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EN
Efficiently functioning labour inspectorates play a key role for both fair mobility and the protection of workers’ rights. They contribute, for example, to combating and eliminat-ing hazardous working conditions, and ensuring that remuneration and social insurance premiums are actually paid. This is significant in the context of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. Establishing the liability regarding compli-ance with the occupational health and safety regulations is causing serious practical dif-ficulties. Therefore, it is important above all to identify initiatives undertaken at the EU level designed to enhance cooperation of national labour inspectors in this field. It is also important to carry out an assessment whether they work efficiently, require systematis-ing, or perhaps it is necessary to undertake more formalised initiatives, e.g. in the form of a new EU institution.
EN
The object of this article is an analysis of the art. 3 sec. 1a of the amended on 18 June 2018 Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. From the perspective of the directive this provision does not change the legal nature of posting, but amends the scope of the labor law provisions provided in the host state. In fact, this provision divides posted workers into two groups: short-term and long-term posted. The author states a hypothesis that division into long-term posted workers and short-term posted workers carries substantial legal significance as it implies the implementation of appropriate regulations of labor law which apply to one or the other group of workers. The study discusses criteria regarding the status updating of long-term posting and analysis regarding status of a worker in the framework of such posting from the perspective of the private international law. The status of the long-term posted workers in the private international law partly resembles the status of the migrating workers on the basis of the freedom of movement. The research method used in the paper is a dogmatic-legal method.
EN
Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 16, 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services aims mainly to promote the cross-border provision of services in a single market, while providing protection to posted workers and ensuring a level playing field between foreign and local competitors. Namely, art. 3 stipulates that Member States shall guarantee workers posted to their territory the terms and conditions of employment covering the minimum rates of pay, including overtime rates, which are laid down in the Member State where the work is carried out. On the other hand, the social market economy should deal with problems related to social dumping, a level playing field, the previously-mentioned fairer single market and, most importantly, equal pay for equal work. Thus, the crucial question is whether the minimum rates of pay of posted workers are in accordance with the social market economy.
EN
Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 16, 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services aims mainly to promote the cross-border provision of services in a single market, while providing protection to posted workers and ensuring a level playing field between foreign and local competitors. Namely, art. 3 stipulates that Member States shall guarantee workers posted to their territory the terms and conditions of employment covering the minimum rates of pay, including overtime rates, which are laid down in the Member State where the work is carried out. On the other hand, the social market economy should deal with problems related to social dumping, a level playing field, the previously-mentioned fairer single market and, most importantly, equal pay for equal work. Thus, the crucial question is whether the minimum rates of pay of posted workers are in accordance with the social market economy.
PL
Implementation of the internal market is one of the basic aims of cooperation between Member States within the EU, being at the same time an integration area that is perceived positively by both their supporters and opponents. Issues related to the implementation of the internal market freedoms are even more interesting in its confrontation with the protection of fundamental rights. This is undoubtedly a significant issue when we think about the degree of identification of the Union citizens with the Union itself. The reviewed monograph takes all the above-mentioned elements, focusing in particular on examining how and to what extent the protection of these rights is implemented in the EU legislation on the internal market. The scientific analysis carried out within its scope covered such important and basic rights as personal data protection, freedom of expression, basic rights related to the performance of work and the right to health protection.
EN
This article investigates two interesting phenomena which exist within the framework of the European Union (EU) integration process, i.e. “social dumping” and “letterbox companies”. Taking into account recent EU legislative changes and commentaries in the available legal literature, it contends that the EU’s institutions and its Member States are aware of some negative effects that these phenomena may have for attaining one of the EU’s basic aims, that of a “highly competitive social market economy”, as provided in Article 3(3) (ex 2, as amended) of the Treaty on the European Union. The EU should be understood as being not only focused on the implementation of the Internal Market freedoms, but also the protection of social rights. “Social dumping”, and to a certain extent also “letterbox companies”, reduce the level of this protection. Posting of workers is a good example of an EU integration area where “social dumping” and “letterbox companies” occur on a quite large scale and create some real practical problems. If we can clearly understand the concepts underlying these phenomena and their possible relationships, it would be easier to find a solution to reduce their negative effect on the protection of social rights. This article researches these issues and presents possible solutions to problems they give rise to.
EN
The article aims to analyse the national parliaments’ capability of exerting influence on the European Commission in the framework of the yellow card procedure. The analysis is based on the actions undertaken by national parliaments of selected Member States from Western as well as Central and Eastern Europe within the period between the announcement of the European Commission proposal for a targeted revision of Directive 96/71/EC on the posting of workers and its decision to maintain the proposal. The analysis covers three variables concerning the states selected for analysis, namely the economic interest of those states, the coherence of their parliaments’ respective positions and the actions undertaken by the national parliaments, including those of their members, on the international level.
