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EN
Background: Occupational health impairment of medical personnel manifested as a prominent problem in COVID-19. The aim of this study is to investigate the occupational physical injuries of front-line medical staffs in Hubei province during the fight against COVID-19. Material and Methods: questionnaire survey was conducted among 476 medical staffs from 3 regions of Hubei Province, including general characteristics and the physical discomfort/damage suffered in the isolation wards during working hours. Results: A total of 457 valid questionnaires were collected. The common physical discomfort/damage included skin injuries (22.76%), conjunctivitis (15.10%), falls (9.19%), intolerant unwell symptoms (8.53%) and sharp injuries (6.13%). Logistic regression analysis showed that: lack of protective work experience (OR = 2.049, 95% CI: 1.071–3.921), continuous working for 4 h (OR = 3.771, 95% CI: 1.858–7.654), and working >4 h (OR = 7.076, 95% CI: 3.197–15.663) were high-risk factors for skin injuries. Working continuously for 4 h (OR = 3.248, 95% CI: 1.484–7.110) and working >4 h (OR = 3.096, 95% CI: 1.232–7.772) were high-risk factors for conjunctivitis. Lack of protective work experience was a high risk factor for falls (OR = 5.508, 95% CI: 1.299–23.354). The high risk factors for intolerant unwell symptoms were continuous working for 4 h (OR = 5.372, 95% CI: 1.239–23.301) and working >4 h (OR = 8.608, 95% CI: 1.843–40.217). Working in a COVID-19 critical care unit (OR = 3.249, 95% CI: 1.344–7.854) and implementation of nursing (OR = 9.766, 95% CI: 1.307–72.984) were high risk factors for sharp injuries. Conclusions: Occupational physical injuries are universal in the COVID-19 ward. Those who take up nursing, work in a critical care ward, with no experience in an isolation ward for infectious diseases, and work continuously for ≥4 h on the same day should get more attention.
EN
Objectives A significant proportion of healthcare workers (HCWs) had been infected with SARS-CoV-2, which complicated the organization of patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the exact scale of infection prevalence among the group of HCWs is not known, therefore this study aimed to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs in the Silesian voivodeship, Poland, and to define its determinants. Material and Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 multidisciplinary hospitals in the Silesian voivodeship during the period October 2021–February 2022. The standardized WHO questionnaire Surveillance protocol for SARS-CoV-2 infection among health workers was completed by 242 HCWs. To assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its determinants, such as personal, occupational, and work environment-related conditions and preventive behaviors, the collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. For this purpose, descriptive and analytical statistics (significance of differences in χ² test) were used. Results Almost half (42.6%) of subjects were infected with coronavirus, most frequently care assistants (57.1%) and paramedics (50%). People suffering from chronic diseases were infected significantly more often (p < 0.001). The majority of the infected HCWs declared previous contact with COVID-19 patients (56.3%). Unfortunately, 10.3% of respondents refused to be vaccinated against COVID-19, most often care assistants (38.1%) and nurses (10.6%). The determinants such as sex, age, occupation, place of work (ward), participation in occupational safety and health training, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), or preventive behaviors did not significantly affect the risk of infection (p > 0.05). Conclusions Even though the PPE was used and the percentage of fully vaccinated HCWs against COVID-19 was high (89.7%), the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infected HCWs remains high at 42.6% (95% CI: 40.7–44.5%). The main determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among HCWs were previous contact with infected individuals and the presence of chronic disease.
