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EN
The predictions of science fiction play an important part in the cultural landscape of contemporary western culture, being integral to the popular culture (novels, movies, TV series, graphic novels). Science fiction narratives predict the future of society, technology, culture but also – the science itself and a university as a scientific institution. The aim of this work is to shed light on the depiction of the future of science, knowledge, and university in the science fiction works, predicting the ineluctable societal collapse. The essay focuses on the use of the scientific discourse and scientific knowledge in the chosen science fiction narratives by Stanisław Lem, Walter M. Miller jr., John Brunner, and Paolo Bacigalupi.
EN
The aim of this paper is to investigate interdependencies between the WIG20 index and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) related keywords quantiefid by a Google Trends search index. Tests for two periods from January 2015 till December 2019 and from June 2016 till May 2021 have been performed. This allowed the period of relative stability from the time of economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemics followed by various restrictions imposed by the governments to be distinguished. A bivariate VAR model to selected search terms and the value of the WIG20 index was applied. Aeftr using AIC to establish the optimal number of lags the Granger cau sality test was performed. The increased empirical relationship has been conrfimed be tween twelve EPU related terms and changes in the WIG20 index in the second period versus six terms for the pre-COVID period. It was also found that in the post-COVID period the intensity of reverse relations increased.
EN
This article is focused on the criticism of the prophecies presented by Wojciech Bystrzonowski, an encyclopaedist and populariser of science, in his work Informacya matematyczna [Mathematical Information] (1743, 1749). The author discusses prophecies of sorcerers, physiognomy, palmistry, prophetic dreams and astrological predictions. He examines the cases of magical practices combined with religious beliefs, which he regards as dangerous manifestations of superstition. He also demonstrates that fortune-telling cannot be compatible with faith or the fundamental principles of rational reasoning. Furthermore, he emphasizes that for a critical evaluation of such predictions, the Jesuit rules for the discernment of spirits can be applied. The issues addressed in Bystrzonowski’s work are characteristic of the atmosphere of the intellectual change that took place in late Baroque and early Enlightenment.
EN
Stemming from assumption that Gross Domestic Product is an index oversimplifying economic development and not reflecting socio-economic development, the paper presents conceptualization, operationalization and estimation of Balanced Development Index (BDI), concerning both economic and social development in Poland. Actual values of this index as well as its four composite components (middle-level indexes) are presented for 1999-2013. A statistical model allowing estimation of BDI values as well as short-term forecasts is proposed alongside with the concept of balanced development. Application of this model for 1999-2016 is presented.
CS
Odborný software v dnešní době znamená možnost vyjádření praktických a teoretických aplikací v počítači. Jedná se o různé simulace stavů, např. Predikce nebo výpočty technických ztrát na vedeních v elektrizační soustavě. Z různých důvodů by praktické měření a zkoušení skutečných zařízení bylo nákladné finančně. Proto software ve vzdělávání odborných předmětů zaujímá významné místo a jeho uplatnění je možné na různých typech škol. V příspěvku jsou představeny dva odborné softwary a příklady aplikací jejich použití v odborných předmětech. Jsou zde uvedeny výsledky ve formě grafů a ukázky způsobu ovládání a použití.
EN
At present the professional software means a possibility to express practical and theoretical applications on computer. There are various simulations of states i.e. predictions or calculations of technical loses on lines in electric system. Measuring and testing the real appliances would be very expensive due to various reasons that’s why software in education of special subjects takes up a big place and its use is possible at various types of schools. In the paper there are introduced two professional software and examples of applications of their use in special subjects. There are stated two results in graphs and demonstrations of the way of controlling and using.
EN
The article presents the relationship between the motifs of blindness and extrasensory perception in the works of Ukrainian Romantic poets. The author of the article shows the ancient lineage of the great blind men — soothsayers and poets-visionaries — and examines the multifaceted symbolism of blindness based on the literary images of blind kobzars, lirnyks and bandurists. The author focuses on the evolution of symbolism of blindness in the works of Taras Shevchenko.
