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EN
Objectives: Purpose is to find out functional meta-lingual constructions ( meta-lingual reflexive ), expressed be metaphor, in political texts, that is one of the main way in a connection the politics with the society and lead to understanding and establishing effective dialogue between political speaker and addressee. Material and methods: A systematic analysis of scientific literature on the above-mentioned issues was conducted, To achieve this goal; cases of using a metaphor as a meta-language reflexion in political texts was described; a comparative analysis of the influence of political texts with meta-language elements, expressed by a metaphor, and political texts without meta-material elements on the addressee is carried out. Results: It has been found out that the meta-language element, expressed by a metaphor, performs a function in political texts: - influence on the intelligence, sense and will of the addressee; - Adjustment of concepts in order to create a certain thought and structure of human thinking in the process of political activity; - identification of the social, political, value orientations of the addressee, his ideological heterogeneity; - formation of appraisal meanings concerning the speeches of subjects of political discourse, that is, positive or negative thoughts on a particular political situation. Conclusions: Metaphorical reflections expressed by a metaphor - are an integral element in contemporary political discourse, because in a context of fierce competition, the subjects of political activity need to express their point of view clearly and clearly, persuade the interlocutor in their own right, attract as many supporters as possible to support their ideas
PL
Opozycja swój / obcy ma istotne znaczenie dla komunikacji, dla skutecznej, fortunnej realizacji każdego aktu mowy. Opozycja ta przybiera w komunikacji wiele form, autor próbuje na przykładzie współczesnych polskich tekstów reklamowych i politycznych ukazać niektóre z nich, jego zdaniem najistotniejsze. Wychodząc od tezy wyłożonej w książce Krecha, Crutchfielda i Ballacheya (1962), że skuteczna komunikacja możliwa jest przede wszystkim między ludźmi, którzy mają wspólne postrzeżenia, pragnienia i postawy, a więc są traktowani jako swoi, a nie obcy, i nawiązując do pracy Jerzego Bralczyka (1991) o mechanizmach propagandowych w czasach komunistycznych, autor sygnalizuje zabiegi poprawiające skuteczność wypowiedzi, z których korzysta nadawca w komunikacji do swoich o obcych, do obcych o swoich czy wreszcie do swoich o swoich. Chodzi zwłaszcza o sposoby utożsamiania się nadawcy z grupą swoich poprzez przyjęcie ich stylu wypowiedzi oraz rytuałów komunikacyjnych. W przestrzeni komunikacji społecznej (reklama, public relations, mass media i polityka) pojawiają się nieustannie coraz to nowsze, nie zawsze udane sposoby wykorzystania opozycji swój / obcy. Jako drogi do sukcesu komunikacyjnego nadawcy wybierają: wykorzystanie odpowiedniego gatunku mowy, odwołanie do wspólnoty doświadczeń z odbiorcami masowymi, schlebianie (albo po prostu rzeczywiste skłanianie się ku) gustom, postawom i poglądom odbiorców.
EN
The US THEM opposition is significant for the efficiency of communication, for a successful realization of each speech event. The opposition can assume various forms and the author attempts, on the basis of contemporary Polish advertising and political discourse, to present the most important ones. Starting from Krech, Crutchfield and Ballachey’s (1962) hypothesis that effective communication is possible above all among people of common observations, desires and attitudes (i.e. among US, not THEM), as well as referring to Bralczyk’s (1991) work on propaganda in communism, the author discusses the strategies used by the speaker in communicating messages to US about THEM, to THEM about US and to US about US. He is especially concerned with the means of identifying oneself with a group of US by accepting their style and communicative rituals. In social communication (advertising, public relations, mass media, politics) one continually comes across new means of using the US THEM opposition, not always successful. In order to achieve communicative success, speakers use a specific speech genre, refer to the common experience of mass recipients, pander to (or in fact sincerely accept) the tastes, attitudes and views of the recipients.
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