EN
Objectives Hearing loss is a major worldwide health issue affecting an estimated 1.5 billion people. Causes of hearing loss include genetics, chemicals, medications, lifestyle habits such as smoking, and noise. Noise is probably the largest contributing factor for hearing loss. Noise arises from the workplace, ambient environment, and leisure activities. The easiest noise sources to control are workplace and environmental. Workplace noise is unique in that the employer is responsible for the noise and the worker. Also, workers may be exposed to much higher levels of noise than they would accept elsewhere. Employers follow the traditional hierarchy of controls (substitution/engineering, administrative, personal protective equipment [PPE]). Substituting or engineering a lower noise level actually reduces the hazard present to the worker but demand more capital investment. Administrative and PPE controls can be effective, but enforcement and motivation are essential to reducing risk and there is still some hearing loss for a portion of the workers. The challenge is to estimate the costs more clearly for managers. A systems engineering approach can help visualize factors affecting hearing health. Material and Methods In this study, a systems engineering causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to aid in understanding factors and their interrelationships. The CLD was then modeled in VenSim. The model was informed from the authors’ expertise in hearing health and exposure science. Also, a case study was used to test the model. The model can be used to inform decision-makers of holistic costs for noise control options, with potentially better hearing health outcomes for workers. Results The CLD and cost model demonstrated a 4.3 year payback period for the engineered noise control in the case study. Conclusions Systems thinking using a CLD and cost model for occupational hearing health controls can aid organizational managers in applying resources to control risk.
EN
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate cytogenetic damage in the buccal mucosa of non-exposed subjects (N = 33) and insecticide-exposed fumigators (N = 31) in the urban area of Cali, Colombia. Material and Methods Through a questionnaire sociodemographic data, anthropometric measurements, state of health, and lifestyle were collected. Buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay was using for evaluate cytogenetic damage. Results The study showed that all fumigators used adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and had low alcohol consumption. The authors did not find significant differences in BMCyt biomarkers between the groups (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed a 13% increase in micronucleus (MN) frequency for every year of increasing age (OR = 1.13, p = 0.029), and higher MN with the decrease in daily fruit consumption (OR = 4.71, p = 0.084), without statistical significance. Conclusions The results between groups could be related to healthy habits and PPE use among the subjects.
EN
ObjectivesThe physiological impact of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), in particular filtering-face-piece 3 (FFP3) masks, has increasingly been gaining importance since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). So far, gas exchange has been examined using transcutaneously measured partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), ergo-spirometry and impedance cardiography.Material and MethodsIn this structured investigation, arterial blood gas analysis in a 30-year-old female resident was carried out during a 13-hour day shift on the COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital of Innsbruck, Austria. An FFP3 mask (3MTM AuraTM) with an exhalation valve was continuously worn, except for 1 break of 20 min. Arterial blood samples were obtained before putting on the PPE, and after 5 h, 9 h and 13 h of working in the contaminated area.ResultsDuring the multi-hour wearing time, an increase in PaCO2 (the baseline value: 29.3 mm Hg, the max. value: 38.9 mm Hg) and a continuous decrease in partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2, the baseline value: 102 mm Hg, the min. value: 80.8 mm Hg) was detectable.ConclusionsAll measured values were within the normal range, but a trend towards an insufficient gas exchange could be suspected.
EN
ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has created additional risks to healthcare providers, especially those who perform aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) like endotracheal intubation. Endotracheal intubation is one of the procedures mostly generating aerosol and, therefore, requiring full protection of medical personnel against the infection.Material and MethodsIn this paper, basing on a literature review, the recommended intubation procedure is presented together with recommendations for personal protection during intubation. Additionally, a proposal of a simple and cheap protective barrier is described against spreading aerosol outside the intubation area. The aim was to propose a simple and cheap method to increase the safety of medical personnel performing AGPs in patients infected or suspected of being infected with COVID-19, which could be easily introduced into clinical practice.ResultsThe presented method is the authors’ own idea, based on their experience gathered from working in an operating room. Judging from their clinical experience, the presented method is effective and safe for patients.ConclusionsEndotracheal intubation is one of the most common AGPs and adequate actions must be taken in order to protect medical personnel against the infection and to prevent the spreading of aerosol around the intubation area. The proposed barrier is easy to set with disposable materials and standard equipment available in every operating room.