EN
The dominant view in contemporary philosophy of action is that, to explain an action we need to provide a reason for it. A reason is what rationalises an action. According to Donald Davidson, before we can describe a reason we must identify the need that accompanies the performance of a given action, as well as the specific attitude of the agent to the action. The author of “Action, Reason and Cause” believes that the proattitude/ belief pair helps determine the reason for action, which is at the same time the action’s cause. Davidson’s view has a lot of supporters today and is strictly related to the so-called post-Humean theories of action. The objective of the present analysis is to demonstrate that the primary reason for action is not provided by the pro-attitude/belief pair, but by predictions due to which agents act in such and such a way. This expands on Elizabeth Anscombe’s intuition according to which each intention is predictive in nature. I will support the thesis about the predictive nature of reasons for action by means of two arguments. The first argument relies on the analysis of the Knobe effect concerning the asymmetry between attributing intentionality and attributing responsibility for actions; the other draws upon the theory of predictive processing. The remainder of this paper has the following structure: in §1, I will discuss Donald Davidson’s theory. §2 will focus on Elizabeth Anscombe’s conception. In §3, I will examine an argument drawn from the analysis of the Knobe effect, according to which an agent will intentionally perform a given action when he can predict the effects of performing it. §4 will introduce the problem of providing reasons for action in the context of folkpsychological explanations. §5 will examine the theory of predictive processing. §6 will demonstrate that predictions serve a specific, normative role in the decision-making processes, whereas §7 will advance the argument from predictive processing whereby to explain an action is to identify specific predictive reasoning which caused the action to be performed . In the Conclusions, I will show the consequences of my main thesis for the problem of the nature of actions and explanations, as well as the rationale for using folk-psychological categories.
EN
The source basis of the present article is provided by the results of ethnographic field studies conducted by the author in 64 localities near Tomaszów Lubelski. In totally, in the period of six years (1995-2001), the author collected information from 314 respondents, with whom he carried out 346 interviews. In addition, 14 collective interviews were made, in which 8 to 14 persons participated. The area of Tomaszów marks the beginning of the point of contact between the Polish and Ukrainian cultures, which is why 30 Ukrainian respondents took part. The subject of the present paper is the description and analysis of former and contemporary folk rituals and beliefs connected with the liturgical reminiscences of saints Catherine and Andrew made in the light of phenomenological and comparative methods. Folk religiousness is simpler than academic theology and Christian liturgy; it permeates the needs of man, filling time and space, objects and actions. In folk rituals, certain magical and religious elements appeared and are interwoven, which comprise the cultural signs of life according to the pagan calendar. The saints, who take care of certain areas of life, strongly influence the imagination, giving a feeling of closeness and strengthening the faith of folk people. Beliefs concerning saints appear in private prayers, songs, proverbs, statements and legends. The cult of saints influences family life and peer groups, being the main themes at social meetings. Associated with the dates of Saints Catherine and Andrew are organized marital ceremonies, which create an atmosphere of joy and the country village’s social ties. The specific games of the men and women were to reveal future passions such as: priority in entering into marriage relationships and finding one’s spouse, even determining a certain person. Older people also associated St. Andrew’s feast day with activities concerning weather forecasting.
PL
Zakładając, że świadomość sprawcy czynu zabronionego – podobnie jak jego strona zewnętrzna – stanowi ontyczną podstawę odpowiedzialności karnej, autor formułuje szereg uwag dotyczących rekonstruowania tejże świadomości w procesie karnym. Rekonstrukcja ta podlega swoistej intersubiektywizacji, bowiem z oczywistych powodów następuje dopiero po popełnieniu czynu zabronionego (czyli ex post), a dokonującym jej podmiotem jest sędzia. Istotne znacznie ma także podział świadomości na diagnostyczną oraz prognostyczną. Rzecz bowiem w tym, że sprawca czynu zabronionego – jak każdy człowiek – nie tylko diagnozuje otaczającą go rzeczywistość, ale jednocześnie ją prognozuje, zwłaszcza wówczas, gdy zmierza do jakiegoś celu (skutku zabronionego zachowania). Odróżnienie diagnozy od prognozy może wpływać na interpretowanie błędu, sytuowanego wśród podstaw wyłączania odpowiedzialności karnej. Rekonstruując stan świadomości sprawcy czynu zabronionego, należy również pamiętać o tym, że nie jest on statyczny, lecz – wraz z odbiorem napływających informacji – podlega mniej lub bardziej dynamicznym zmianom. W chwili podejmowania zamiaru określonego zachowania sprawca wie przecież zazwyczaj znacznie mniej o otaczającej go rzeczywistości, niż na kolejnych etapach jego wykonywania, co w wielu przypadkach nie powinno pozostawać bez wpływu na odpowiedzialność karną. Dla stwierdzenia, czy sprawca popełnił czyn zabroniony, sama rekonstrukcja stanu jego świadomości nie jest jednak wystarczająca, gdyż – przenosząc się na płaszczyznę normatywną – trzeba ją poddać ocenie. Przypisanie zamiaru w obu jego postaciach lub świadomej albo nieświadomej nieumyślności nie ogranicza się wszak do rekonstrukcji stanu jego świadomości, lecz dokonuje się go w oparciu o wypracowane przez prawników kryteria normatywne. Zamiaru ewentualnego oraz świadomej nieumyślności (a także granicy dzielącej obie te formy) nie odkryli bowiem psychologowie, lecz wykreowali prawnicy, kierując się m.in. względami kryminalnopolitycznymi.
