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1

The Offence of Forced Miscarriage as Documented in the Polish State Archive in Suwałki (1921–1939)

100%

Dworas-Kulik J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

573-592

EN

The Polish term spędzenie płodu (forced miscarriage), used in interwar Poland, meant an intentional termination of pregnancy, now referred to as abortion. Miscarriage was considered an abortion if it was purposely induced by an external factor leading to a preterm delivery, so-called artificial miscarriage, which was carried out with the woman’s consent and resulted in foetal death. The offence of forced miscarriage was regarded as related to murder of a person, so abortion regulations fell in the category of provisions concerning crimes against life. Conditions for the permissibility of terminating a pregnancy were not stipulated in the Russian penal legislation governing this criminal act, which was in force in interwar Poland; instead, the Tagancev Code applied by reference. The Polish Penal Code of 1932 went a step further as it took into account not only the state of absolute necessity, but also health issues in a wider context, which was confirmed by legal scholars in their commentaries. The protection of the mother’s life and health was not associated with the phase of foetal and pregnancy development, because the legislator did not determine the time limit for terminating pregnancy. It was assumed that forced miscarriage could apply to a newly born baby before it was detached from the mother’s organism – a baby that was unable to live independently. In this article, the legal-historical method was used to present a criminal-law analysis of the crime of forced miscarriage in the former Russian Partition, considering the rulings in such cases handed down in the Suwałki District. In the literature of the subject to date, no such a study can be found, which justifies this inquiry.

2

Perinatal Palliative Care in Poland – an Introduction

72%

Borski M.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2022

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vol. 4(XXII)

33-48

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie perinatalnej opieki paliatywnej jako stosunkowo młodej formy opieki paliatywnej. Autor podjął się nie tylko przedstawienia istoty tej formy opieki poprzez ukazanie zagadnień terminologicznych, ale także zwrócił uwagę na jej rozwój w Polsce, wskazując na znaczenie w tym zakresie wyroku TK z 22 października 2020 r. By wskazać sposoby wsparcia rodziców, których dzieci dotknięte są wadami letalnymi, konieczne stało się także przeprowadzenie badań porównawczych idących w kierunku zaprezentowania form wsparcia obecnych w innych państwach, w tym tych o podobnej kulturze prawnej. Wydaje się bowiem, że wykorzystując doświadczenia innych państw, a także odnosząc się do dotychczasowego rozwoju perinatalnej opieki paliatywnej w Polsce, możliwe stanie się sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących tego, w jakim kierunku opieka ta powinna zmierzać.

EN

The article aims to present perinatal palliative care as a relatively young form of palliative care. The author undertook an attempt not only to reveal the essence of this form of care by elaborating on the terminological issues, but also drew attention to its development in Poland, pointing to the significance of the decision of the Constitutional Tribunal of October 22, 2020 in this regard. To indicate the ways parents whose children are affected by lethal defects can be supported it also became necessary to conduct comparative research aimed at presenting the forms of support in other countries, including those with corresponding legal culture. Taking advantage of the experience of other countries, as well as referring to the current development of perinatal palliative care in Poland, it might be possible to formulate conclusions indicating the direction which this form of care should develop towards

3

Dyskurs polityczny i prawny o ustawie z dnia 27 kwietnia 1956 r. o warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży

72%

Baranowska M., Fiktus P.

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 74

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issue 1

253-278

EN

The aim of the article is to portray the arguments presented by the deputies to the first term of the Sejm of the Polish People’s Republic during the legislative work on the Act of 27 April 1956 on the admissibility of the termination of pregnancy as well as the debates of lawyers who commented on the legal aspects of these new regulations. The parliamentary debate was dominated by voices which supported the law in accordance with the ruling party’s stance. However, there were also individual criticisms of the proposed solutions. Among the lawyers commenting on the newly enacted law, there were both supportive and critical voices. They lawyers focused on the interpretation of the new law and pointed to the difficulties with their interpretation or the lack of regulation of some vital issues related to the termination of pregnancy. Learning about the arguments presented by both the politicians and lawyers who commented on the 1956 Act on the termination of pregnancy has its own historical value. The political and legal discourse presented in the present article may also be an interesting source that can be compared with the contemporary debate on the subject.

PL

Przedmiotem badawczym artykułu są argumenty przedstawione przez posłów na forum Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej I kadencji podczas prac legislacyjnych nad ustawą z dnia 27 kwietnia 1956 r. o warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży oraz debata prawników komentujących aspekty prawne tych nowych regulacji. W debacie parlamentarnej dominowały głosy popierające ustawę, zgodne z linią partii rządzącej, ale pojawiły się też pojedyncze wypowiedzi krytyczne wobec proponowanych rozwiązań. Wśród prawników komentujących nowo uchwalone prawo pojawiły się również głosy popierające i krytyczne. Prawnicy koncentrowali się na wykładni nowego prawa, wskazując na trudności interpretacyjne czy brak regulacji części istotnych kwestii związanych z przerywaniem ciąży. Poznanie argumentów, które przedstawiali zarówno politycy, jak i prawnicy komentujący ustawę z 1956 r. o przerywaniu ciąży ma wartość historyczną, a ukazany w artykule dyskurs polityczny i prawniczy może być również interesującym materiałem, który można porównać ze współczesną debatą.

4

Ars moriendi – gdy początek oznacza kres

62%

Tokarczyk-Bar U.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

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2016

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vol. 9

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issue 1

179-198

EN

Both the beginning and the end of human life are connected to many moral dilemmas. The discussion becomes especially emotional when we deal with the situation of parents (or sometimes just a mother) who decide about their baby’s life in its prenatal phase of development. The in vitro procedure itself still gives rise to a number of doubts in some circles. Especially the multiple embryo transfer exposes the mother to a potential stress of deciding about the further course of pregnancy. To be more precise: some patients are persuaded into selective abortion. Polish law allows abortion in three cases. Still, the act of 1997 does not seem to be precise enough. On the one hand there is a threat of it being abused, on the other – there are difficulties when it comes to it being executed. Due to the medical advancement issues that were obvious twenty years ago need to be newly evaluated (e.g. the age of an infant capable of surviving outside the mother’s womb is gradually decreasing). It also seems that it is necessary to look upon terms such as abortion, termination, lethal defects, overzealous therapy, abandoning overzealous therapy, euthanasia (active, passive), euthanasia attitude, hospice care attitude, chronic condition, terminal phase, terminal state, palliative care. It becomes crucial especially now when Poland is faced with projects of opposing legal acts: those delegalizing abortion completely and those allowing for complete freedom of it. Therefore, a sound bioethical discussion is in order, such that will allow for the optimal standpoint. At the same time it would be beneficial to concentrate on thanalogy education because, as distant and unrealistic those ultimate matter may seem now, they concern every human being.

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1 Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

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1 Baranowska M.

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The Offence of Forced Miscarriage as Documented in the Polish State Archive in Suwałki (1921–1939)

Perinatal Palliative Care in Poland – an Introduction

Dyskurs polityczny i prawny o ustawie z dnia 27 kwietnia 1956 r. o warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży

Ars moriendi – gdy początek oznacza kres