EN
ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to present the adaptation and implementation of the recommendations of the National Institute for Safety and Health at Work (Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo – INSHT) in the authors’ hospital to achieve a safer handling of hazardous drugs.Material and MethodsIn 2016, INSHT published the first document on hazardous drugs in Spain. In the authors’ center, a project was developed to implement the recommendations presented in that document in 2 phases: 1) analysis: to identify drugs and processes susceptible to not being handled as hazardous, and to search for safer alternatives and preventive measures; and 2) development: to ensure information, training, the adaptation of standardized work procedures, the minimization of risks associated with handling, safety devices, personal protective equipment (PPE), as well as health monitoring.ResultsThe authors detected 80 commercial presentations manipulated without adhering to safety conditions, mainly oral (74%) from lists 1 (7.5%), 2 (37.5%) and 3 (55%) of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The following measures were envisaged to reduce the risk: introducing new presentations (4 lower doses, 1 liquid dose) and centralizing new preparations in the pharmacy service (11 oral formulas, 6 parenteral drugs). Management, spillage and exposure procedures were adapted. Safety measures were included in the prescription and administration applications, and there were some indications of risks in the storage. Overall, 48 referents and 690 nurses were trained. Each unit was provided with PPE and safety devices (e.g., closed systems, RX CRUSH®). The steps prior to the administration were moved to the patient’s bedside to align patient and professional safety. During the first 6 months after the implementation, 22 cases of pregnancy (64% among the nursing staff), 4 cases of lactation, and 1 case of conceiving problems were reported. In the cases of oxytocin and the repackaging of list 3, risk management was applied.ConclusionsThe multidisciplinary approach has allowed to achieve a global and safer control of hazardous drugs with a minimal impact on the center. It is important to continuously evaluate the effects of these measures, and to take into account the data of this analysis and any possible new evidence.
EN
In the author’s opinion, the use of personal protective equipment that reduces the exposure of employees to harmful factor below the permissible level does not give grounds for not qualifying such employment as performing work in hazardous conditions. The use of personal protective equipment does not eliminate the risk and thus does not affect the number of people employed in hazardous conditions.  The Supreme Court does not notice that the position adopted by it practically eliminates the differentiation of social security contributions for the number of employees in hazardous conditions.  The law does not allow work to be performed in the event of exceeding the permissible value of a harmful factor without providing personal protective equipment.  Thus, there can be no situation of work in hazardous conditions defined by the Court, because it constitutes a violation of the law sanctioned under Article 283 § 1 of the Labour Code. 
PL
W ocenie autora zastosowanie środków ochrony indywidualnej, które zmniejszają narażenie  pracowników na czynnik szkodliwy  poniżej poziomu dopuszczalnego, nie daje podstaw do niekwalifikowania  takiego zatrudnienia jako wykonywania pracy w warunkach  zagrożenia. Stosowanie środków ochrony indywidualnej  nie powoduje eliminacji  zagrożenia,  a tym samym nie ma wpływu na liczbę osób zatrudnionych w warunkach zagrożenia. Sąd Najwyższy nie zauważa, że przyjęte przez niego stanowisko praktycznie  likwiduje różnicowanie  składki na  ubezpieczenie  społeczne  z tytułu liczby zatrudnionych  w warunkach zagrożenia. Przepisy prawa nie dopuszczają, aby praca była  wykonywana w sytuacji przekroczenia wartości dopuszczalnej czynnika szkodliwego bez zapewnienia środków ochrony indywidualnej. Tym samym nie może występować sytuacja pracy w warunkach  zagrożenia zdefiniowanych przez Sąd, gdyż stanowi ona naruszenie prawa  objęte sankcją z art. 283 § 1 kodeksu pracy.