EN
Assuming that the perpetrator’s consciousness – as well as his actions – constitute the ontic basis of criminal responsibility the author formulates a number of remarks regarding reconstruction of the aforementioned consciousness in a criminal trial. The Reconstruction consists of some kind of intersubjectivization, since for obvious reasons it can only take place after the deed was committed (i.e. ex post), and the subject performing it is a judge. An important distinction is that between diagnostic and predictive consciousness. This is because the perpetrator – as any human being – is not only diagnosing the surrounding reality, but, particularly when trying to achieve some purpose (the effect of the forbidden behavior), is making predictions simultaneously. Distinguishing between diagnoses and predictions may affect the interpretation of errors, constituting a base for exclusion of criminal responsibility. Reconstructing the state of perpetrator’s consciousness one should also remember it is not static, but, as new information keeps coming in, subject to more or less dynamic changes. At the moment of formulation of intention of particular behavior the perpetrator usually knows far less about the surrounding than at the successive stages of its execution, which in many cases should affect criminal responsibility. To determine whether an agent committed a prohibited deed a reconstruction of his consciousness alone is not sufficient, since – moving now to the normative plane – one should assess it. Attribution of intent in both its forms, as well as conscious or unconscious lack of intent is not limited to reconstruction of the agent’s state of consciousness, but is performed based on normative criteria developed by lawyers. Conceivable intent and conscious lack of thereof (as well as the distinction between the two) have not been discovered by psychologists, but created by lawyers, having, amongst other issues, crime-fighting policies in mind.
EN
The article is devoted to technofears – complex and diverse fears of technology, which undergo conceptualization, are analysed in terms of problems they may cause and are visualized in the works of Stanisław Lem. Three basic issues have been analysed. Firstly, Lem’s anxiety related to predictions of civilizational development, present in his studies and late opinion journalism. Secondly, fear of progress that is ever-present in his works (particularly of: a machine, technology, robotics, and artificial intelligence), haunting an individual and humanity in nearer or further future. Thirdly, fears felt by machines depicted in his works as personified literary characters (robots, artificial intelligence). The concluding part includes a question about extreme, identity-related dimension of fear, which, also in reference to artificial intelligence, turns out to be, at least in the works of Solaris’ author, a fundamental existential experience required for the creation of a subject – person.
NL
In dit artikel onderzoek ik twee theoretische concepten met betrekking tot de aard van grammaticale structuren. Ten eerste bespreek ik het begrip panchronie als een niet-reductief alternatief voor de structurele dichotomie van diachronie versus synchronie. Ten tweede introduceer ik een emergentistische benadering van taal die de idee van taal als een statisch, stabiel systeem verwerpt. Daarna laat ik zien hoe een panchronische taalvisie de emergentistische benadering ten goede komt. Hierbij zal ik het belang van structurele posterioriteit benadrukken die in traditionele grammaticamodellen vaak wordt verwaarloosd en in emergentistische alleen geïmpliceerd. De opkomende aard van de taal, zoals ik ga aanvoeren, kan alleen worden beschreven als ook rekening wordt gehouden met structurele voorspellingen van de sprekers. Afgezien van het combineren van de structurele anterioriteit, d.w.z. diachronie, en structurele contemporaneïteit, d.w.z. synchronie, moet ook rekening worden gehouden met de structurele posterioriteit. In dat geval bouwt elke spreker in elke uitspraak voort op vroegere taalkundige ervaring en vormt daardoor, in zekere mate, toekomstige uitspraken.