EN
The article presents the current legal solutions adopted in the area of posting of workers under the provisions regulating the coordination of social security schemes in the EU legislation. The proposed changes in the area of posting are reviewed and the possible future threats are discussed. The commentary includes the position of social partners, experts and competent institutions.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono aktualne zasady delegowania pracowników na podstawie przepisów o koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego. Omówiono proponowane zmiany przepisów Unii Europejskiej z tego zakresu. Przedstawiono ocenę i zagrożenia. Uwzględniono w tej ocenie stanowisko partnerów społecznych, instytucji właściwej i ekspertów.
EN
This text provides an information on the adoption of the Directive 2014/67/EU of 15 May 2014 on the enforcement of Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. The article includes basic information on the provisions of the Directive 2014/67/EU.
PL
Niniejszy tekst stanowi informację o nowych regulacjach w prawie europejskim dotyczących delegowania pracowników.
EN
The aim of this article is to present and comment on judgments of the Court of the European Union delivered in cases C-620/18 and 626/18 concerning Polish and Hungarian applications to annul Directive 2018/957/EU amending the Posting of Workers Directive.
PL
Celem opracowania jest omówienie wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE wydanych na skutek skarg Polski i Węgier o stwierdzenie nieważności dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2018/957 z 28 czerwca 2018 r. zmieniającej dyrektywę 96/71/WE dotyczącą delegowania pracowników w ramach świadczenia usług.
EN
The aim of this article is to present and comment on judgments of the Court of the Justice European Union delivered in cases C-620/18 and 626/18 concerning Polish and Hungarian applications to annul Directive 2018/957/EU amending the posting of workers Directive.
PL
Celem opracowania jest omówienie wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE wydanych na skutek skarg Polski i Węgier o stwierdzenie nieważności dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2018/957 z 28 czerwca 2018 r. zmieniającej dyrektywę 96/71/WE dotyczącą delegowania pracowników w ramach świadczenia usług
EN
The article presents legal determinants of realisation of free movement of services by the example of posting of workers. The article explains the circumstances of passing the directive 96/71, as well as the increasing problems with its application in UE Member States and EU Court of Justice case-law in the following years, which led to the passing of an important amendment of the directive in 2018.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono aktualne zasady delegowania pracowników na podstawie przepisów o koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego. Omówiono proponowane zmiany przepisów Unii Europejskiej z tego zakresu. Przedstawiono ocenę i zagrożenia. Uwzględniono w tej ocenie stanowisko partnerów społecznych, instytucji właściwej i ekspertów.
13
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EUROPEJSKI URZĄD PRACY

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EN
Establishment of the European Labour Authority is part of the agenda set by the European Pillar of Social Rights. The European Commission has made a legislative proposal in this matter in March 2018. The general purpose of creating a new agency is to foster the realisation of free movement of workers within the internal market. The specific objectives of the new institution, potential benefits for the citizens, as well as the planned structure of the European Labour Authority are being discussed in the article. The analysis also covers the question of consistency of the proposed regulation with the existing provisions in the area of free movement of workers and other European policies.
PL
Jednym z etapów realizacji europejskiego filaru praw socjalnych jest powołanie Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Pracy. Komisja Europejska złożyła wniosek rozporządzenia w tej sprawie. Nadrzędnym celem powołania Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Pracy jest przyczynienie się do zapewnienia sprawnej mobilności pracowników na rynku wewnętrznym UE. W artykule omówiono przyczyny i cele powołania Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Pracy oraz jego strukturę. Odniesiono się do kwestii spójności z przepisami obowiązującymi w tej dziedzinie polityki oraz innymi politykami Unii Europejskiej. Zaprezentowano korzyści dla obywateli UE i przedsiębiorców wynikające z powołania tego urzędu.
