of whole phrases containing a verb of assurance during the translation process along with the consequences resulting from the choice of the de re or de dicto modality.
PL
Artykuł zawiera szczegółową analizę czasowników garantir i assurer oraz polskich ekwiwalentów gwarantować, zapewniać i zabezpieczyć, wyodrębnionych z tekstów normatywnych, jakimi są konstytucje państwowe i Konstytucja duszpasterska o Kościele w świecie współczesnym Gaudium et spes Kościoła katolickiego. Jako czasowniki modalne deontyczne zapewnienia są używane w określonych typach tekstów specjalistycznych. Badanie zależności między typem tekstu konstytucyjnego a doborem czasowników zapewnienia w języku oryginału wykazuje, że zarówno konstrukcja składniowa, jak i znaczenie tych czasowników są charakterystyczne dla danego typu tekstu. Refleksja nad doborem tych czasowników w tekstach tłumaczonych prowadzi do wniosku, że warto ponownie przemyśleć dobór ekwiwalentów w tekście tłumaczonym zgodnie ze stylem redakcji właściwym dla danego tekstu normatywnego. Szczegółowe ilustracje dwujęzycznych kontekstów tekstów porównywalnych, jak i paralelnych mają także na celu wskazanie specjalistom z lingwistyki komputerowej problemów, jakie pojawiają się przy kodowaniu, a które wynikają z transformacji struktur z systemu danego języka w ich realizacjach dyskursywnych oraz w przeformułowaniu całych fraz z czasownikiem zapewnienia w procesie tłumaczenia wraz z konsekwencjami wynikającymi z wyborem modalności de re lub de dicto.
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Poľské ekvivalenty slovenských záporných adjektív na -teľný v slovensko-poľskom paralelnom korpuse par-skpl-1.0

36%
Ptak L.
Językoznawstwo
|
2023
|
vol. 18
|
issue 1
117-130
PL
Artykuł omawia problematykę przymiotników potencjalnych, czyli takich, które zawierają w swym znaczeniu składnik ‘(nie)może/(nie)można’. W opisywanych językach istnieją formanty główne, wykorzystywane w derywacji przymiotników o znaczeniu potencjalnym. Formantami głównymi są następujące sufiksy: w języku słowackim -teľný, np. nedosiahnuteľný, nenahraditeľný, nenapodobiteľný, neoddeliteľný, rozpojiteľný, zameniteľný, oraz w języku polskim -alny, np. dopuszczalny, niejadalny, nieporównywalny, niewidzialny, przesuwalny, wyleczalny. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych wcześniej analiz, słowackie derywaty z formantem -teľný są liczniejsze niż formacje z -alny w języku polskim. Dlatego też w języku polskim derywaty te mają różne odpowiedniki. W artykule przedstawiono analizę konfrontatywną omawianych przymiotników w słowacko-polskim korpusie paralelnym par-skpl-1.0 oraz w słowniku dwujęzycznym, żeby pokazać innowacyjne możliwości albo też ograniczenia korpusów paralelnych.
EN
The article focuses on a specific category of deverbal adjectives, which convey the notion of possibility/potentiality. These adjectives are characterized by high productivity and semantic compositionality, especially in the Slovak language. Their regular meaning is clearly expressed by specialized suffixes – the Slovak suffix -teľný: nedosiahnuteľný, nenahraditeľný, nenapodobiteľný, neoddeliteľný, rozpojiteľný, zameniteľný and the Polish suffix -alny: dopuszczalny, niejadalny, nieporównywalny, niewidzialny, przesuwalny, wyleczalny. The analysis shows that the number of Polish -alny adjectives recorded in dictionaries is smaller than Slovak -teľný adjectives. That is why in the Polish language these words have different equivalents. The selected adjectives are analysed on the basis of Slovak-Polish parallel corpus par-skpl-1.0 and a Slovak and Polish bilingual dictionary to show the innovative possibilities or limits of the parallel corpus.
SK
V príspevku sa venujeme deverbatívnym adjektívam, ktoré obsahujú význam možnosti a nemožnosti. V slovenčine sa tvoria sufixom -teľný, napríklad nedosiahnuteľný, nenahraditeľný, nenapodobiteľný, neoddeliteľný, rozpojiteľný, zameniteľný a v poľštine dominuje sufix -alny, napríklad dopuszczalny, niejadalny, nieporównywalny, niewidzialny, przesuwalny, wyleczalny. Ako vyplýva z predchádzajúcich analýz, slovenské deriváty s formantom -teľný sú početnejšie ako poľské deriváty s formantami -alny. Preto majú tieto deriváty rôzne ekvivalenty v poľštine. V príspevku bude prezentovaná analýza záporných adjektív na -teľný  a ich poľských ekvivalentov v slovensko-poľskom paralelnom korpuse par-skpl-1.0 a v dvojjazyčnom slovensko-poľskom slovníku, aby sa ukázali inovatívne možnosti alebo tiež medze paralelných korpusov.
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