EN
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has completely transformed the functioning of health care facilities. These changes have also significantly affected the work of dental health professionals. Due to the high infectivity of the virus and the fact that transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets, both dental patients and professionals are particularly exposed to coronavirus infection. In order to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, a number of medical societies have issued recommendations for the provision of health care services during the pandemic. The article is based mainly on the recommendations of the Polish Ministry of Health, since WHO recommendations underline that following updated local guidelines is of highest importance. It is impossible to outline uniform guidelines for all dental specialists in the world, as the pandemic develops at differing rates in different countries and each country requires guidelines adapted to the current local epidemiological situation. The publication features an additional review of foreign literature and guidelines proposed by individual dental societies. The article presents an overview of guidelines related to the functioning of dental offices, dental treatment procedures and recommended personal protective equipment, as well as underlines the overriding principle that both physicians and dental practitioners should first and foremost take care of their own health in order to be able to protect others. Med Pr. 2021;72(5):561–8
PL
Szerząca się pandemia COVID-19, choroby wywołanej przez SARS-CoV-2, spowodowała diametralne zmiany w funkcjonowaniu placówek ochrony zdrowia, co wpłynęło także w znacznym stopniu na pracę lekarzy dentystów. Ze względu na wysoką zakaźność i przede wszystkim kropelkową drogę przenoszenia się SARS-CoV-2 pacjenci, tak jak personel gabinetów stomatologicznych, są szczególnie narażeni na zakażenie koronawirusem. W celu ograniczenia ryzyka rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19 wiele towarzystw medycznych wydało rekomendacje na temat postępowania przy udzielaniu świadczeń zdrowotnych w pandemii. Niniejszy artykuł w głównej mierze został opracowany na podstawie zaleceń polskiego Ministerstwa Zdrowia, ponieważ według rekomendacji Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia przestrzeganie lokalnych zaktualizowanych wytycznych jest najistotniejsze. Nie ma możliwości przygotowania jednolitych wskazówek dla wszystkich lekarzy dentystów na świecie, ponieważ pandemia rozwija się w różnych krajach w innym tempie i każde państwo wymaga wytycznych dostosowanych do aktualnej sytuacji epidemiologicznej. Publikację dodatkowo uzupełniono przeglądem piśmiennictwa zagranicznego oraz wytycznymi proponowanymi przez poszczególne towarzystwa stomatologiczne. W artykule przedstawiono rekomendacje dotyczące funkcjonowania gabinetów stomatologicznych, wykonywania procedur stomatologicznych oraz zalecanych środków ochrony osobistej. Podkreślono nadrzędną zasadę, aby w pierwszej kolejności zarówno lekarze, jak i lekarze dentyści dbali o swoje zdrowie po to, żeby pomagać innym. Med. Pr. 2021;72(5):561–568
EN
Generally, COVID-19 is an acute contagious disease caused by the SARS‑CoV-2 virus. The main route of human-to-human transmission is through contact with infectious secretions from the respiratory tract. Clinical manifestations vary from mild non-specific symptoms to life-threatening conditions. Since WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, it has affected many medical, legal, social and economic aspects of everyday life in countries around the world. In this article, the authors present a summary of recommendations for taking care of otorhinolaryngology patients in outpatient settings and the legal basis referring to a risk of infection in doctor’s office. In the selection of articles, the authors used English- and Polish-language online medical databases, typing the following keywords: SARS‑CoV-2, COVID-19, otolaryngology, endoscopy, personal protective equipment, and legal responsibility of the physician. The mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is a potential site of virus replication. The specificity of an ear, nose and throat (ENT) examination and a direct patient-doctor contact favor the transmission of the infection. The authors discussed the elements of self-protection of medical personnel and the legal aspects a risk of the patient contracting the infection in the otolaryngology office. In the case of a direct contact with the patient, the following medical personal protective equipment is required: a cap, a mask with an FFP-2 filter, goggles, an apron and gloves. If, during the visit, exposure to secretions or aerosol from the respiratory tract is expected, the personnel should additionally wear a visor and a waterproof apron. The patient’s visit in the clinic should be