EN
The article seeks to familiarize the reader with the phenomenon of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services, with particular emphasis placed on the differences between posting and a business trip. Explaining these differences seems to be of paramount importance in the case of workers posted from the territory of Poland to work abroad as implementation of business trip procedures in a situation of actual posting often leads to the circumventing of legal regulations on social security and personal income tax — deliberately and voluntarily or entirely by accident — and, consequently, to a reduction of the inflow of the amounts due to the state budget. This paper also presents an issue which is inseparably linked with posting, i.e. minimum employment conditions in a host country which must be guaranteed — irrespective of the choice of law made by the parties to the legal relationship — by the employer posting a worker outside the territory of the country where he/she usually performs work. The posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services falls within the area of the labour law regulated by the intracommunity standards which have been implemented in the Polish legal system. The article discusses the main EU legal acts pertaining to this matter and how these regulations have been introduced in the Polish law by means of the Act on of 10 June 2016 on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. When analyzing the contents of the above-mentioned Act, a reference has been made to the National Labour Inspectorate’s remit, as per the provisions of the Act, as “a competent body” in the meaning of Directive 2014/67/EU, as well as to other tasks, obligations and rights of this institution resulting from the legal regulations in the area of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. The remarks made in this article, presented in view of the legislation in force, lead to conclusions as regards necessary amendments of legal provisions on the competence and remit of the National Labour Inspectorate as the authority appointed to ensure the rule of law in the area of the posting of workers.
EN
The subject of the study is determining legislation applicable in case of pursuing activity as an employed person simultaneously in the territory of more than one Member State under the coordination of social security systems in the EU. This issue in question is of interest of case law, especially one of the Supreme Court and the one of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is of fundamental practical importance. Since conditions for determining the applicable legislation are different, more liberal in the case of simultaneous work in the territory of at least two Member States than in the case of the posting of workers, a conclusion that in the case of performing work under the same employment contract with one employer in successive periods of time, it possible to determine that legislation according to the rule applicable in the case of simultaneous pursuing activity in the territory of more than one Member State, means that employers gain an opportunity to apply social security legislation in force at their seat without any time limits. This, in turn, directly affects legal conditions under which freedom to provide services and freedom of movement of workers related thereto may be exercised.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest problematyka ustalania ustawodawstwa właściwego w przypadku jednoczesnego wykonywania pracy na terytorium więcej niż jednego państwa członkowskiego w koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego. Kwestia ta jest przedmiotem zainteresowania w orzecznictwie sądowym, w tym zwłaszcza Sądu Najwyższego oraz Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Przedstawione zagadnienie ma fundamentalne znaczenie praktyczne. Uwzględniając bowiem odmienne przesłanki stosowania ustawodawstwa właściwego, które są bardziej liberalne w przypadku jednoczesnego wykonywania pracy na terytorium przynajmniej dwóch państw członkowskich, aniżeli w sytuacji delegowania pracowników, przesądzenie, iż w przypadku wykonywania pracy w ramach tej samej umowy o pracę z jednym pracodawcą w następujących po sobie okresach mamy do czynienia z możliwością zastosowania ustawodawstwa właściwego według reguły obowiązującej dla ustalania ustawodawstwa właściwego w przypadku jednoczesnego wykonywania pracy na terytorium więcej niż jednego państwa członkowskiego, powoduje, że przedsiębiorcy zyskują nieograniczoną pod względem czasowym możliwość stosowania ustawodawstwa z zakresu zabezpieczenia społecznego właściwego dla siedziby zatrudniającego pracodawcy. To z kolei bezpośrednio wpływa na prawne uwarunkowania swobody świadczenia usług i związanej z nią mobilności pracowników.
EN
The article aims to analyse the national parliaments’ capability of exerting influence on the European Commission in the framework of the yellow card procedure. The analysis is based on the actions undertaken by national parliaments of selected Member States from Western as well as Central and Eastern Europe within the period between the announcement of the European Commission proposal for a targeted revision of Directive 96/71/EC on the posting of workers and its decision to maintain the proposal. The analysis covers three variables concerning the states selected for analysis, namely the economic interest of those states, the coherence of their parliaments’ respective positions and the actions undertaken by the national parliaments, including those of their members, on the international level.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu analizę możliwości oddziaływania parlamentów narodowych na Komisję Europejską w ramach procedury żółtej kartki. Badania opierają się na aktywności parlamentów narodowych wybranych państw Europy Zachodniej oraz Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w okresie między ogłoszeniem wniosku Komisji Europejskiej dotyczącego rewizji dyrektywy 96/71/WE dotyczącej delegowania pracowników w ramach świadczenia usług a decyzją Komisji dotyczącą podtrzymania tegoż wniosku. Analizie poddane zostały trzy zmienne dotyczące państw wybranych do analizy, tj. interes gospodarczy, spójność przedstawianych przez parlamenty stanowisk oraz aktywność parlamentów, w tym ich członków, na arenie międzynarodowej.
EN
This text presents current case law of the Court of Justice of the EU concerning the issues of the posting of workers and determining the minimum wage for posted workers. Moreover, it refers to the issues of access to social benefits of economically inactive citizens of EU under the legislation of the host Member State. The judgment of the Supreme Court in Poland discusses the issue of determining the basis of contribution rates for the benefits from sickness insurance.