PL
W artykule badam dwie teoretyczne koncepcje odnoszące się do rodzajów struktur gramatycznych. Na początku omawiam pojęcie panchrony (panchronii) jako nieredukcjonistycznej alternatywy dla strukturalnej dychotomii diachronii vs. synchronii. Kolejno krótko wprowadzam podejście emergentystyczne do języka, które odrzuca pomysł języka statycznego, inaczej mówiąc — ideę języka jako systemu stabilnego. Następnie pokazuję, jak panachroniczny obraz języka wpływa na podejście emergentystyczne. Mianowicie odkreślam wagę strukturalnej posteriority (późniejszości), która jest często pomijana w tradycyjnych modelach gramatycznych, a rozumiana tylko w tych emergentystycznych. Emergentną naturę języka można określić tylko wtedy, gdy strukturalne przewidywania osoby mówiącej też są brane pod uwagę, co zresztą podważam. Oprócz łączenia strukturalnego anteriority (pierwszeństwa), tj. diachronii, strukturalnej contemporaneity (teraźniejszość), tj. synchronii, musi też zostać wzięta pod uwagę strukturalna późniejszość. W tym przypadku przecież każdy mówca w każdej wypowiedzi opiera się na swoich wcześniejszych doświadczeniach językowych, a tym samym — do pewnego stopnia — tworzy swoje przyszłe wypowiedzi.
EN
In this article, I investigate two theoretical concepts pertaining to the nature of grammatical structures. Firstly, I discuss the notion of panchrony as a non-reductionist alternative to the structuralist dichotomy of diachrony versus synchrony. Secondly, I shortly introduce the emergentist approach to language that rejects the idea of language as a static, stable system. Afterwards, I am going to show how a panchronic view of language benefits the emergentist approach. Namely, I am going to stress the importance of the structural posteriority which is often neglected in traditional grammar models and only implied in emergentist ones. The emergent nature of language, as I am going to argue, can only be described if the speakers’ structural predictions are taken into account as well. Apart from combining the structural anteriority, i.e. diachrony, and structural contemporaneity, i.e. synchrony, structural posteriority has to be taken into account as well. In that case, every speaker in every utterance builds upon their earlier linguistic experience and thereby—to some degree—forms their future utterances.
UK
Сучасна геополітична ситуація проявила в новому світлі творчу спадщину Максиміліана Волошина 1917–1924 років, а саме – його реакцію на трагічні події в Росії початку ХХ століття. Він, поет, художник, мислитель з європейським світоглядом представив у масштабному концептуальному тексті персональне розуміння так званої «жовтневої революції» та більшовицького терору, який прийшов після неї. У основу цього широкого тексту закладена ідея причинно-наслідкового зв’язку в історії, котра могла би хоч якось логічно виправдати систематичне руйнування громадянами своєї держави та убивство ними мільйонів своїх же співгромадян. Волошин вказав на хаотичний та спонтанний хід російської історії, на циклічний її характер, показав, що в усі часи державні структури країни мали антигуманну сутність. Історіософські роздуми автора, українця за походженням, який своїми текстами, по суті, кинув виклик Російській імперії, концентруються в декількох аргументованих посланнях. Ці меседжі, де проводяться паралелі з Європою і зафіксовано поточні події, де подано глибокий аналіз минулого Росії з візуалізацією багатьох історичних постатей, Волошин транслює в прийдешнє: нащадкам та всьому цивілізованому світу. Мета його як філософа-документаліста в тому, щоби застерегти світову спільноту від небезпеки загроз, які таїть країна з «безумною й жахливою долею», країна-агресор, яка несе цивілізованому світові терор та війни.
EN
The modern geopolitical situation represents in new light heritage Maksymilian Voloshyn 1917-1924 – his reaction to the tragic events in Russia of the early XX century. He, the poet, the artist, the thinker with the European outlook, has declared own understanding of October revolution and the subsequent Bolshevist terror in the full conceptual text. At the heart of this conceptual text the idea of relationships of cause and effect in history which has caused attempt of logical justification of the systematic destruction of the citizens by fellow citizens. Voloshyn has pointed to spontaneity, cyclic character of the Russian history, exposed the antihuman essence of the state structures at all times. The historical philosophy reflexions of the author, the Ukrainian by origin, who challenged the Russian Empire in his texts, are concentrated in the several given reason messages. These messages where there are parallels with Europe, survey of current events, the analysis of the historical past of Russia, visualisation of persons, it persistently broadcasts to descendants and all civilised world. Its purpose, the philosopher-documentarian in warning the world community against danger, which is represented by the country with «mad and awful destiny», the country-aggressor, bearing to the civilised world terror and wars.
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