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EN
Parliamentary elections in 2011 and presidential elections in 2012 proved to be the most exciting struggle for power in Russia. Despite numerous reports of irregularities, Vladimir Putin was the winner of the presidential elections in Russia. People felt betrayed by the authority, it was found that the four-year term of Prime Minister Putin was merely a transitional period to re-take the helm at the Kremlin. Political forecasts did not predict the huge public demonstrations, which were opposed to Putin’s candidacy for president. Elections, both parliamentary and presidential, resembled his character more than the choice of a plebiscite among the alternatives from a wide political spectrum. Events in Russia, which were observed by political scientists, have set the new research questions concerning the electoral competition. The purpose of the analysis is to answer the question whether there has been a change in the formulation of political disputes in Russia and if so, what factors affect their transformation? The paper is to specify the factors dynamizing the electoral competition, and also to indicate what values manage to mobilize people. The analysis of the manifestations accompanying the elections in Russia will also point to new forms and techniques of protest.
EN
Since 2005, political life in Poland has been dominated by two competing ideologies of the post-Solidarity formation. Electoral races between the post-Solidarity parties of the PO and PiS have revealed more than just the new face of political divisions. A dynamic and emotional struggle has been reflected in the different styles of party leadership. The increasing role of the media in political competition illuminates the important role of political actors by incorporating society as a passive viewer. Democratic elections, for political parties, are the real measure of approval and popularity for their political leaders. Kaczyński's opposite vision of the state of Poland “liberal” and “social”, also affects the divisions among the electorate. Finally, the results of the election contest undoubtedly affect the public's image of the two leaders, who dominate the public discourse due to the large amount of focused attention by the mass media. Consequently, the public's attention is captured and influenced by the views and political attitudes of its constituencies. Tusk and Kaczyński have the ability to mobilize and inspire many voters, they are masters at engaging the publics' hearts and minds. However there are limits, including that neither leader accepts people stronger than himself. Each feels that strong people pose a threat to their personal position. Their leadership styles are not indifferent to the quality of the political system, but the current model of leadership oscillates between the myth of martyrdom, the rhetoric of populism and passive vagueness.
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