PL
Niniejszy tekst prezentuje aktualne orzecznictwo Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej dotyczące kwestii delegowania pracowników oraz ustalania minimalnej płacy w przypadku pracowników delegowanych. Ponadto odnosi się do problematyki dostępu do świadczeń socjalnych nieaktywnych ekonomicznie obywateli UE na podstawie ustawodawstwa przyjmującego państwa członkowskiego. Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego omawia kwestię ustalania podstawy wymiaru zasiłku z ubezpieczenia chorobowego z tytułu prowadzenia pozarolniczej działalności gospodarczej.
PL
Opracowanie stanowi propozycję nowelizacji treści definicji podróży służbowej w art. 77 zn. 5 § 1 k.p. Zaproponowany projekt poparty został analizą porównawczą definicji podróży służbowej w kilku krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz analizą unijnego prawa pracy, a także oceną kierunków orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego i Trybunału Konstytucyjnego.
EN
Following work aims to propose a new definition of business journey, currently described in article 775 § 1 of Polish Labor Code. Such project is supported with comparative analysis of how business journey is described throughout several EU member states, as well as in European regulations of Labor Law and relevant judgments of Polish Supreme Court and Polish Constitutional Tribunal.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja stanowiska polskich i europejskich związków zawodowych w sprawie zmian legislacyjnych i organizacyjnych w obszarze delegowania pracowników, zabezpieczenia społecznego pracowników delegowanych, mechanizmów monitoringu i kontroli związanych z implementacją dyrektyw 2018/957 i 2014/67/UE. W pierwszej części artykułu autor przedstawia stan prac nad ww. zmianami i kluczowe dla ich końcowego efektu obszary konsultacji dotyczące przede wszystkim wdrożenia nowych narzędzi usprawniających proces delegowania, ale także ograniczeń tego procesu. W drugiej części autor przedstawia stanowisko europejskich i polskich związków zawodowych wobec kluczowych propozycji Komisji Europejskiej oraz prezentuje historyczną ewolucję stanowiska polskich organizacji związkowych wobec warunków delegowania pracowników i obrony ich interesów.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present the position of Polish and European trade unions in the area of legislative and organizational changes in the area of posting workers, social security of posted workers, monitoring and control mechanisms related to the implementation of Directives 2018/957 and 2014/67/EU. In the first part of the article, the author presents the status of work on the abovementioned changes and key areas of consultation for their final effect, mainly regarding the implementation of new tools to improve the posting process, but also the limitations of this process. In the second part, the author presents the position of European and Polish trade unions towards key proposals of the European Commission and presents the historical evolution of the position of Polish trade union organizations towards the conditions of posting workers and defending their interests.
PL
Znaczna część pracowników migrujących na całym świecie ma utrudniony dostęp do ochrony socjalnej, zwłaszcza do świadczeń długoterminowych, takich jak emerytura. Szczególnie wrażliwą grupą w tym obszarze są pracownicy zatrudniani w gospodarstwach domowych. W artykule analizowane są przykłady migracji Polaków do Niemiec, a celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie strategii, jakie podejmują migranci w wieku 45 lat i więcej w kontekście planów emerytalnych i zapewnienia odpowiedniego poziomu zabezpieczenia społecznego podczas pracy za granicą. Wykorzystując materiał empiryczny zebrany podczas wywiadów z migrującymi pracownikami opieki domowej, przedstawicielami agencji zatrudnienia oraz ekspertami, artykuł rzuca światło na zróżnicowane uwarunkowania wpływające na strategie poszczególnych pracowników. W zależności od ogólnej wiedzy na temat ich praw socjalnych, strategii migracyjnej lub sytuacji osobistej migranci przyjmują trzy główne strategie, określone jako: (1) ucieczka od problemów zamiast zabezpieczenia społecznego, (2) przede wszystkim bezpieczna i legalna praca oraz (3) świadomy i dociekliwy ubezpieczony pracownik.
EN
A significant proportion of migrant workers around the world have difficult access to social protection, especially long-term benefits such as pensions. Domestic care workers are a particularly vulnerable group in this regard. Analysing the example of Polish migration to Germany, the aim of this paper is to present the strategies that migrants aged 45 and over undertake in the context of pension plans and ensuring an adequate level of social protection while working abroad. Using empirical material collected during semi-structured interviews with migrant care workers, representatives of employment agencies and experts, the article sheds light on the diverse conditions that influence the strategies of individual workers. Depending on the general knowledge of their social rights, their migration strategy or their personal situation, migrants adopt three main strategies called (1) escape from problems instead of social security, (2) secure and legal work above all and (3) an informed and inquisitive insured worker.
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