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EN
This study examined static and dynamic causal relationships between primary energy consumption, gross domestic product, and CO2 emissions for India during the period 1970-2007. We tested for the presence of unit root and cointegration among the variables by incorporating endogenously determined structural breaks in the data. The causality is examined between test variables using Granger's approach (in VAR framework), and Dolado and Lütkepohl's approach. We find evidence of no cointegration relationship among the test variables in the presence of structural breaks. Further, static analysis shows that primary energy consumption does not granger-cause GDP, whereas GDP granger-causes primary energy consumption. The dynamic analysis shows conflicting results on the causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP. Since GDP explains 75.9% of the forecast error variance of primary energy consumption, whereas primary energy consumption explains only 0.96% of the forecast error variance of GDP, we can suggest that India should adopt policies that reduce energy consumption.
EN
The concept of sustainable development can be defined and interpreted in many ways, but at its core lies an approach to development that balances different, and often competing, needs against an awareness of the environmental, social, and economic boundaries the society faces. The aim of the paper is to discuss the issue of turning the idea into practice, presenting environmental priorities of the EU’s Sustainable Development Strategy, their implementation and monitoring. The sustainable development indicators in the theme of climate change and energy, namely greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy consumption, are analyzed and described.
PL
Koncepcja zrównoważonego rozwoju może być definiowana i interpretowana na wiele różnych sposobów. Jednak w swej istocie polega ona na rozwoju, który równoważy różne – i często sprzeczne – wymagania środowiskowe, społeczne i gospodarcze. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej wymiaru środowiskowego, zarówno w aspekcie teoretycznym, jak i na przykładzie Strategii Zrównoważonego Rozwoju Unii Europejskiej. Analizie poddane zostały dwa wskaźniki wiodące Strategii Zrównoważonego Rozwoju, czyli emisja gazów cieplarnianych oraz zużycie energii pierwotnej.
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