preceded by telemedicine consultation. Patients should be screened prior to having a direct contact with a physician, using a short patient questionnaire. The questionnaire may consist of simple questions about the characteristic symptoms of the SARS‑CoV-2 infection and exposure to a sick person in the past 14 days. The question of staying in the areas of a high infection risk appears of little importance in view of the whole of Poland being perceived as constituting such an area. Due to the spread of the SARS‑CoV-2 virus, new procedures for providing medical services have been introduced. In the case of claims on the part of the patient, the only protection the medical personnel or facility can provide is confirmation of scrupulous compliance with medical procedures . Med Pr. 2021;72(3):327–34
PL
COVID-19 to ostra choroba zakaźna wywoływana przez wirus SARS‑CoV-2. Do transmisji z człowieka na człowieka dochodzi najczęściej wskutek kontaktu z zakaźnymi wydzielinami z dróg oddechowych. Objawy kliniczne różnią się od łagodnych, nieswoistych dolegliwości do stanów zagrażających życiu. Ogłoszenie przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia w marcu 2020 r. pandemii COVID-19 wpłynęło na wiele medycznych, prawnych, społecznych i ekonomicznych aspektów życia w państwach całego świata. W niniejszej pracy podsumowano zalecenia dotyczące opieki ambulatoryjnej nad pacjentem laryngologicznym oraz podstawy prawne dotyczące ryzyka zakażenia pacjenta w gabinecie lekarskim. W doborze prac korzystano z anglo- i polskojęzycznych portali medycznych, wpisując do wyszukiwarki hasła: SARS‑CoV-2, COVID-19, otolaryngologia, endoskopia, środki ochrony indywidualnej i odpowiedzialność prawna lekarza. Potencjalnym miejscem replikacji wirusa jest błona śluzowa górnych dróg oddechowych. Specyfika badania laryngologicznego i bezpośredni kontakt pacjent–lekarz sprzyjają transmisji zakażenia. Omówiono dokładnie elementy samoochrony personelu medycznego i wskazano aspekty prawne wynikające z ryzyka zakażenia pacjenta w gabinecie. Przy bezpośrednim kontakcie z pacjentem konieczne są środki ochrony osobistej: czepek, maska z filtrem FFP-2, gogle, fartuch i rękawice. Jeśli podczas wizyty spodziewane jest narażenie na kontakt z wydzielinami i aerozolem z dróg oddechowych, należy zaopatrzyć się dodatkowo w przyłbicę i wodoodporny fartuch. Wizyta pacjenta w przychodni powinna być poprzedzona teleporadą. Należy wykonywać badanie przesiewowe pacjentów jeszcze przed bezpośrednim kontaktem z lekarzem za pomocą krótkiego kwestionariusza wypełnianego przez pacjenta. Ankieta może składać się z prostych pytań o charakterystyczne objawy infekcji SARS‑CoV-2 i narażenie na kontakt z chorym w ciągu ostatnich 14 dni. Pytanie o przebywanie w obszarach wysokiego ryzyka zakażenia wobec zaliczenia całej Polski do tego obszaru ma niewielkie znaczenie. W związku z szerzeniem się wirusa SARS‑CoV-2 wprowadzono nowe schematy postępowania przy udzielaniu świadczeń lekarskich. W przypadku roszczeń ze strony pacjenta jedynym zabezpieczeniem lekarza lub placówki jest potwierdzenie skrupulatnego przestrzegania procedur medycznych. Med. Pr. 2021;72(3):327–334
EN
BackgroundWith the emergence of an extraordinary situation in Poland related to the state of the COVID-19 epidemic, the question returned in the public debate whether in conditions that violate occupational health and safety, lack personal protective equipment the medical staff has the right to refrain from performing work. The National Labor Inspector clearly indicated that refraining from work does not apply to an employee whose employee’s duty is to save lives or property. The aim of the article is to analyze the premises of art. 210 of the Labor Code in the context of medical law and professional ethics and to provide the doctrine with an incentive to research on the difficult issue.Material and MethodsIt uses the method of analyzing the current provisions of labor law and medical law. The jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the views of the doctrine were analyzed.ResultsThe employee duty of a doctor and a nurse is always the obligation to “rescue” and “within” this obligation, medical personnel, unlike “all employees,” do not have the relevant right to refrain. In the context of the rules of practicing the medical profession providing for an exception, i.e., the doctor’s failure to take or withdraw from treatment of a patient for important reasons, in a situation where there is no urgent case.ConclusionsThe starting point is, therefore, the distinction between the provisions of the Labor Code of a general character legis generalis and the provisions of the Act on the profession of doctor and dentist as specific provisions legis specialis. An employed doctor cannot agree to practice in conditions that expose patients to harm. Refraining from work by a doctor as an employee by referring is subject to limitations.
PL
WstępWraz z pojawieniem się w Polsce nadzwyczajnej sytuacji związanej ze stanem pandemii COVID-19 w debacie publicznej powróciło pytanie, czy w warunkach naruszających bezpieczeństwo i higienę pracy oraz przy braku środków ochrony osobistej personel medyczny ma prawo powstrzymać się od wykonywania pracy. Główny Inspektor Pracy jednoznacznie wskazał, że powstrzymanie się od pracy nie dotyczy pracownika, którego obowiązkiem pracowniczym jest ratowanie ludzkiego życia lub mienia. Celem tego artykułu była analiza przesłanek art. 210 Kodeksu pracy w kontekście przepisów prawa medycznego i zasad etyki zawodowej, a także dostarczenie doktrynie bodźca do badań nad niełatwym kompleksem problemów.Materiał i metodyWykorzystano metodę analizy obowiązujących przepisów prawa pracy i prawa medycznego. Przeanalizowano orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego i poglądy doktryny.WynikiPracowniczym obowiązkiem lekarza i pielęgniarki jest zawsze obowiązek „ratowania” i „w zakresie” tego obowiązku personel medyczny, w odróżnieniu od „ogółu zatrudnionych”, nie ma odnośnego prawa powstrzymania się od wykonywania pracy w kontekście zasad wykonywania zawodu lekarza przewidujących wyjątek, tj. niepodjęcie lub odstąpienie przez lekarza od leczenia pacjenta z ważnych powodów, gdy nie zachodzi przypadek niecierpiący zwłoki.WnioskiPunkt wyjścia stanowi więc rozróżnienie przepisów Kodeksu pracy o charakterze generalnym legis generalis i przepisów ustawy o zawodzie lekarza i lekarza dentysty jako przepisów szczególnych legis specialis. Zatrudniony lekarz nie może godzić się na wykonywanie zawodu w warunkach narażających pacjentów na szkody. Zaprzestanie pracy przez lekarza podlega ograniczeniom.
EN
Intensive care units are characterized by the high risk of infections in patients. Pneumonia is one of the most common forms of infection with a high risk of death. Hence, to improve patient safety, specific packages of procedures, the so-called “bundle care,” are recommended by experts in the field. The usage of selected protective procedures carries the risk of transmitting microbes from patients to staff, which in the case of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 can have serious health consequences for staff. Therefore, medical staff of intensive care units should strictly follow recommendation concerning healthcare workers safety and the rules of isolation, which in the current pandemic should be supplemented with specific elements. The paper presents an overview of the optimization of patient care and staff safety within the so-called “bundle care” in the COVID-19 pandemic.
PL
Oddziały intensywnej terapii charakteryzują się najwyższym ryzykiem wystąpienia zakażeń u pacjentów. Zapalenia płuc to jedna z ich najczęściej występujących form, obarczona wysokim ryzykiem zgonu. Dla poprawy bezpieczeństwa pacjentów wdrażane są specyficzne pakiety procedur, tzw. bundle care, obejmujące optymalne dla zapobiegania zapaleniom płuc rozwiązania. Jednak ich stosowanie wiąże się z ryzykiem przeniesienia drobnoustrojów z pacjentów na personel, co w przypadku takich patogenów jak SARS-CoV-2 może mieć poważne konsekwencje zdrowotne dla personelu. Przy ich wdrażaniu konieczne jest zatem użytkowanie środków ochrony inwazyjnej i przestrzegania odpowiednich zasad izolacji, które w dobie obecnej pandemii powinny być uzupełnione o specyficzne elementy. Praca prezentuje przegląd artykułów dotyczących optymalizacji opieki nad pacjentami i bezpieczeństwa personelu w ramach tzw. bundle care w pandemii COVID-19.
EN
Paramedics constitute a group of professionals who are constantly exposed to potentially infectious biological material through frequent and close contact with patients, possibly resulting in occupationally acquired infections. The paper’s objective has been to assess the occupational risk regarding blood-borne infections and identify preventive measures used among paramedics worldwide, on the basis of the related literature review. The literature search, covering the period 1987–2017, was performed using PubMed, Elsevier, Springer and Google Scholar databases. A comparative analysis of blood exposure was conducted and the report of such events and the use of personal protective equipment among paramedics in Poland and other countries worldwide was developed. The data on occupational blood exposures among paramedics is sparse. The resulting comparisons obtained in various scientific studies are difficult due to diverse data collection methods, influencing the resulting consistency. Additionally, there were some methodological errors found in previously published studies, such as selection bias. The percentage rate of paramedics exposed to blood in the last 12 months varies from 22% in the USA to 63% in Thailand; in Poland that rate fluctuates widely, ranging between 14–78%. Paramedics are frequently exposed to blood while performing their duties, but almost 50% of paramedics do not report any exposure which is mitigated by the systematic use of personal protective equipment: gloves are regularly used by 53–98% of paramedics, masks and goggles are worn by 33–62% of them. This fact puts the paramedics group at risk of blood-borne infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct further, methodologically correct, multi-center studies to accurately assess occupational blood exposure in paramedics. Med Pr 2018;69(6):685–694
PL
Ratownicy medyczni poprzez częste i bezpośrednie kontakty z pacjentami narażeni są na ekspozycje na potencjalnie zakaźny materiał biologiczny, co może skutkować zakażeniami zawodowymi. Celem pracy była ocena ryzyka zawodowych zakażeń krwiopochodnych i stosowanych metod prewencji w tej grupie profesjonalnej na podstawie przeglądu piśmiennictwa. Materiał badawczy stanowiły dane z artykułów zgromadzonych w bazach PubMed, Elsevier, Springer i Google Scholar w latach 1987–2017. Dokonano analizy porównawczej danych o ekspozycji zawodowej na krew wśród ratowników medycznych, zgłaszaniu takich zdarzeń i stosowaniu środków ochrony osobistej w poszczególnych państwach w porównaniu z danymi z Polski. Przeprowadzono dotychczas niewiele badań epidemiologicznych związanych z narażeniem zawodowym na krew wśród ratowników medycznych. Porównanie wniosków uzyskanych przez poszczególne zespoły badawcze jest trudne z uwagi na różne sposoby gromadzenia danych. Wpływa to na znaczne zróżnicowanie obserwowanych wyników. Ponadto część publikacji wykazuje błędy metodologiczne, najczęściej stronniczość selekcji. Na świecie odsetek ratowników, którzy ulegli ekspozycji w roku poprzedzającym badanie, waha się od 22% w USA do 63% w Tajlandii. W Polsce analogiczne odsetki oscylują w granicach 14–78%. Choć ta grupa profesjonalistów jest narażona na częsty kontakt z krwią, niemal połowa badanych nie zgłasza ekspozycji zawodowych. Informowanie o takich zdarzeniach jest rzadkie, podobnie jak systematyczne stosowanie środków ochrony osobistej – rękawice ochronne regularnie używa 53–98% badanych, maski i okulary ochronne – 33–62%. Zwiększa to ryzyko zakażenia patogenami krwiopochodnymi. Konieczne wydaje się zatem przeprowadzenie dalszych, poprawnych metodologicznie, wieloośrodkowych badań dokładnie oceniających ekspozycje zawodowe na krew wśród ratowników medycznych. Med. Pr. 2018;69(6):685–694
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